Communication System

❑ The source originates a message, such as a human voice, a television picture, an e-mail message, or data.

❑ If the data is nonelectric (e.g., human voice, e-mail text, television video), it must be converted by an input transducer
into an electric waveform referred to as the baseband signal or message signal through physical devices such as a
microphone, a computer keyboard, or a CCD camera.

❑ The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission.

❑ The transmitter may consist of one or more subsystems: an AID converter, an encoder, and a modulator.

❑ Similarly, the receiver may consist of a demodulator, a decoder, and a D/A converter.

❑ The channel is a medium of choice that can convey the electric signals at the transmitter output over a distance.

❑ A typical channel can be a pair of twisted copper wires ( telephone and DSL), coaxial cable (television and internet), an
optical fiber, or a radio link.

❑ Additionally, a channel can also be a point-to-point connection in a mesh of interconnected channels that form a
communication network.

❑ The receiver reprocesses the signal received from the channel by reversing the signal modifications made at the
transmitter and removing the distortions made by the channel.

❑ The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which converts the electric signal to its original form-the message.
 Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex communication

Simplex mode:
In simplex mode, Sender can send the data but that sender can’t receive the data. It is a unidirectional communication.

Half-duplex mode:
In half duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data but one at a time. It is two-way directional
communication but one at a time.
Full duplex mode:
In full duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the data simultaneously. It is two-way directional
communication simultaneously.
Difference between Simplex, Half duplex and Full Duplex Transmission Modes:

Simplex Half duplex Full duplex

Half duplex mode is a two- Full duplex mode is a two-
Simplex mode is a uni- way directional way directional
directional communication. communication but one at communication
a time. simultaneously.

In simplex mode, Sender In half duplex mode, In full duplex mode,

can send the data but that Sender can send the data Sender can send the data
sender can’t receive the and also can receive the and also can receive the
data. data but one at a time. data simultaneously.

The simplex mode provides The half duplex mode Full duplex provides better
less performance than half provides less performance performance than simplex
duplex and full duplex. than full duplex. and half duplex mode.

Example of simplex mode Example of half duplex Example of full duplex

are:Keyboard and monitor. mode is: Walkie-Talkies. mode is: Telephone.
Broadcast and point to point communication
 Modulation
Modulation is simply a widely used process in communication systems in which a very high-frequency carrier wave
is used to transmit the low-frequency message signal so that the transmitted signal continues to have all the
information contained in the original message signal.
Need for modulation
1. Practical Length of Antenna:
For the effective transmission of a signal, the height h of the antenna should be comparable to the wavelength λ of
the signal at least the height of the antenna h should be λ / 2 in length so that the antenna can sense the variations
of the signal properly.
The low-frequency message signal has a very high value of λ which will require a very high antenna (practically not
possible).
For example: If we have to transmit a signal of 20 kHz then
λ = C / f here C = 3 × 108 m/s.
λ = (3 × 108) / (20 × 103)
λ= 15 km.
h= 7.5km
Hence, we need to modulate the message signal over the high-frequency carrier signal so that we can have a
practical value for the height h of the antenna.
2. Narrow Banding of Signal
An audio signal usually has a frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz)
If it is directly transmitted then the ratio of highest to the lowest frequency becomes (20 kHz / 20 Hz) = 1000. But if this
audio signal is modulated over a carrier signal of frequency 1MHz then the ratio of highest to the lowest frequency
becomes:
(1MHz + 20 kHz) / (1MHz + 20 Hz) ≅ 1.2
Hence, we need modulation to convert a wideband signal into a narrow band signal

3. Frequency Multiplexing
It is practically not possible to distinguish between the different audio signals when transmitted simultaneously through
a single antenna as all of them lie in the same spectral range. Hence, each of these signals is translated to a low-
frequency range before transmission which makes it quite easier to recover them and distinguish each of them from
one another at the receiver’s end.
 Classification of modulation:

There are three types of Modulation:

•Amplitude Modulation
•Frequency Modulation
•Phase Modulation
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION:

The modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal keeping phase and frequency as constant.

AM is normally implemented by using a simple multiplier

because the amplitude of the carrier signal needs to be
changed according to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

AM bandwidth:
The modulation creates a bandwidth that is twice the
bandwidth of the modulating signal and covers a range
centered on the carrier frequency.
Bandwidth= 2fm
 FREQUENCY MODULATION

The modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal keeping phase and amplitude as constant.

FM is normally implemented by using a

voltage-controlled oscillator . The
frequency of the oscillator changes
according to the input voltage which is
the amplitude of the modulating signal.

FM bandwidth:
The bandwidth of a frequency modulated signal varies with both deviation and modulating frequency.

1. If modulating frequency (Mf) 0.5, wide band Fm signal.

2.For a narrow band Fm signal, bandwidth required is twice the maximum frequency of the modulation, however for a
wide band Fm signal the required bandwidth can be very much larger, with detectable sidebands spreading out over large
amounts of the frequency spectrum.
 PHASE MODULATION

The modulation in which the phase of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal keeping amplitude and frequency as constant.