CH 09

Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp9e

Chapter Number: 9
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) Which type of cytoskeletal element is characterized as a hollow, rigid cylindrical tube with
walls composed of tubulin subunits?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) minitubules
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe the components and major functions of the cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton
2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

variety of related proteins like keratin?
a) actin filaments
b) microtubules
d) macrofilaments
e) indeterminate filaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
3) Which element of the cytoskeleton is found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus?
a) actin filaments
b) microtubules
d) macrofilaments
e) indeterminate filaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
4) Which cytoskeletal element could be described as solid, thinner structures that are often
organized into a branching network?
a) actin filaments
b) microtubules
d) macrotubules
e) minifilaments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
5) You use an ionic detergent to extract materials from a cell. When you do, much of the mRNA
stays behind with the cytoskeleton, which is not solubilized/depolymerized by this treatment.
What do these results mean?
a) The cytoskeleton denatures in ionic detergents.

b) The mRNA is solubilized by the ionic detergents.
c) The mRNA is anchored to the cytoskeleton.
d) The cytoplasm is anchored to the mRNA.
e) The cytoskeleton is destabilized by the ionic detergent.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
6) The splitting of the cytoplasm of a parent cell into two daughter cells is called ______.
a) diakinesis
b) cytokinesis
c) mitosis
d) meiosis
e) cytomegaly
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
7) Which of the following describes functions performed by the cytoskeleton?
a) provides structural support that determines cell shape and resists deforming forces
b) positions various organelles within the cell interior
c) providesa networkof tracks overwhich materialslike mRNAand organelles move within cells
d) serves as a force-generating apparatus that moves cells from one place to another
e) all of these choices are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
8) Which of the following is most extensible?
a) intermediate filaments
b) microtubules
c) actin filaments
d) spindle fibers
e) microtubules and spindle fibers
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
9) In cell biology and with respect to microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments,
the word "dynamic" means ________.
a) impressive
b) constant in structure
c) ever-changing in structure
d) energetic
e) forceful
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
10) Which of the following would be the most direct method to label microtubules with a
fluorescent dye?
a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

b) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to tubulin
c) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to actin
d) inducing a cell to express the gene for tubulin that has been fused to the gene for GFP
e) attaching a fluorescently-labeled antibody to tubulin and inducing a cell to express the gene
for tubulin that has been fused to the gene for GFP
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Describe the structure and the functions of microtubules.
Section Reference: Section 9.2 Structure and Function of Microtubules
11) The microtubule wall is composed of globular proteins arranged in longitudinal rows called
_________.
a) actin filaments
b) protofilaments
c) prototubules
d) prototubulins
e) microtubular units
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
12) In a normal microtubule, how many protofilaments make up its cylindrical wall?
a) 13
b) 15
c) 11
d) 9
e) 17
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
13) What kinds of forces hold microtubular structure together?
a) strong interactions
b) noncovalent interactions
c) covalent interactions
d) magnetism
e) strong interactions and covalent interactions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
14) When the MAP protein tau has abnormally high levels of __________, it is associated with
the development of strange, tangled filaments called _________ that have been seen in the brains
of patients suffering from several fatal neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

b) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
c) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles
d) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
e) amination, neurofibrillary tangles
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
15) Given that axons growing out of a neuron require the outward growth of microtubules to
support the lengtheningaxon, what would be likely to happen to axons growing out from a
neuron when they are exposed to colchicine or nocodazole?
a) Axons would grow more rapidly.

b) Axonal outgrowth would cease.
c) Axons would branch more often.
d) Axonal outgrowth would change direction more frequently.
e) There would be no change in axonal outgrowth.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
16) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?
a) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
synthesizing enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
b) Microtubules of the plant cell vacuole are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
c) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of lipid-synthesizing
enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
d) Microtubules of the plant cell wall are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
e) Microtubules of the plant cell nucleus are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
17) In a growing plant cell, cellulose microfibrils are oriented _______ the direction of cell
growth.
a) in the same direction as

b) perpendicular to
c) parallel to
d) diagonally to
e) horizontal to
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
18) How are proteins and neurotransmitters usually transported down the axon of a nerve cell?
a) individually by diffusion
b) in groups of ten
c) inside transport vesicles
d) inside the Golgi complex
e) tied individually to microtubules
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
19) Structures that move from the cell body of a neuron down the axon toward the neuron
terminals are said to move in _________ direction.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) astronomical
d) radial
e) intergrade
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
20) Left or right handed spiral growth in Arabidopsis has been linked to all of the following
proteins EXCEPT:
a) α tubulin
b) β tubulin
c) plant specific MAPs
d) actin
e) all of these proteins have been linked to spiral growth
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Identify the role of microtubules in the spiral growth of plants.
Section Reference: Section 9.3 Green Cells: Why The Woodbine Twineth
21) The enzyme whose activity is altered when microtubule arrangements are misaligned,
leading to spiral Arabidopsis growth is:
a) SPIRAL1
b) cellulose synthetase
c) plant specific MAP
d) SPIRAL2
e) microfibril synthetase
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
22) Point mutations in α or β tubulin which are associated with spiral growth in Arabidopsis
plants are often located at
a) sites of lipid-protein interaction

b) sites of sugar-protein interaction
c) sites of nucleic acid-protein interaction
d) sites of protein-protein interaction
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
23) Which of the following molecular motors are associated with actin filaments?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
c) kinesins and myosins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Explain how kinesins and dyneins function as motor proteins within
a cell.
Section Reference: Section 9.4 Motor Proteins: Kinesins and Dyneins
24) Which of the following molecular motors are known to travel in a retrograde direction along
microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and myosins
e) kinesins and dyneins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
25) Which of the following molecular motors are known to travel in an anterograde direction
along microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
e) kinesins and myosins
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
26) What is the direct source of energy that powers molecular motors?
a) hydrolysis of GTP
b) hydrolysis of ATP
c) aproton gradient
d) an H+ gradient
e) condensation of ATP
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
27) What part of the molecular motor kinesin is responsible for binding to the cargo to be
hauled?
a) the motor domain

b) the neck
c) the rod-like stalk
d) the fan-shaped tail
e) the motor domain and the neck
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
28) Kinesin movement along a microtubule is said to be highly ________ meaning that it can
move considerable distances along an individual microtubule without falling off.
a) excessive
b) processive
c) depressive
d) progressive
e) egressive
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
29) Motor proteins are able to generate force by ___________.
a) undergoing a series of conformational changes

b) polymerization of protofilaments
c) deploymerization of protofilaments
d) adding amino acids to the end of the molecular motor
e) making bonds AND adding amino acids to the end of the molecular motor
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
30) The simplest and the original assumption about step size for molecular motors was that as the
motor protein walked along the actin or microtubule polymer it would step__________.
a) 10 nm for every ATP that was hydrolyzed whether it was traveling along actin or tubulin
b) the distance of one tubulin dimer or actin subunit for every 2 ATPs that were hydrolyzed
c) the distance of three tubulin dimers or actin subunits for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
d) varying distances along the cytoskeletal polymer for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
e) the distance of one tubulin dimer or actin subunit for every ATP that was hydrolyzed
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
31) In order to measure the step size of kinesin, a group of investigators attached a small silica
bead to the tail of a kinesin molecule. What advantage(s) did the attached silica bead provide?
a) The bead made kinesin activity visible to the naked eye.

b) The bead helped to denature kinesin making its properties easier to measure.
c) The bead provided a handle for binding antibodies.
d) The bead absorbed laser light in a manner proportional to the distance the motor moved.
e) The bead made kinesin activity trackable and provided a handle for manipulating and holding
the motor using an optical trap.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
a cell.
32) Nucleation of microtubules takes place rapidly inside a cell, where it occurs in association
with a variety of specialized structures called _____________.
a) MTOCs
b) the centrosome
c) basal bodies
d) microtubule-organizing centers
e) all terms are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Explain the activities that occur at microtubule-organizing centers
(MTOCs) and the underlying basis of microtubule dynamics.
Section Reference: Section 9.5 Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs)
33) What end of a microtubule is associated with the centrosome?
a) the plus end

b) the minus end
c) the 5'-end
d) the 3'-end
e) the 0-end
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe microtubule organizing centers, their structures and
functions.
34) Which MTOC gives rise to cilia and flagella?
a) a centrosome
b) basal bodies
c) centriole
d) PCM
e) the plus end
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
35) The sperm basal body becomes ______________.
a) a basal body of the fertilized egg

b) pericentriolar material
c) five microtubules
d) a flagellum of the later embryo
e) a centriole
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
36) A small zone of fluorescent microtubules in a cell is photobleached so that their fluorescent
label gives off no light. Some time later fluorescence returns to the bleached zone in the cell.
Which of the following is a possible explanation for the recovery of fluorescence in the region of
the cell previously bleached?
a) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell
b) the growth of new microtubules into the bleached zone
c) movement of microtubules through the bleached zone
all of these choices
d) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell and the growth
of new microtubules into the bleached zone
e) all of these choices
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
functions.
37) Which of the following treatments do/does NOT disassemble microtubules in living cells?
a) slightly elevated temperature
b) hydrostatic pressure
c) elevatedCa2+ion concentration
d) colchicine or vinblastine treatment
e) all of these choices disassemble microtubules in living cells
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
functions.
38) Why are taxol, vinblastine and other similar drugs used as chemotherapy agents?
a) They preferentially affect actively dividing cells, like tumor cells.

b) They stabilize tumor cells.
c) They disrupt tumor cell membranes.
d) They prevent the entry of cells into the first stage of meiosis.
e) They inhibit mitochondria.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
functions.
39) Which of the following treatments did not help microtubules to polymerize when
homogenates prepared from brain tissue received it?
a) Mg2+ ions
b) GTP
c) EGTA
d) a temperature of 37°C
e) a temperature of 4°C
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
functions.
40) Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the fact that the chemical EGTA blocks
microtubule disassembly?
a) EGTA binds to Ca2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule depolymerization.
b) EGTA binds to Mg2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule depolymerization.
c) EGTA binds to Ca2+ ions, which are known to induce microtubule polymerization.
d) EGTA destroys Ca2+ ions, which are known to inhibit microtubule polymerization.
e) EGTA destroys Mg2+ ions, which are known to inhibit microtubule polymerization.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
functions.
41) To which end of microtubules are tubulin subunits primarily added in vitro?
a) the minus end

b) the N-terminal end
c) the plus end
d) the C-terminal end
e) the 5'-end
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
functions.
42) Which of the following is NOT a function of cilia?
a) moving the cell from place to place

b) moving fluid and particulate material past the cell
c) sensing and monitoring the properties of extracellular fluids
d) moving vesicles down the nerve cell axon
e) All of these choices are functions of cilia.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Explain how the movement of cilia and flagella relates to their
structure and function.
Section Reference: Section 9.6 Structure and Function of Cilia and Flagella
43) The core of a cilium is called the ________.
a) troponeme
b) dynomeme
c) cilioneme
d) axoneme
e) flagelloneme
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
44) Which of the following is normally associated with the cilia of organisms from protists to
mammals?
a) a 9 + 0 pattern
b) a 9 + 1 pattern
c) a 9 + 2 pattern
d) a 9 + 3 pattern
e) none of these choices
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
45) The peripheral doublets of the axoneme are connected to one another by a(n) ________
composed of an elastic protein-based linkage called the _______.
a) intersheath bridge, nexin link

b) peridoublet sheath, dynein link
c) interdoublet bridge, nexin link
d) interdoublet sheath, dynein link
e) peridoublet sheath, nexin link
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
46) What protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport of IFT trainsback toward the cell
body?
a) kinesin-II
b) myosin
c) cytoplasmic dynein
d) kinesin
e) cytoplasmic kinesin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
47) Treatment of isolated spermaxonemes with 0.6 M NaClhas been shown to selectively remove
the outer arms from the A microtubules of the axoneme, leaving the inner arms in place. What
would be the most likely effect on the NaCl-treated axoneme when ATP was added to the
medium?
a) The axoneme would fall apart completely.

b) The axonemes would beat at about half the rate of the intact axoneme.
c) The central microtubules would disassemble leaving the rest of the axoneme intact.
d) The axoneme would be solubilized.
e) Every element of the axoneme would be permanently cross-linked.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
48) EDTA is a chemical that binds to and removes (chelates) divalent cations from solution.
Treatment of isolated axonemes with EDTA leads to the removal of the inner and outer arms
extending from the A microtubules of the axoneme. Which of the following statements would
appear to be true based on this information?
a) Potassium ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
b) Chlorine ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
c) Magnesium ions are required for dynein to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
d) Magnesium ions are required for tubulin to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
e) Sodium ions are required for tubulin to bind to the A tubules of the axoneme.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
49) The _______ link is an elastic protein-based linkage that connects tubulin doublets in cilia
and flagella. The resultant bridges play an important role in ciliary and flagellar movement by
limiting the extent that adjacent doublets can slide over one another. The resistance to sliding
provided by these bridges causes the axoneme to bend.
a) plectin
b) filamentin
c) nexin
d) vimentin
e) myosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
50) ___________ are recently discovered diseases that result from organelle dysfunction.
Specifically, each of these diseases is a set of seemingly unrelateddisease symptoms that all
result from defects in cilia.
a) Flagellopathies
b) Cilioflagellar diseases
c) Ciliopathies
d) Ciliary diseases
e) Pathophysicilias
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
51) For a long time, it was thought that cilia on most cells were unimportant or _________,
despite their presence on almost all cells.This idea arosebecause the cilia on most cells are non-
motile, and itwas assumed that motility was the key function of cilia.
a) flagellar
b) execrable
c) ciliopathic
d) vestigial
e) vestibular
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
52) Bardet‐Biedl syndrome (BBS) is caused by mutations in any one of a number of genes that
affect protein trafficking into cilia. Persons afflicted with BBS exhibit a remarkable range of
abnormalities, like polydactyly, obesity, kidney disease, etc. These disparatesymptoms are
thought to reflect the function of cilia ________________.
a) as sensors for a magnetic field

b) aslocomotory organelles
c) as sources of flagella
d) as binding sites for actin
e) as antennas to receive signals that regulate development and physiology
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
53) If there is no flow of extraembryonic fluid over a mouse embryo, ___________.

a) most of the embryos die early in development
b) the majority of embryos still orient correctly
c) the left-right asymmetry decision for the embryo is made at random
d) the majority of embryos exhibit situs inversus
e) the embryos exhibit no asymmetrical arrangement of organs
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
54) Researchers worked with mouse embryos that had non‐motile cilia and used a pumpto drive
an artificially created flow over their surface. When theflow was leftward directed, the mice
developed _____________.
a) normal organ positions

b) situsinversus
c) randomly placed organ positions
d) abnormally; embryos died fairly early in development
e) into identical twin embryos
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
55) The cilia-driven flow in human and mouse embryos is detected by ___________.
a) renin
b) the Na+-K+ pump
c) polycystins
d) polyphenylin
e) cysteine
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
56) The cross-bridges that hold intermediate filaments together are composed of _______.
a) filamentin
b) plectin
c) ascriptin
d) dynein
e) myosin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.7Describe the structure and functions of intermediate filaments.
Section Reference: Section 9.7 Intermediate Filaments
57) The central, rod-shaped domain of an intermediate filament is flanked on each side by
globular domains of variable size and sequence. What structure forms the core of the central,
rod-shaped domain?
a) alpha-helix
b) beta-pleated sheet
c) double helix
d) quaternary coil
e) coiled coil
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.7 Describe the structure and functions of intermediate filaments.
58) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?
a) elastic
b) highly resistant to shrinkage
c) springy
d) ability to absorb mechanical stresses applied by the extracellular environment
e) inflexible
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
59) You inject labeled keratin subunits into cultured skin cells. What happens a few minutes
later?
a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

b) Filaments become labeled at sites scattered throughout their length, rather than at their ends.
c) Filaments become labeled at both ends simultaneously.
d) Filaments become labeled at one end exclusively.
e) The entire intermediate filament network is quickly labeled.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
60) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?
a) alpha-tubulin
b) beta-tubulin
c) actin
d) keratin
e) myosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
61) What seems to control the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments?
a) denaturation
b) sulfation
c) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
d) hydrolysis
e) hydroxylation
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
62) With which of the following structures are intermediate filaments associated?
a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

b) hemidesmosomes
c) desmosomes
d) theneurofilaments of neuronal axons
e) all of these choices are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
63) What kind of cells seems to rely mostly on microfilaments for long-distance transport of
cytoplasmic vesicles and organelles, probably due to restricted microtubule distribution in these
cells?
a) red blood cells

b) white blood cells
c) plant cells
d) neurons
e) muscle cells
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.8 Explain the structure and function of actin and myosin and how they
interact.
Section Reference: Section 9.8 Actin and Myosin
64) Which of the following words best describes the structure of an actin filament?
a) single actin strand

b) triple helix
c) hyperpolar filament
d) double helix
e) supercoil
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
interact.
65) Which of the following does NOT describe the types of microfilament organization normally
seen in cells?
a) ordered arrays
b) highly branched networks
c) tightly anchored bundles
d) cylindrical conglomerations
e) all of these choices describe types of microfilament organization
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
interact.
66) What chemical below is known to bind to free actin monomers and block their incorporation
into the polymer?
a) cytochalasins
b) nocodazole
c) phalloidin
d) latrunculin
e) phalloidin and latrunculin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
interact.
67) What motor is associated with microfilaments?
a) myoglobin
b) kinesin
c) myosin
d) dynein
e) myometrium
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
interact.
68) The myosin filament is characterized as a(n) _________ filament.
a) bipolar
b) unipolar
c) tripolar
d) parallel
e) orthogonal
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
interact.
69) A culture of Dictyostelium slime mold is prepared in which the myosin II gene is deleted. In
which of the activity/ activities described below are these cells unable to participate?
a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

b) cell elongation
c) cytokinesis
d) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cell elongation
e) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
interact.
70) Why is myosin V able to take very large steps along a microfilament?
a) Its neck is twisted.

b) Its neck is relatively long.
c) Its neck is relatively short.
d) Its tail is very long.
e) Its tail is bipolar.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
interact.
71) Along which structure do membranous vesicles and organelles typically engage in local
movement in the cell periphery of an animal cell?
a) mitochondria
b) microtubules
c) actin filaments
d) intermediate filaments
e) lysosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
interact.
72) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?
a) They become multinucleate as they undergo fission.

b) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of mononucleate
myoblasts.
c) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of multinucleate
myoblasts.
d) They become multinucleate via mitosis in myoblasts without cytokinesis.
e) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of mononucleaateneuroblasts.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.9Describe the molecular components of muscle and how they interact
in contraction.
Section Reference: Section 9.9 Muscle Organization and Contraction
73) Myofibrils in a muscle cell are made up of a repeating linear array of contractile units called
________.
a) sarcocytes
b) blastomeres
c) myomeres
d) sarcomeres
e) myotubules
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.9 Describe the molecular components of muscle and how they interact
in contraction.
74) What is the name of the lightly staining areas at the outer edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
in contraction.
75) What is the name of the densely staining area between the lightly staining areas at the outer
edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
in contraction.
76) Which region of the sarcomere contains only actin thin filaments or actin filaments?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
77) Which region of the sarcomere represents the region of overlap between the two types of
filaments in the sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) the part of the A band on either side of the H zone
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) the part of the H zone on either side of the A band
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
78) What accounts for the decrease in the length of an entire muscle?
a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

b) the combined shortening of actin filaments
c) the combined shortening myosin filaments
d) the combined shortening of thin filaments
e) the combined decrease in sarcomere length and the combined shortening of actin filaments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
79) What happens to the Z line positioning after contraction of the sarcomere?
a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

b) The distance between the Z lines decreases.
c) The distance between the Z lines increases.
d) The Z lines disappear.
e) The Z lines become curved.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
80) What protein is thought to act like a "molecular ruler" by regulating the number of actin
monomers that are allowed to assemble into a thin filament?
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) nebulin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
in contraction.
81) What is the name of the largest protein yet discovered? It extends from the M line in the
center of the sarcomere along the myosin filament and past the A band to terminate at the Z line.
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) actinin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
in contraction.
82) How does an actin thin filament manage to move continuously during a contraction cycle?
a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

b) All of the myosin heads beat out of synchrony with one another.
c) They use an enormous amount of ATP.
d) They use an enormous amount of GTP.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
83) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?
a) ATP
b) ADP
c) GTP
d) GDP
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
84) The point at which the neuron axon terminus and the muscle fiber make contact is called the
_________.
a) neuromuscular terminus
b) nerve exons
c) neural conjunctions
d) neuromuscular junction
e) neuromuscular conjunction
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
85) What blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin thin filaments in a stimulated sarcomere?
a) troponin
b) myosin itself
c) tropomyosin
d) titin
e) nothing
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
in contraction.
86) Muscle contracted to a size shorter than its resting length has less tension than one at resting
length because:
a) Z discs will collide with thin filaments

b) Z discs will collide with thick filaments
c) H bands will widen
d) A bands will widen
e) none of these is a correct explanation for the reduced tension
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.10 Explain the molecular basis and clinical implications of muscle
biomechanics
Section Reference: Section 9.10 Engineering Linkage: Muscle Biomechanics
87) Techniques for measuring muscle activity include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) placing electrodes on the skin surface close to muscles

b) placing electrodes into muscle by piercing the skin
c) detecting vibrations produced by superficial muscles
d) detecting vibrations produced by deep muscles
e) all are standard activity-measuring techniques
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.10 Explain the molecular basis and clinical implications of muscle
biomechanics
Section Reference: Section 9.10 Engineering Linkage: Muscle Biomechanics
88) Characteristics of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) include:
a) using an electrode to stimulate muscle contraction

b) application in assisting patients whose nerves have been severed
c) application in assisting patients whose nerves have degenerated due to a variety of medical
conditions
d) muscle fatigue issues due to single electrode stimulus
e) all choices are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.10 Explain the molecular basis and clinical implications ofmuscle
biomechanics
Section Reference: Section 9.10Engineering Linkage: Muscle Biomechanics
89) What is a major influence in determining the organization and behavior of actin filaments
inside cells?
a) axonemes
b) tubulin
c) actin-binding proteins
d) dynein
e) actin-binding proteins and dynein
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.11 Describe the function of each category of actin-binding proteins.
Section Reference: Section 9.11Actin-Binding Proteins
90) Proteins that accelerate the polymerization of actin filaments are called ________.
a) nucleons
b) nucleating proteins
c) monomer-sequestering proteins
d) end-blocking proteins
e) nucleons and nucleating proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: Section 9.11 Actin-Binding Proteins
91) ________ proteins share considerable sequence homology with actins and accelerate the
polymerization of actin filaments.
a) Actin-nucleating
b) Actin-racemase
c) Actin-related
d) Tubulin-related
e) Actin-rated
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
92) A shift in the concentration or activity of which type of proteins can cause a shift in the
equilibrium between actin monomers and polymers?
a) nucleating proteins
b) monomer-sequestering proteins
c) endolysins
d) capping proteins
e) all of these choices
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
93) Which type of actin-binding protein is known to decrease cytoplasmic viscosity by breaking
existing actin filaments into two or more pieces?
a) monomer-polymerizing proteins
b) cross-linking proteins
c) filament-severing proteins
d) actin-filament depolymerizing proteins
e) end-blocking proteins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
94) Which of the following non-muscle cell activities do NOT involve actin filaments often
working in concert with myosin motors?
a) cytokinesis
b) blood platelet activation
c) vesicle trafficking
d) red blood cells carrying oxygen
e) changes in cell shape
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.12 Explain the molecular mechanisms of cellular motility and the
molecular basis of changes in cell shape.
Section Reference: Section 9.12 Cellular Motility
95) As a fibroblast moves, its leading edge extends from the cell as a broad, flattened, veil-like
protrusion called a ________.
a) pseudopodium
b) lamella
c) lamellipodium
d) podium
e) extensor
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
96) If you were to fix a fish keratocyte and stain it with fluorescent antibodies for myosin II,
where would you see the myosin II?
a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

b) in the rear of the cell
c) in a band where the rear of the lamellipodium joins the rest of the cell
d) around the nucleus
e) surrounding the mitochondria
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
97) The focal complexes that form near the leading edge of a motile cell exert traction force
through their associated __________ and then typically disassemble as the cell moves forward or
mature into larger, more contractile focal adhesions.
a) microtubules
b) keratin filaments
c) vinculin filaments
d) actin filaments
e) actinin filaments
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
98)It was found that Listeria infection could not be spread from one cell to its neighbors on a
petri dish in the presence of cytochalasin. This suggested that ___________.
a) actin polymerization is required for Listeria infection

b) tubulin polymerization is required for Listeria infection
c) cytochalasin is required for Listeria infection
d) cytochalasin is toxic
e) intermediate filaments are required for Listeria infection
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
99) Using a macrophage‐like cell line, researchers infected one set of petri dishes with wild‐type
Listeria, and, as anegative control, infected another set with a Listeria mutant that
was unable to enter cells. At specific time points, the cells were fixed and prepared for electron
microscopy. Two hours after infection, they observed that the wild‐type Listeria in the
cytoplasmwere surrounded by ______________.
a) a cloud of tubulin
b) a cloud of actin
c) a cloud of keratin
d) agrowth cone
e) comet tails of actin filaments
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
100) Which of the following traits is NOT seen upon close examination of a living growth cone
of an elongating axon?
a) a broad, flattened lamellipodium that creeps out over the substratum

b) stiffmicrospikes pointing outward to the edge of the lamellipodium
c) many cilia that attach to the substratum and pull the growth cone forward
d) highly elongated filopodia that extend and retract continuously
e) none of these choices is observed
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
101) After they have elongated, the cells of the neural epithelium become constricted at one end,
causing them to become wedge shaped and leading the entire layer of cells to curve inward.
What causes this constriction?
a) contraction of microtubules in the cytoplasm just above the basal cell membrane
b) lengthening of microtubules in the cytoplasm just below the apical cell membrane
c) contraction of a band of actin filaments that assemble in the cortical region of the cells just
above the basal cell membrane
d) contraction of a band of actin filaments that assemble in the cortical region of the cells just
beneath the apical cell membrane
e) shortening of microtubules in the cytoplasm just below the apical cell membrane
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
102) The role of building the cytokinetic ring during cell division in prokaryotes is executed by
_________.
a) actin
b) tubulin
c) FtsZ
d) ParM
e) Crescentin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.13 Describe the functions of each of the components of the bacterial
cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.13 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton
103) The protein FtsZ acts in the bacterial cell analogously to the ______ cytoskeleton during
eukaryotic cytokinesis and is a(n) _________ homolog that is found in nearly all prokaryotic
cells.
a) actin, actin
b) actin, tubulin
c) tubulin, actin
d) actin, intermediate filament
e) tubulin, tubulin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
104) The protein ParM has been shown to play a role in plasmid segregation during bacterial cell
division analogous to the action of ___________during mitosis and is structurally similar to
__________.
a) actin filaments, actin

b) actin filaments, tubulin
c) microtubules, tubulin
d) intermediate filaments, keratin
e) microtubules, actin
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
105) The protein Crescentin (CreS) has been implicated in regulating the shape of some bacterial
cells and forms bundled filaments that give bacteria containing it a highly curved shape; it
resembles __________ in structure.
a) actin filaments
b) microtubules
c) titin
d) intermediate filaments
e) ParM
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
106) The protein _________ has been implicated in regulating the shape of some bacterial cells;
it is expressed in rod-shaped and helical bacteria. It resembles __________in structure.
a) MreB, tubulin
b) MreB, actin
c) CreS, tubulin
d) CreS, actin
e) ParM, keratin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.
107) The deletion of the mreB gene in Escherichia coli results in __________.
a) rod-shaped cells
b) crescent-shaped cells
c) spherical cells
d) spiral cells
e) cells that look like bunches of grapes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
cytoskeleton.

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Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp9e

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

a) The cytoskeleton denatures in ionic detergents.

7) Which of the following describes functions performed by the cytoskeleton?

8) Which of the following is most extensible?

a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

13) What kinds of forces hold microtubular structure together?

a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

a) Axons would grow more rapidly.

16) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?

a) in the same direction as

a) sites of lipid-protein interaction

a) the motor domain

a) undergoing a series of conformational changes

a) The bead made kinesin activity visible to the naked eye.

33) What end of a microtubule is associated with the centrosome?

a) the plus end

34) Which MTOC gives rise to cilia and flagella?

35) The sperm basal body becomes ______________.

a) a basal body of the fertilized egg

a) They preferentially affect actively dividing cells, like tumor cells.

a) the minus end

42) Which of the following is NOT a function of cilia?

a) moving the cell from place to place

43) The core of a cilium is called the ________.

a) intersheath bridge, nexin link

a) The axoneme would fall apart completely.

a) as sensors for a magnetic field

53) If there is no flow of extraembryonic fluid over a mouse embryo, ___________.

a) normal organ positions

58) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?

a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

60) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?

a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

a) red blood cells

a) single actin strand

67) What motor is associated with microfilaments?

68) The myosin filament is characterized as a(n) _________ filament.

a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

a) Its neck is twisted.

72) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?

a) They become multinucleate as they undergo fission.

a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

83) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?

a) Z discs will collide with thin filaments

a) placing electrodes on the skin surface close to muscles

88) Characteristics of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) include:

a) using an electrode to stimulate muscle contraction

a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

a) actin polymerization is required for Listeria infection

a) a broad, flattened lamellipodium that creeps out over the substratum

a) actin filaments, actin

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