Wild Life of Pakistan

What is Wild Life?

Wildlife refers to all living organisms that exist in their natural habitats and are
not domesticated. It includes animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms that live
in the wild, without any direct human intervention. Wildlife includes a wide variety
of species, from the largest animals like elephants and whales to the smallest
insects and microorganisms. These species play important roles in maintaining the
balance of ecosystems and the overall health of our planet. Wildlife can be found
in a range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and
wetlands, among others. Protecting and conserving wildlife is crucial for the
sustainability of our planet and the survival of many species.
National parks and safari parks can be included in the concept of wildlife . National
parks are areas of land set aside by governments for the purpose of protecting
natural resources, including wildlife, and providing opportunities for people to
experience and appreciate them. Many national parks around the world have a
significant focus on wildlife, with a wide variety of species living within their
boundaries.
Safari parks, on the other hand, are typically large enclosed areas where visitors
can observe and sometimes interact with wild animals from the safety of a vehicle
or viewing platform. While not strictly "wildlife" in the sense that the animals are
not entirely free to roam as they would in the wild, many safari parks serve
important roles in protecting and conserving endangered or threatened species.
Both national parks and safari parks provide important opportunities for people to
learn about and appreciate the natural world, while also supporting efforts to
protect and conserve wildlife for future generations.

The Biogeography of Pakistan: The biogeography of Pakistan

is characterized by a diverse array of plant and animal life, which is a result of its
unique location at the crossroads of several major biogeographical regions. These
include:

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 1. Palearctic Region: This region includes Europe, northern Africa, and most of
Asia north of the Himalayas. In Pakistan, the Palearctic region is represented
by cold, temperate habitats in the mountainous areas of the north, which
support a variety of species adapted to colder climates, such as snow
leopards, Asiatic black bears, and ibex.
2. Oriental Region: This region includes much of Southeast Asia, including the
Indian subcontinent. In Pakistan, the Oriental region is represented by the
tropical forests, wetlands, and grasslands in the eastern and southern parts
of the country, which support a wide variety of species such as tigers, Indian
rhinoceros, and Asian elephants.
3. Ethiopian Region: This region includes much of sub-Saharan Africa. In
Pakistan, the Ethiopian region is represented by the presence of large
mammals such as the African lion and Nile crocodile, which are found in some
areas of the country.
4. Indo-Malayan Region: This region includes the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
and Java, as well as the southernmost parts of Thailand, Vietnam, and
Cambodia. In Pakistan, the Indo-Malayan region is represented by the coastal
areas along the Arabian Sea, which support a wide variety of marine and bird
life.
The biogeography of Pakistan is complex, with a mix of species from different
regions and a variety of habitats that support a diverse array of plant and animal
life. The conservation of this rich biodiversity is critical for maintaining the
ecological balance of the region and ensuring the long-term survival of many
species.

Climatic Zones Of Pakistan

Pakistan has a diverse climate and is home to several climatic zones. The country
can be broadly divided into four main climatic zones:
1. Arctic Zone: The Arctic Zone is the highest and northernmost region of
Pakistan, including the peaks of the Karakoram and Himalayan ranges. The

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 climate in this zone is extremely cold and dry, with little to no vegetation.
The zone is also characterized by heavy snowfall, glaciers, and ice fields.
2. Alpine Zone: The Alpine Zone lies just below the Arctic Zone and includes the
lower slopes of the Karakoram and Himalayan ranges. The climate in this
zone is relatively milder than the Arctic Zone, but still cold and snow-covered.
The zone is characterized by coniferous forests, alpine meadows, and rocky
outcroppings.
3. Temperate Zone: The Temperate Zone includes the northern parts of the
country and is characterized by mild summers and cold winters. The zone is
characterized by deciduous forests, mixed forests, and grasslands. This zone
supports a variety of wildlife species such as bears, snow leopards, and musk
deer.
4. Subtropical Zone: The Subtropical Zone is the largest climatic zone in
Pakistan and includes the southern and coastal regions of the country. The
climate in this zone is characterized by hot summers and mild winters, and
the vegetation is dominated by scrubland, thorny forests, and mangroves.
The zone supports a variety of wildlife species such as the Indian rhinoceros,
Asian elephant, and Bengal tiger.
Pakistan's diverse climatic zones provide a wide range of habitats for a rich variety
of plant and animal life. However, climate change and other environmental factors
are putting pressure on many of these ecosystems, highlighting the importance of
conservation efforts to protect and preserve Pakistan's biodiversity.

Safari Parks Of Pakistan

Safari parks are also an important type of wildlife reserve in Pakistan, and they
offer visitors the opportunity to see a variety of animals up close. Some of the major
safari parks in Pakistan include:
1. Lahore Safari Park: This park is located in Lahore, the cultural capital of
Pakistan, and is one of the largest safari parks in the country. It is home to
several species of animals, including lions, tigers, elephants, and zebras.

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 2. Islamabad Zoo: Located in the capital city of Islamabad, this zoo is one of the
oldest and largest in Pakistan. In addition to a wide range of animals, the zoo
also has a large collection of birds and reptiles.
3. Peshawar Zoo: This zoo is located in the city of Peshawar in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province. It is home to a variety of animals, including lions,
tigers, and bears.
4. Bahawalpur Zoo: This zoo is located in Bahawalpur, a city in the southern
Punjab province. It is home to several species of animals, including lions,
tigers, and blackbuck.
5. Jallo Wildlife Park: This park is located near Lahore and is known for its
diverse collection of animals, including lions, tigers, and bears.
Safari parks in Pakistan are a popular attraction for tourists and locals alike. They
provide a way for people to see and learn about the country's wildlife in a safe and
controlled environment, while also promoting conservation and protection of
endangered species.

National Parks in Pakistan

Pakistan has several national parks that are designated to protect its unique
wildlife and natural resources. Some of the major national parks in Pakistan
include:
1. Ayubia National Park: Located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, this park
covers an area of 3,312 hectares and is known for its dense forests, hiking
trails, and waterfalls. It is home to several species of birds, including the
Himalayan monal and koklass pheasant.
2. Chitral Gol National Park: Located in the northern district of Chitral, this park
covers an area of 77,360 hectares and is known for its scenic beauty and
diverse flora and fauna. It is home to several species of wildlife, including the
snow leopard, markhor, and Himalayan musk deer.
3. Khunjerab National Park: Located in the extreme north of Pakistan, near the
border with China, this park covers an area of 2,270 square kilometers and
is one of the highest altitude national parks in the world. It is home to several

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 endangered species, including the snow leopard, Marco Polo sheep, and
Himalayan ibex.
4. Kirthar National Park: Located in the southern Sindh province, this park
covers an area of 3,087 square kilometers and is known for its rugged and
arid landscape. It is home to several species of wildlife, including the Sin dh
ibex, Indian wolf, and striped hyena.
5. Lal Suhanra National Park: Located in the southern Punjab province, this park
covers an area of 153,000 hectares and is known for its wetlands and
grasslands. It is home to a variety of wildlife species, including the Indian
wolf, Asiatic jackal, and several species of birds.
6. Hazarganji Chiltan National Park: Located in the southwestern province of
Baluchistan, this park covers an area of 32,500 hectares and is known for its
rugged and mountainous landscape. It is home to several species of wildlife,
including the Baluchistan bear, Suleiman markhor, and several species of
birds.

These are just a few examples of the many national parks in Pakistan, and they
play an important role in the conservation and protection of the country's unique
wildlife and natural resources.

Animal Occurrence, Protection, Needs Of Animals,

Maintenance, And The Habitat
Animals are an integral part of the environment, and they play an essential role in
maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Understanding their occurrence,
protection, needs, maintenance, and habitat is crucial for conserving their
populations and promoting their well-being.
1. Animal Occurrence: The occurrence of animals in a particular area is
influenced by various factors such as climate, topography, and vegetation.
Different species have different preferences for the type of habitat they
require for survival, such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, or aquatic
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 habitats. Some species are also adapted to live in specific niches within an
ecosystem, such as canopy-dwelling primates or burrowing rodents.
2. Animal Protection: Protecting animals from harm, whether caused by human
activity or natural disasters, is critical for their survival. Governments and
conservation organizations play a significant role in regulating activities that
can cause harm to animals, such as hunting, habitat destruction, and
pollution. Laws and regulations that protect endangered species from
exploitation and habitat loss help to maintain their populations.
3. Needs of Animals: Animals have specific needs that must be met for their
survival. These include access to food, water, shelter, and suitable breeding
grounds. The availability of these resources can influence the distribution and
abundance of animal populations. Additionally, many species require specific
environmental conditions for survival, such as temperature, humidity, or the
presence of other species.
4. Maintenance of Animals: Maintenance of animals involves providing them
with the necessary care and support to ensure their physical and mental well -
being. This can include regular health checks, vaccinations, and treatment for
diseases and injuries. In captive environments, animal maintenance also
includes providing them with adequate space, enrichment, and socialization
to prevent stress and promote natural behaviors.
5. Habitat: The habitat of animals refers to the natural environment in which
they live and includes factors such as climate, vegetation, and other animals.
Animals have specific habitat requirements, and changes in their habitat can
affect their behavior, distribution, and survival. Protecting and managing
habitat is essential for maintaining healthy animal populations and the
ecosystems they support.
In summary, understanding animal occurrence, protection, needs, maintenance,
and habitat is crucial for promoting their well-being and maintaining healthy
ecosystems. It is essential to take a holistic approach to animal conservation,
considering both the natural and human factors that influence animal populations.

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Techniques in wildlife: Ground and aerial
tracking, GPS, radiotelemetry, maps etc.
Wildlife tracking is an important aspect of wildlife research and management.
There are various techniques used to track and study wildlife, including:
1. Ground tracking: This involves following the tracks and signs left by wildlife
on the ground, such as footprints, droppings, and scrapes. Ground tracking
can provide information on the species present, their movements, and their
behavior.
2. Aerial tracking: This involves using aircraft such as planes or helicopters to
track and monitor wildlife from the air. Aerial tracking can be par ticularly
useful for studying large mammals, such as elephants and whales, or for
conducting surveys of large areas.
3. GPS tracking: This involves attaching a GPS device to an animal to track its
movements and location. GPS tracking can provide detailed info rmation on
an animal's movements, habitat use, and behavior. It is particularly useful for
studying animals that are difficult to track using other methods.
4. Radiotelemetry: This involves attaching a radio transmitter to an animal to
track its movements and location. Radiotelemetry can provide information
on an animal's behavior, habitat use, and movements over time. It is
particularly useful for studying animals that are difficult to track visually.
5. Maps: Maps are essential for tracking and monitoring wildl ife. They can be
used to identify important habitats, migration routes, and other key features
of the landscape that are important for wildlife conservation.
Overall, each of these techniques has its strengths and weaknesses, and they are
often used in combination to get a more complete picture of wildlife movements
and behavior.
1. Ground and Aerial tracking in Wild Life
Ground and aerial tracking are two different methods for studying wildlife
populations. Here are some key differences between these two approaches:

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Ground Tracking:
1. Observations are made on the ground by researchers who follow and track
animals manually.
2. Ground tracking is well-suited to studying animals that move slowly or stay
in one area for an extended period of time, such as reptiles, amphibians, or
small mammals.
3. Ground tracking allows researchers to collect detailed data about an animal's
behavior, interactions with other animals, and movements within its habitat.
4. Ground tracking requires researchers to physically follow an anima l, which
can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Aerial Tracking:
1. Observations are made from above using airplanes, drones, or other aerial
vehicles.
2. Aerial tracking is well-suited to studying animals that move quickly or over
large distances, such as migratory birds or large mammals.
3. Aerial tracking provides a bird's-eye view of the animals and their habitat,
which can provide insights into their spatial relationships, habitat use, and
movement patterns.
4. Aerial tracking can cover large areas quickly and efficiently, but it may
provide less detailed information about individual animals than ground
tracking.
Overall, both ground and aerial tracking can be useful methods for studying
wildlife populations, and the choice of method will depend on the specific
research question and the characteristics of the animal species being studied. A
combination of ground and aerial tracking may be most effective in obtaining a
comprehensive understanding of the animals and their habitat.
Ground Tracking : Ground tracking is a technique used in wildlife research to track
and monitor animals on the ground. This technique involves physically following
or observing animals in their natural habitat, or looking for signs of their presence,
such as footprints, scat, or other physical evidence.

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Ground tracking can provide valuable information on animal behavior, movement
patterns, habitat use, and interactions with other animals and the environment.
This information can be used to inform conservation efforts, manage wildlife
populations, and protect endangered species.
There are various methods and tools used in ground tracking, including radio
telemetry, GPS tracking, camera traps, and observations. These tools and
techniques can be used in combination to gain a more complete understanding of
animal ecology and behavior.
Ground tracking can also be challenging and time-consuming, as it often requires
researchers to work in remote or difficult-to-reach areas, and to have a deep
understanding of animal behavior and ecology. However, with advances in
technology and data analysis, ground tracking has become an increasingly
powerful tool for wildlife research and conservation.
Aerial Tracking : Aerial tracking is a technique used in wildlife research to track
and monitor animals from the air. This technique involves the use of aircraft or
drones to survey large areas of land and track animal movements and behavior.
Aerial tracking can provide valuable information on animal populations, habitat
use, and movement patterns, and can be especially useful for studying animals in
remote or difficult-to-reach areas. Aerial tracking can also be used to identify areas
of high biodiversity or to monitor changes in land use or vegetation cover over
time.
There are several tools and techniques used in aerial tracking, including
photography, remote sensing, and telemetry. Photography can provide visual
information on animal distribution, behavior, and habitat use. Remote sensing uses
sensors to detect and analyze physical and environmental properties, such as
temperature, moisture, or vegetation cover, which can be used to infer animal
presence or habitat suitability. Telemetry involves attaching radio or GPS
transmitters to animals and tracking their movements and locations from the air.
Aerial tracking has the advantage of being able to cover large areas of land quickly
and efficiently, and can be especially useful in areas where ground tracking is
difficult or dangerous. However, aerial tracking also has some limitations, such as

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the inability to observe fine-scale behaviors or interactions, and the potential for
disturbance or harm to animals if not conducted carefully.
Overall, aerial tracking is a powerful tool for wildlife research and conservation,
and is often used in combination with ground tracking and other techniques to gain
a more complete understanding of animal ecology and behavior.
Maps, GPS, radio telemetry, camera traps, drones, and satellite
imagery : these are all modern techniques used in wildlife research and
conservation. Here are some details on each of these techniques:
1. Maps: Maps are an important tool for wildlife research, as they provide an
overview of the terrain and help researchers plan their studies. Maps can also
be used to identify areas of high biodiversity or to pinpoint locations where
specific animals or habitats can be found.
2. GPS: GPS devices can be attached to animals to track their movements and
locations. This technique is useful for studying animal behavior and
movement patterns.
3. Radio telemetry: Radio telemetry involves attaching a radio transmitter to an
animal, which emits a signal that can be tracked using a receiver. This
technique is useful for tracking animals over long distances or in areas with
thick vegetation.
4. Camera traps: Camera traps are motion-activated cameras that can capture
images or video of animals as they move through an area. This technique is
useful for studying animal behavior, identifying individual animals, and
estimating population size.
5. Drones: Drones equipped with cameras and sensors can be used to survey and
map wildlife habitats, as well as monitor animal populations and behavior
from a distance.
6. Satellite imagery: Satellite imagery can provide information on animal
habitat use, movement patterns, and changes in habitat over time. This
technique is useful for studying large-scale ecological patterns and changes.
These techniques can be used in combination to gain a more complete
understanding of animal ecology, behavior, and movements. For example, GPS and
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radio telemetry can be used to track animal movements, while camera traps and
satellite imagery can be used to study habitat use and changes over time. Drones
and maps can also be used to identify areas of high biodiversity or to plan wildlife
surveys. Overall, modern techniques in wildlife research and conservation have
revolutionized the way we study and manage animal populations, and are essential
for informing conservation efforts and protecting endangered species.
Wildlife Conservation: Philosophy and significance
Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting wild animals, plants, and their
natural habitats from harm and degradation. It is an essential philosophy that
recognizes the intrinsic value of nature and the need to preserve it for the sake of
future generations. Wildlife conservation is important because it helps to maintain
the balance of ecosystems, ensures biodiversity, and provides many tangible and
intangible benefits to humans and the environment.
The philosophy of wildlife conservation is based on the idea that all living things
have intrinsic value and deserve to be protected. It acknowledges that humans are
part of a larger web of life and that we depend on healthy ecosystems for our
survival and well-being. Wildlife conservation recognizes that human activities,
such as habitat destruction, overfishing, and pollution, can have significant
negative impacts on wildlife populations and their habitats. Therefore, it seeks to
minimize these impacts and protect the natural world for future gene rations.
The significance of wildlife conservation cannot be overstated. It helps to maintain
the delicate balance of ecosystems and ensure that they continue to function
properly. This, in turn, ensures that natural resources are available for human use
and enjoyment. For example, intact forests provide timber, clean water, and
wildlife habitat. Healthy oceans support fisheries, recreational activities, and
provide a source of food for millions of people around the world. Protecting wildlife
and their habitats also helps to mitigate the impacts of climate change by
preserving natural carbon sinks and preventing the loss of biodiversity.
Wildlife conservation also has significant cultural and spiritual value. Many
cultures around the world have strong connections to the natural world and depend

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on it for their livelihoods and well-being. Protecting wildlife and their habitats helps
to preserve these cultural traditions and maintain the diversity of human cultures.
In conclusion, wildlife conservation is a philosophy that recognizes the intrinsic
value of nature and seeks to protect it from harm. It is essential for maintaining
the balance of ecosystems, preserving biodiversity, and providing tangible and
intangible benefits to humans and the environment. Protecting wildlife and their
habitats is crucial for ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Biodiversity and sustainability of wildlife
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including the diversity of species ,
genes, and ecosystems. Maintaining biodiversity is important because it provides
a range of ecological, economic, and cultural benefits, including maintaining the
health and stability of ecosystems, supporting food and agriculture production,
and providing recreational and spiritual values.
Wildlife is an important component of biodiversity, and the sustainable
management of wildlife is essential for maintaining biodiversity. Sustainable
wildlife management involves balancing the needs of humans with the needs of
wildlife populations and their habitats. This involves managing wildlife populations
to ensure they remain healthy and viable, while also considering the impact of
human activities on wildlife populations and their habitats.
To promote the sustainability of wildlife, it is important to ensure that the use of
natural resources is managed in a way that allows ecosystems to maintain their
integrity and function. This can involve implementing conservation measures such
as protected areas, habitat restoration, and sustainable hunting and fishing
practices. It can also involve addressing the root causes of biodiversity loss, such
as habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution.
In summary, biodiversity and the sustainability of wildlife are closely linked, and
the preservation of both is critical for maintaining healthy ecosystems and ensuring
the well-being of human societies.

2. Wildlife Agencies
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Wildlife agencies are organizations that are responsible for managing and
conserving wildlife populations and their habitats. These agencies may operate at
the local, state/provincial, national, or international level, depending on the scope
of their mandate. Wildlife agencies typically have a range of responsibilities,
including:
1. Monitoring wildlife populations and their habitats.
2. Developing and implementing policies and regulations to protect wildlife and
their habitats.
3. Conducting research to better understand the biology and ecology of wildlife
species.
4. Managing wildlife populations through habitat restoration, conservation,
and management practices.
5. Educating the public about wildlife and the importance of conservation.
Examples of wildlife agencies at different levels include:
1. State/Provincial Level: Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) in California,
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) in Wisconsin, and Ministry of Natural
Resources and Forestry (MNRF) in Ontario, Canada.
2. National Level: United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Canadian
Wildlife Service (CWS), and National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) in
Australia.
3. International Level: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), and International Union for Conservation o f Nature (IUCN).
Overall, wildlife agencies play an important role in ensuring the conservation and
sustainable management of wildlife populations and their habitats.
I. State/Provincial level wildlife agencies are organizations that are responsible for
the management and conservation of wildlife populations and their habitats within
a particular state or province. These agencies typically have a range of
responsibilities, including:
1. Monitoring and managing wildlife populations and their habitats.

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 2. Developing and implementing policies and regulations to protect and
conserve wildlife.
3. Conducting research to better understand the biology and ecology of wildlife
species.
4. Educating the public about wildlife and the importance of conservation.
Here are some examples of State/Provincial level wildlife agencies in the United
States and Canada:
1. California Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) - Responsible for managing
and conserving wildlife in California.
2. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) - Responsible for
managing and conserving wildlife in Wisconsin.
3. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) - Responsible for
managing and conserving wildlife in Ontario, Canada.
4. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) - Responsible for managing and
conserving wildlife in Texas.
5. Alberta Environment and Parks (AEP) - Responsible for managing and
conserving wildlife in Alberta, Canada.
These State/Provincial level wildlife agencies work to promote the conservation and
sustainable management of wildlife through various activities, including research,
policy development, regulation, and public outreach. They play an important role
in ensuring that wildlife is protected and managed in a way that is sustainable and
beneficial for both wildlife and people within their jurisdiction.
II. National level wildlife agencies are organizations that are responsible for the
management and conservation of wildlife populations and their habitats at the
national level. These agencies typically have a range of responsibiliti es, including:
1. Monitoring and managing wildlife populations and their habitats.
2. Developing and implementing policies and regulations to protect and
conserve wildlife.
3. Conducting research to better understand the biology and ecology of wildlife
species.
4. Educating the public about wildlife and the importance of conservation.

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Here are some examples of national level wildlife agencies:
1. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - Responsible for managing
and conserving wildlife in the United States.
2. Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) - Responsible for managing and conserving
wildlife in Canada.
3. National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) - Responsible for managing and
conserving national parks and wildlife reserves in Australia.
4. Natural England - Responsible for managing and conserving wildlife in
England.
These national level wildlife agencies work to promote the conservation and
sustainable management of wildlife through various activities, including research,
policy development, regulation, and public outreach. They play an important role
in ensuring that wildlife is protected and managed in a way that is sustainable and
beneficial for both wildlife and people within their jurisdiction. Additionally, they
may also work with international organizations and other countries to promote
wildlife conservation and sustainable management on a global scale.
III. International level wildlife agencies are organizations that are responsible for
the management and conservation of wildlife populations and their habitats on a
global scale. These agencies typically have a range of responsibilities, including:
1. Monitoring and managing wildlife populations and their habitats at the
international level.
2. Developing and implementing policies and regulations to protect and
conserve wildlife on a global scale.
3. Conducting research to better understand the biology and ecology of wildlife
species.
4. Educating the public about wildlife and the importance of conservation.
Here are some examples of international level wildlife agenc ies:
1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES) - Responsible for regulating the international trade of
endangered species to ensure their survival.

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 2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Responsible for promoting
sustainable development and protecting the environment, including wildlife,
on a global scale.
3. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - A global network of
governments, NGOs, and scientists that works to promote the conservation
and sustainable use of biodiversity.
These international level wildlife agencies work to promote the conservation and
sustainable management of wildlife on a global scale through various activities,
including research, policy development, regulation, and public outreach. They play
an important role in ensuring that wildlife is protected and managed in a way that
is sustainable and beneficial for both wildlife and people around the world.
Additionally, they may also work with national and local organizations to promote
wildlife conservation and sustainable management in specific regions or countries.
International conventions, agreements
There are several international conventions and agreements that have been
established to address the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife around the
world. These include:
1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES) - An international treaty that aims to ensure that international
trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their
survival. CITES regulates the international trade in more than 35,000 species
of plants and animals, including their parts and products.
2. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - An international treaty that aims
to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, as well as
the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The CBD has three main objectives: the conservation of biological diversity,
the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of
the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
3. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands - An intergovernmental treaty that provides
the framework for national action and international cooperation for the
conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Wetlands are
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 areas of land where water covers the soil, either permanently or seasonally,
and include marshes, swamps, bogs, and other similar areas.
4. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) - An international treaty that aims
to conserve migratory species and their habitats. CMS provides a framework
for the conservation and management of migratory species and their
habitats, and promotes international cooperation to ensure their
conservation.
5. International Whaling Commission (IWC) - An intergovernmental
organization that is responsible for the conservation of whales and the
management of whaling. The IWC regulates commercial and scientific
whaling, as well as the conservation of whale populations and their habitats.
These international conventions and agreements provide a framework for countries
to work together to address the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife on a
global scale. They facilitate international cooperation and collaboration to ensure
the long-term survival of species and their habitats.

3. Wildlife of Pakistan
I. Identification, Distribution, Status,
Conservation And Management
Pakistan is home to a diverse range of wildlife, with over 668 species of birds, 195
species of mammals, and a large number of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Here is
an overview of the identification, distribution, status, conservation, and
management of wildlife in Pakistan:
Identification:
Pakistan's wildlife includes a variety of species, including several rare and
endangered ones. Some of the notable species include the snow leopard, Himalayan
brown bear, markhor, ibex, blackbuck, chinkara, Houbara bustard, vultures, and
various species of birds of prey.
Distribution:

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Wildlife in Pakistan is distributed across various ecological regions, including the
Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, the arid and semi -arid
regions, and the coastal areas along the Arabian Sea. The northern areas of
Pakistan are particularly rich in wildlife, with the highest concentration of
endangered species.
Status:
Many of Pakistan's wildlife species are endangered, and their populations are
declining due to habitat loss, hunting, and illegal wildlife trade. The snow leopard,
for instance, is listed as a vulnerable species, while the Houbara bustard is critically
endangered. Other species like the markhor, ibex, and blackbuck are also under
threat.
Conservation:
The Pakistani government has taken several measures to conserve wildlife,
including the establishment of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and protected
areas. The country has over 30 protected areas that cover a total area of over
13,000 square kilometers. The government has also introduced legislation to ban
hunting and trade in endangered species.
Management:
The management of wildlife in Pakistan involves a variety of stakeholders,
including government agencies, local communities, and conservatio n
organizations. The government is responsible for the overall management of
wildlife, while local communities play a crucial role in conserving wildlife and its
habitats. Conservation organizations work alongside the government and local
communities to implement conservation programs and initiatives.
In conclusion, the wildlife of Pakistan is rich and diverse, but many species are
under threat. Conservation efforts are crucial to safeguard the country's unique
biodiversity, and effective management involving all stakeholders is necessary for
the long-term survival of these species.

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