Page 104 # 1 - 25

1. What does DNA stand for

ANSWER: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

2. Describe the components and structure of a DNA molecule.

Answer: DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides : Nucleotides have 3
parts to them: a deoxyribose, A phosphate group and A nitrogenous base. A DNA
molecule is composed of two strands that form a double helix structure.

3. List the four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

Answer: Adenine (A) , Thymin (T) , Gyanine (G) , Cytosine ©

4. Summarize what happens during the process of cell division.

Answer: In the process of cell division a cell copies its DNA and divides the
nucleus then separates the sister chromatids then splits the two daughter cells.

5. Describe how a cell’s chromatin changes as the cell prepares to divide.

Answer: As a cell prepares to divide, its chromatin fibers condense and it
becomes more and more visible.

6. What is the role of interphase in cell division?

Answer: The role of an interphase in cell division is that during interphase the
cell grows (G 1), they replicate DNA (S) and they prepare for mitosis (G 2).

7. List the following phases of the cell cycle in sequence and briefly
describe what occurs in each: M phase, S phase, G2 phase, G1 phase.
Answer: M phase : Mitosis , Cytokinesis ( cell division)
S phase : DNA replication
G 2 phase : cell grows and normal functions of life preparing for mitosis
G 1 phase : Growth and preparing for mitosis

8. Explain why DNA’s structure is called the double helix.

Answer: The reason why DNA structure is called the double helix is because it is
in the shape of a helix which is a three dimensional spiral. “The double comes
from the fact that the helix is made of two long strands of DNA that are
intertwined like a twisted ladder.”

9. List two human traits.

Answer: Skin color and Eye color
 10. Give two reasons that cells divide.
Answer: - Replacing dead or old cells
- Growth

11. How are the following terms related to one another: DNA, chromatin,
chromatid, chromosome?
Answer: Each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids , chromatins condense to
form chromosomes during cell division, Chromosomes uncoil; take the form of
chromatin, DNA.

12. What is the role of DNA in a cell that is not dividing?

Answer: The role of a non dividing cell plate is to be in the interphase stage.

13. If the six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix are AGTCGG, what are the
six bases on the complementary section of the other strand?
Answer:

14. Why is it necessary for a cell to replicate its DNA prior to cell division?
Answer: It is necessary for a cell to replicate its DNA because the existing cell divides to
make new cells. The DNA cell also allows for the cell to contribute to its purpose
properly.

15. What is the main difference between a histone and a nucleosome?

Answer: The main difference between histones and nucleosomes is that histones are
the proteins that package and order the DNA into nucleosomes and nucleosomes are
the basic units of DNA packaging.

16. How many ways can the nucleotide sequence GAT be arranged?
Answer: The nucleotide sequence GAT be can be arranged unlimited.

17. What is the difference between a nitrogenous base and a nucleotide?

Answer: A nucleotide is made up of/ composed of a nitrogenous base, A nucleotide is
made up of sugar molecules and nitrogenous bases are prunes for example (A) ,( G), (T)
and etc.

18. In what way do telomeres protect genetic information?

Answer: At the end of chromosomes they form a cap like a plastic tip of a shoelace
which proctors the genetic information.
19. How many chromosomes does a human body cell contain in each of the
following periods? Explain.
(a) G1 phase (b) just before M phase (c) just after cytokinesis
Answer: G 1 phase : there are 46 chromosomes in a human body during G 1 phase
Just before M phase : A cell has 46 chromosomes
Just after cytokinesis : 46 monovalent chromosomes

20. Interphase is sometimes described as a “resting phase.” Why is this

description inaccurate?
Answer: The reason why this description is inaccurate is because during interphase the
cells are resting by not dividing but still performing their functions so they are still
active and doing something.

21. How is it possible for a strand of DNA as long as your arm to fit inside the
nucleus of a cell?
Answer: A histones creates chromatin which allows chromatin to loop and coil to form
a condense and a very tight chromosome structure, the tight packaging allows it to fit
inside the nucleus of a cell.

22. Suggest what would happen to a single-celled organism if it were to go

through many rounds of mitosis but did not go through cytokinesis.
Answer: If the cell didn’t go through cytokinesis then it will be a cell with more than
one nucleus and that type of cell is called a multinucleated cell.

23. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow
A. Which type or types of cells listed in the table would undergo mitosis?
Explain
B. Red blood cells do not contain nuclei. Explain how this fact relates to red
blood cells’ inability to divide.
Answer: a) Smooth muscle cells undergo mitosis because they are a type of somatic
cell.
b) They lack of nucleus and nuclear DNA

24. Draw and label the following structures:

(a) an individual chromosome (b) sister chromatids
 a) b)

I drew this using the drawing tool under insert on a google doc.

25. Suggest reasons why blood cells and skin cells reproduce more often than
other cells in the body
Answer: Skin cells reproduce faster because the skin cells prevent germs from coming
into our bodies and because skin cells are very easily removed, so they need to
reproduce faster.