Muscarinic Agonist AchE Inhibitor Muscarinic Antagonist

- Pilocarpine Reversible: - Atropine

- Methancholine - Physostigmine
- Bethanochol - Neostigmine
- Carbachol - Edrophonium
- Pyridostigmine
Pilocarpine and Carbachol  topical application to eyes Physostigmine, Neostigmine, and
to induce miosis (pupil constriction) Edrophonium  treat myasthenia gravis
Use AchEI to reserve NMJ block  NMJ
blocking drugs will block Ach from binding to
the Nm (somatic nicotinic) receptors at the
NMJ. Use AchEI to increase the duration of
Ach at the site to overcome the Nm antagonist
(blocking) drug. Careful, because AchEI can
also increase Ach at muscarinic receptor in
PNS and induce more PNS effects
(bradycardia)
- Scopolamine
- Glycopyrronium Bromide
- Ipratopium Bromide
- Cyclopentalate
- Tropicamide
Atropine used to increase HR during surgery,
pre-medicate for salivation, dilation of eye for eye
exam.
Atropine  also used to reverse AchEI PNS
effects that may occur when using AchEI to
reverse NMJ block

Alpha-1 Agonist - Phenylpropanolamine (propalin) - Phenylpropanolamine: used to treat

- Phenylephrine urinary incontinence in the bitch.
Increases tone of urinary sphincter. Can
induce hyper-excitability or aggression
b/c it causes NE release
- Phenylephrine: causes vasoconstriction
and increase in BP. Used when BP is so
low that there is no other choice. Also
causes mydriasis (pupil dilation)

Alpha-1 Antagonist - Prazosin - Prazosin: Causes vasodilation, relaxes

- Phenoxybenzamine the sphincter and contract the detrusor
muscle. Used to treat some UTIs,
urinary retention, helps with blocked
cats.
- Phenoxybenzamine: irreversible drug.
Risk of hypotension. Has been used in
the treatment of laminitis as well as
urinary retention.
Alpha-2 Agonist - Clonidine - In general these drugs are used
- Sedatives (see Anaesthesia 5) primarily in anaesthesia for central
sedative effects
- Clonidine: used to diagnosis growth
hormone deficiency
Alpha-2 Antagonist - Antisedan (see Anaesthesia 5) - Used to reverse sedation
Beta-1 Agonist - Dobutamine - Beta-1 agonists have primarily cardiac
effects  increase HR and force of
contraction
- Dobutamine: Used frequently in equine
anaesthesia, helps maintain HR
Beta-1 Antagonist - Propranolol (non-selective beta
antagonist), esmolol, atenolol,
metoprolol, timolol
Beta-2 Agonist - Clenbuterol - Beta-2 agonists have primarily
- Salbuterol bronchodilation effect
- Terbutaline - Clenbuterol: can treat COPD in horses
- Isoxuprine - Isoxuprine: can treat navicular disease
 vasodilation of vascular bed
Beta-2 Antagonist - Propranolol (non-selective beta
antagonist)