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AthleticS
Chapter-1
History

Athletics is a very wide term in itself.

Sometimes it is used for the preliminary activities of

other

Greek
games too. The term Athletics' is derived from a
word Athlos' which means 'Contest'. So, Athletics is
AAe
GENEVA
considered as the king of all
games. Different events of track

and field are organised according to the diferent age, class a

gender of the players. Athletics includes runnings, jumps and throws.
In other words Athletics is also called as Track and Field events.
Modern Track and Field was started in
England in 1800 A.D. In 1860, the

organisation open compettionswas started. Onily races used to be included

of in these
competitions. In 1896 in

Athens these activities were included in Olympic Games. In 1928, Amsterdam Olympic Games, females were
allowed to firsttime in Olympic Games. In 1950, in Mexico Olympic Games the first
participate synthetic track
was laid out. The foam mattresses were used in high jump and pole vault events. The first World Cup of athletics
was held in Montreal. The Amateur Athletic Federation of lndia was established in Bangalore in 1946.

)Classification of Athletics:
Three types of events are organised in Athletics

) Track Events: The running events are called as track events. They are measuredagainsttime.

(i) Field Events:Thejumping andthrowing events are called as field events. They are measured against distance.

are
(i) Combined Events: Some as combined events
other unique events which are called
also organised
in Athletics.. In fact, these are the combination of some track and field events. i.e. Pentathlon, Decathlon

for men and Heptathlon

for junior and senior women.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION Practical Book-(XII CBSE)

 Classification of Track Events:

Track Events

Marathon Walking
Short Distance Middle Distance Long Distance Hurdle Races Relays
Races Races Races

4x 100m Marathon 26 20km walking

100m 800m 100m Hurdle
3000m(Women) mile (42.195km) 50km walking
3000m Steeple Chase Race (Women) relay
200m 1500m
400m 5000m 110mHurdle 4x400m
10,000m Race (Men) relay

400m Hurdle Race

(Menand Women)

Events
)Classification ofField
Field Events

Throwing Events
JumpingEvents
Shotput
Long Jump
Discus Throw
High Jump
Javelin Throw
Triple Jump
Hammer Throw
Pole Vault

Events
Classification of Combined

Combined Events

Decathlon (Men) Heptathlon (Women)

100 m 100 m Hurdles

Long Jump High Jump

Shotput Shotput
HighJump 200 m
400 m Long Jump
110m Hurdles Javelin Throw
Discus Throw 800 m
Pole Vault

Javelin Throw
1500m

6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Practical Book-(XII CBSE)

 Track
400 m - Standard Track and 200 m - Practice Track. A track made up 2
There are two types of Tracks i.e. is of

straights and 2 curves. It is oval in

shape. It can be made of soil, grass or synthetic weather resistant running
surface. A standard track has 8 lanes. The width of each lane is 1.22 m. All the lines of a track are 5 cm thick.

Formula: Track Marking:

Total length =400 m
Length of straight=84.39 m

Length of two straights

= 84.39 x 2
= 168.78 m
Length of two curves = track- Two
Total length of straights

=400 168.78 m
= 231.22 m
231.22
Length of one curve = 115.61 m
2

Tofind curve radius

Circumference of cirde = 27tr value of z =,r= Curve radius]

2 curves = cirde =2 x 115.61

231.22 m 2x xr

x7
r 231.22
2x 22

Curve radius is also called Running

r=
Distance
36.79

Radius.
m 36.80 m

Stagger
If the runners have to run a race which incdudes curve also and the runner has to run in his own lane only, then

the surplus distance in the lanes is reduced in the beginning, so that no runner can take extra advantage.This

reduced distance is called as stagger. The formulaforfinding stàgger is as followS

For400 m track:

22
Full
stagger
= [W(n-1)- 0.10]277 where W= width of lane; n=lane number; t=7

PHYSICALEDUCATION Practical Book-(XII CBSE)

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Standard Athletics Track 400

meters

PHYSICAL EDUCATION Practical Book-(XII CB

For 200 m track

Half stagger
=[W(n-1)-0.10]T
Stagger for 200 m and 400 m tracks
LANE STAGGER (200 M) STAGGER (400 M)

First Lane 0.00 m 0.00 m

Second Lane 3.52 m 7.04 m
7.35 m 14.70 m
Third Lane

Lane 11.19 m 22.37 m

Fourth

Fifth Lane 15.02 m 30.03 m

18.85 m 37.70 m
Sixth Lane
22.68 m 45.37 m
Seventh Lane

Lane 26.52 m 53.03 m

Eighth