Metal detection using RF robot

e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:04/April-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
METAL DETECTION USING AN RF CONTROLLED ROBOTIC VEHICLE

KV Satya Sai Srikanth*1, P. Srinivas*2, D. Manoviraj*3, Mr. V. Santosh Kumar*4
*1,2,3,4GITAM University, Andra Pradesh, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS35406
ABSTRACT
This project suggests a robotic metal detection car that is wirelessly controlled by an RF remote. The project
showcases actual robotic vehicles that are used to scan the ground for landmines or other metal-based objects
that may be in its route. The car is equipped with a metal detection system that detects metals and alerts the
driver to the potential of a landmine by buzzing. To carry out this action, the system collaborates with a
microcontroller from the 8051 series. The car can be moved left, right, backward, and forward using the push
buttons. The vehicle is driven by two motors at the receiving end in accordance with the instructions given. A
instruction is sent, and as soon as it is, the RF transmitter transmits it. An 8051 microcontroller processes the
instruction after being read by an rf receiver at the receiving end. Through a motor driver IC, the
microcontroller then controls the motors to propel the vehicle. Any metal beneath the system is found by the
metal detection system that is connected to it. A small buzzing alarm is immediately sent out upon detection to
alert the user. As a result, the robotic vehicle can be remotely operated using RF technology when a metal
detection device and robotic vehicle are combined.
Keywords: Buzzer, Landmines, RF.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this undertaking, a robotic vehicle that can detect metal objects will be designed and developed. The car has
a metal detector sensor that can pick up on the existence of metallic objects around it. The user can remotely
control the motion of the car and its metal detection system thanks to the RF controller. The remote controller
and the vehicle communicate using radio frequency technology to make the project function. The user has
power over the vehicle's movement in all directions, including left, right, forward, and backward. The controller
notifies the user by generating an audible signal when the metal detector sensor detects the presence of a
metallic object. A high-frequency magnetic field is produced by an oscillator circuit used in the construction of
the metal detection device. The sensor picks up this tiny electrical current that is created when the magnetic
field interacts with a metallic item. An output signal that denotes the existence of a metal object is created by
processing and amplification of the detected signal. Metal detection in security and surveillance systems, the
mining industry, and treasure hunting are just a few of the many uses for this endeavor. This project offers a
practical and affordable solution for metal detection in a variety of areas because it enables remote control of
the metal detection system using an RF controller.
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE
An RF-controlled robotic vehicle equipped with a metal detection system is how this endeavour operates. The
metal detection system employs an oscillator circuit and a metal detector sensor to identify the presence of
metallic objects, while the vehicle is wirelessly controlled by an RF controller. Based on the electromagnetic
induction theory, the metal detection device operates. Any metallic item that comes into contact with the
oscillator circuit's high-frequency magnetic field experiences an electric current as a result. This current is
detected by the metal detector sensor, which then generates an output signal that is processed and amplified to
show the presence of a metallic object. The robotic vehicle is moved in various directions by the RF controller,
which wirelessly transmits impulses to the motor driver circuit of the vehicle. The controller is also connected
to the metal detection system, which notifies the user when the metal detector sensor finds a metallic object by
emitting an audible signal. This project offers a practical solution for metal detection applications in a variety of
fields, including security and surveillance systems, mining industries, and treasure seeking thanks to the
integration of the metal detection system and the RF-controlled robotic vehicle. The wireless control of the car
and the metal detection system provides a practical and affordable way to find metallic objects in dangerous or
difficult-to-reach places.
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III. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1: Transmitter:
Fig.1: Block diagram of transmitter

3.2: Receiver:
Fig. 2: Block diagram of Receiver

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IV. FEATURES
A. AT89S8052 Microcontroller:
A CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with minimal power consumption and high performance, the AT89S52 has 8K
bytes of internal programmable flash memory. The product is made with Atmel's high-density non volatile
memory technology and is interoperable with the 80C51 instruction set and pinout that are accepted
throughout the industry. The programming memory can be updated in-system or using a typical non-volatile
memory programmer thanks to the on-chip Flash. The Atmel AT89S52 is a potent microcontroller that offers a
highly flexible and economical answer to many embedded control applications by combining an adaptable 8-bit
CPU with in-system Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip. The AT89S52 offers the following characteristics
as standard: 32 I/O lines, 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, three 16-bit timer/counters, a Watchdog timer,
two data pointers, a six-vector two-level interrupt design, an on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry are all
included. The AT89S52 also features two software selectable power-saving settings and static logic for
operation down to zero frequency. The CPU is turned off in idle mode, but the RAM, timers and counters, serial
interface, and interrupt system are still operational. While the oscillator is frozen in the power-down state,
which stores the RAM contents, all other chip operations are disabled until the next interrupt or hardware
reset.
Fig. 3: Block diagram of AT89S8052

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Fig. 4: Pin Diagram of AT89S8052

B. Voltage Regulator:
Three-terminal positive controllers in the LM78XX/ LM78XXA series are available in the TO- 220/ D- PAK
package and have a number of fixed affair voltages, making them helpful in a variety of operations. Internal
current limiting, thermal arrestment, and safe working area protection are all used by each type, making them
nearly imperishable. They can produce further than 1A of affair current if sufficient heat sinking is offered.
These bias can be used in confluence with external factors to gain malleable voltages and currents, despite
being substantially intended for use as fixed voltage controllers.
Fig. 5: Block diagram of Voltage Regulator

C. RF Module:
The term "RF" has come to stand for wireless and high-frequency transmissions, and it is now used to describe
everything from 2.4 GHz computer LANs to AM radio between 535 and 1605 kHz. But RF has typically been
used to describe frequencies between a few kHz and about 1 GHz. This range goes up to 300 GHz if microwave
waves are regarded as RF. The different nomenclatures for the frequency bands are described in the following
two tables. The third chart lists a few uses for each of the different frequency bands.

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Fig: 6.1: RF Module

RF Transmitter:
The ST-TX01-ASK is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. ST-TX01-ASK is designed by the Saw Resonator, with
an effective low cost, small size, and simple-to-use for designing.
Frequency Range: 315 / 433.92 MHZ.
Supply Voltage: 3~12V.
Output Power: 4~16 dBm
Circuit Shape: Saw
Fig. 6.2: 315/433 MHz Transmitter.

RF Receiver:
The ST-RX02-ASK is an ASK Hybrid receiver module. An effective low cost solution for use at 315/433.92 MHZ.
The circuit shape of ST-RX02-ASK is L/C. Receiver Frequency: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Typical sensitivity: -105 dBm
Supply Current: 3.5mA IF Frequency: 1MHz
Fig. 6.3: 315/434 MHz ASK RECEIVER

RF Encoder:
The RF encoders are a group of CMOS LSIs used in applications involving remote control systems. They are able
to encode information with 12_N data bits and N address bits. One of the two logic modes can be selected for
each address or data input. Through an RF or infrared communication medium, the header bits and the
programmed addresses/data are sent together. once a trigger indication has been received. The 212 series of
encoders' application versatility is further increased by the option to choose a TE trigger on the HT12E or a
DATA trigger on the HT12A. For infrared systems, the HT12A likewise offers a 38 kHz carrier.

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Fig. 6.4: Block Diagram of HT12E
Fig. 6.5: Pin Diagram of HT12E

RF Receiver:
A group of CMOS LSIs called the 212 decoders are used in remote control system uses. In accordance with the
encoder/decoder cross reference table, they are paired with encoders from Holtek's 212 line. A pair of
encoder/decoder with the same amount of addresses and data format should be used to ensure proper
operation. The encoders in the programmed 212 series are conveyed by a carrier using an RF or an IR
transmission medium, and the decoders receive serial addresses and data from those encoders. They constantly
compare their local addresses three times with the serial input data. The incoming data codes are decoded and
then transferred to the output pins if no errors or mismatched codes are discovered. The VT pin also rises high
to signify a successful transfer. Data composed of 12_N bits of data and N bits of address can be decoded using
the 212 family of decoders. The HT12F is used to decode the 12 address bits, while the HT12D of this variety is
configured to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits.

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Fig. 6.6: Block Diagram of HT12D
Fig. 6.7: Pin Diagram of HT12D

D. L293D Motor Driver:
A dual H-bridge motor controller integrated circuit is the L293D. (IC). Since they convert a low-current control
input into a higher-current signal, motor drivers serve as current amplifiers. The motors are driven by this
signal with a greater current level. Two integrated H-bridge motor circuits are present in L293D. Two DC
motors can be run simultaneously in both forward and reverse directions in its usual method of operation. The
input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15 can regulate the motor operations of two motors. The matching motor will
stop if the input logic is 00 or 11. It will rotate anticlockwise for logic 01 and clockwise for logic 10, accordingly.
For the two motors to begin spinning, the enable pins 1 and 9 need to be elevated. The associated driver is
activated when an enable input is set to high. The outputs consequently become active and operate in
synchrony with their sources. Like that driver, whose outputs are off and in the high-impedance condition
when the enable input is low.

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Fig. 7.1: Block Diagram of L293D Motor driver.
Fig. 7.2: Pin Diagram of L293D

E. Metal Detector:
Electromagnetic induction is the foundation for how metal detectors work. One or more inductor coils are used
in metal detectors to interact with metallic elements on the earth. A simplified form of the single-coil metal
detector shown below is used in actual metal detectors. The coil receives a pulsing charge that creates the blue
magnetic field that is visible. Eddy currents are created in the metal when the coil's magnetic field passes over
it, as it does in the case of the coin in this image. An opposite current is produced in the coil by the eddy
currents' own magnetic field, which is depicted in red. This opposite current causes a signal that denotes the
existence of metal.
Fig. 8: Metal Detector

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V. WORKING
The project uses an HT12E encoder to convert 4-bit parallel data into a serial output signal that is sent through
an RF module to be received by another RF module. At the receiving end, an HT12D serial decoder is used to
convert the serial data back into 4-bit parallel data. This 4-bit data is then sent to a microcontroller that
controls a motor through a motor driver IC. The transmitter is powered by a 6V battery that is in series with a
silicon diode, which ensures that the voltage drop is 0.6V, resulting in a 5.4V output that meets the
microcontroller's power requirements. Although this voltage is slightly higher than the recommended voltage
of 5V, the tolerance factor allows the microcontroller to operate satisfactorily. On the other hand, the receiver is
powered by a 6V battery that is also in series with a silicon diode. This diode protects the circuit from
accidental reverse battery connection, and the resulting 5V DC is fed to the decoder, motor driver IC, and
microcontroller. In addition to the above, the project also includes a metal detector circuit. This circuit uses a
tuned circuit consisting of a 25-turn coil of ½ inch diac with a 30 SWG in combination with two capacitors (C2
and C3) to determine a specific resonant frequency of an oscillator. The sensitivity of the metal detector is
adjusted using a 5k potentiometer (P1). The output of the resonant circuit is then fed to a series of transistors,
including Q2, which is configured as an emitter follower with appropriate filtering to forward bias Q3. This
forces Q4 to remain in a non-conducting state, resulting in no power to the buzzer connected from positive
supply to the collector of Q4. When a metal object is encountered by the coil, the resonance frequency drifts
away, resulting in no drive voltage to Q3. This then switches on Q4, which allows the buzzer to get power and
sound accordingly, and the LED lights up to indicate the presence of the metallic object. The metal detector
circuit is powered by a 9V battery.
VI. SOFTWARES USED
1. Keil: Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators,
integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10,
251, and 8051 MCU families.
2. ProgISP: Used to upload the code into the Microcontroller.
VII. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the project is an innovative combination of a wireless control system and a metal detector circuit
that has the potential to be useful in a variety of industries. The wireless control system, which uses an HT12E
encoder and HT12D decoder IC, allows for the remote control of devices with the press of a button. The metal
detector circuit, which uses a tuned circuit with a coil and capacitors, allows for the detection of metallic objects
with an LED and buzzer alarm. Together, these two circuits form a versatile project that has applications in
industrial automation, home automation, robotics, metal detection, and remote control. The project's use of
microcontrollers, RF modules, and motor driver ICs make it an excellent example of modern electronic design
and development. Overall, this project serves as a great example of how electronics can be used to create
innovative and useful devices that have the potential to solve real-world problems. It is a testament to the
creativity and ingenuity of the electronics community and serves as an inspiration for future electronic design
projects.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] www.atmel.com
[2] www.beyondlogic.org
[3] www.wikipedia.org
[4] www.howstuffworks.com
[5] www.alldatasheets.com

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Metal detection using RF robot

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

METAL DETECTION USING AN RF CONTROLLED ROBOTIC VEHICLE

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

Fig.1: Block diagram of transmitter

Fig. 2: Block diagram of Receiver

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Fig. 3: Block diagram of AT89S8052

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Fig. 4: Pin Diagram of AT89S8052

Fig. 5: Block diagram of Voltage Regulator

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Fig: 6.1: RF Module

Fig. 6.2: 315/433 MHz Transmitter.

Fig. 6.3: 315/434 MHz ASK RECEIVER

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Fig. 6.4: Block Diagram of HT12E

Fig. 6.5: Pin Diagram of HT12E

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Fig. 6.6: Block Diagram of HT12D

Fig. 6.7: Pin Diagram of HT12D

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Fig. 7.1: Block Diagram of L293D Motor driver.

Fig. 7.2: Pin Diagram of L293D

Fig. 8: Metal Detector

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