Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology in

Manzala

STEEL
REPORT
27/3/20 23
Presented To
Dr: khaled Eltawil

Presented By
mostafa awad osman
Forces and stresses
Forces act on materials all the time - even if a material
appears stationary it still has a force

acting on it. There are five terms used to describe what

type of force can act on a material:

tension - a pulling force compression

- a pushing force bending - forces at
an angle to the material
torsion - a twisting force shear -
forces acting across the material
 Each metal type has different properties in relation to
the way they react to each of the five forces. It is
therefore important to know how to test a metal so the
correct one can be chosen for
the specific task.
 Difference between tension and
compression members

Tension
Tension can be tested by pulling opposite ends of the
metal. The tensile strength can be tested to see if the
chosen metal will be fit for purpose by fixing a piece of
metal to a point and then loading it with a pulling force.

Torsion can be tested by securing the end of the metal in a

vice. The other end can then be twisted to see if the metal
can withstand the force. If there is a twist, bracing one
piece of metal to another can prevent deformation due to
both torsion and shear forces.
 What is tensile stress?
Tension, in which the material’s fibres are stretched,
is one of the most basic loading conditions. The
resistance of a thing to a force that could rip it apart
is known as tensile stress (𝞼). The amount of tension
that the target object can withstand without tearing
is used in the calculation.
Tensile Stress
The resistance of a thing to a force that could rip it apart
is known as tensile stress (𝞼). The amount of tension that
the target object can withstand without tearing is used in
the calculation. The load at E divided by the bar’s original
cross-sectional area (A) yields the nominal stress at
failure, also known as the maximum or ultimate tensile
stress.

Tensile Stress Formula

Compression
Compression can be tested by applying a force on
top of the piece of metal. If the metal compresses,
then reinforcing the metal could be an option.
Often the shape of the metal plays a big part in
how it will react to a force. A ‘rolled steel joist’
(RSJ) is used in construction work as the shape
withstands bending and compression.

What is compressive stress?

Compressive stress is the driving force behind a
material’s deformation, which results in a decrease in
volume. A material’s exposure to stress is what
causes it to have a lower volume. High compressive
stress causes the material to fail because of tension.

Compressive Stress Formula