Ebook Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments 7Th Edition Karp Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts
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Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp7e
Chapter Number: 8
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) When electron micrographs were first taken of the cell interior, what kinds of membranous structures
were seen?
a) membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density

b) long channels bounded by membranes and radiating through the cytoplasm
c) an interconnected network of canals
d) stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
e) All of these are correct.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how particular proteins are targeted to specific subcellular
compartments, describing the differences and similarities between the biosynthetic and endosynthetic
pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System
2) What is the name for a brief incubation of a tissue with radioactivity during which labeled amino acids
are incorporated into protein?
a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelard
e) statin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Discuss the laboratory methods used to detect proteins found in the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes
3) A tissue has been briefly labeled with radiolabeled amino acids. It is then transferred to a medium
containing unlabeled amino acids. This can be done several times with different tissue samples for
varying periods of time. What is the entire procedure called?
a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelard
e) statin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
4) In a pulse-chase procedure, if the chase is longer, which statement below correctly describes the
location of the radioactively labeled proteins in the cell?
a) closer to the synthesis site

b) farther from the nucleus
c) farther from the synthesis site
d) closer to the nucleus
e) farther from the mitonchondria
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
5) Which procedure below would lead to the visualization of the dynamic movements of specific proteins
as they move through a single living cell? The proteins can be seen through the microscope eyepiece and
the cells do not have to be killed for the protein to be detected.
a) pulse-chase
b) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the protein that is to be tracked through the cell
c) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the gene encoding the protein to be tracked through the
cell
d) pulse-chase using fluorescent antibodies
e) all of these are correct
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
6) Cells are infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain in which a viral gene (VSVG) is fused
to the green fluorescent protein gene. When the chimeric protein is synthesized, what pathway does it
follow from synthesis until it leaves the cell?
a) RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

b) RER, Golgi complex, viral envelopes, plasma membrane
c) Golgi complex, RER, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
d) RER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
e) RER, mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
7) Cells are infected with a virus carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant VSVG gene that encodes a
protein that cannot leave the ER of infected cells grown at restrictive temperatures. Thus, at higher
temperatures, ______________.
a) VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.

b) VSVG protein cannot leave the ER.
c) VSVG protein leaves the ER immediately.
d) All of the manufactured VSVG protein leaves the ER synchronously.
e) VSVG protein is degraded rapidly and never passes to the Golgi complex.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
8) TB 8.008 Elevated temperatures at which temperature-sensitive mutants do not work are called
________ temperatures.
a) restrictive
b) permissive
c) temperature-sensitive
d) frame-shift
e) point
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
9) When cells are homogenized, the cytomembrane system is broken into fragments, the ends of which
can fuse to form small membranous spheres called ________.
a) vacuoles
b) victuals
c) vesicles
d) nuclei
e) endosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
10) The separation of organelles or vesicles derived from different organelles is called ______.
a) cell division
b) mitosis
c) meiosis
d) subcellular fractionation
e) cell ostentation
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
11) The endomembrane system when homogenized is broken up into vesicles, which are heterogeneous
but similar in size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their biological
activity. They are collectively referred to as _________.
a) endosomes
b) microsomes
c) ribosomes
d) minisomes
e) lysosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
12) Enzymes can be purified from the microsomal fraction. They can then be used as antigens to make
antibodies. The antibodies can then be exposed to cells and later visualized in the electron microscope.
What allows them to be seen in the electron microscope?
a) attachment of amino acids to the antibody

b) attachment of gold particles to the antibodies
c) attachment of nonradioactive amino acids to the antibodies
d) degradation of the antibodies
e) shrinkage of the antibodies
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
13) Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called ______.
a) in vivo systems
b) cell-free systems
c) test tube systems
d) onsite systems
e) cellonic systems
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
14) Why are yeast cells often used to study eukaryotic gene mutations affecting secretion and other
cytomembrane processes?
a) They have only a few genes.

b) They are small and single-celled and can be cultured easily.
c) They can be grown as haploid organisms so mutants are easily seen.
d) Deficiencies in yeast cells caused by mutants are easily detected.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
15) TB 8.014 You incubate liposomes with a series of purified proteins normally found in the coats of
cell transport vesicles. After adding one of them to the liposome mixture, budding of vesicles from the
liposomes began. What does this mean?
a) Liposomes cause the protein to denature.

b) The protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.
c) The protein is involved in liposome denaturation.
d) The protein triggers protein synthesis.
e) The protein causes the entry of water into the liposomes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
16) What is the effect on a yeast cell of the presence of a mutant gene involved in vesicle fusion?
a) The ER shrank.
b) The nucleus became swollen.
c) The Golgi complex expanded greatly.
d) Cells accumulated expanded ER cisternae.
e) Cells amassed an excess number of unfused vesicles.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
17) A cellular phenomenon called _________ is a process in which cells produce small RNAs that bind to
specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.
a) RNAi
b) cRNAs
c) RNAi and RNA interference
d) RNA interference
e) RNAa
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
18) A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference is a process in which cells produce small RNAs
called _______ that bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.
a) snRNAs
b) isRNAs
c) mRNAs
d) RNAsi
e) siRNAs
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
19) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized
in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic
reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence. What
would an experimental cell look like if it contained an siRNA that led to the absence of one of the proteins
involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi complex?
1) Fluorescent label is not found in the Golgi complex.
2) The GFP-mannosidase II is denatured so there is no fluorescent label anywhere in the cell.
3) Fluorescent label still translocates the Golgi complex completely.
4) Fluorescent label is found only in the endoplasmic reticulum.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 3 and 4
e) 1 and 4
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
20) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized
in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic
reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence. If an
experimental cell contains an siRNA that leads to the fluorescence being restricted to the endoplasmic
reticulum, with what would the siRNA be likely to interfere?
a) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi
complex
b) an rRNA that synthesizes the enzyme
c) the synthesis of mannosidase II from its mRNA
d) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the Golgi complex to
the ER
e) an mRNA that codes for the enzyme
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
21) Why is RNAi now used as a strategy for investigating the effect of a missing protein more often than
generating an organism that possesses a mutant gene?
a) It is easier to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene than to synthesize a small RNA.
b) Small RNAs are less stable than organisms.
c) Mutant genes are much easier to synthesize.
d) It is easier to synthesize a small RNA than to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene.
e) Small RNAs are much more sensitive.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
22) What accounts for the differences in function between the types of ER?
1) the location of the ER
2) the proximity of the ER to the nucleus
3) the protein content of the ER
4) the shape of its component lipids
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 2
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Discuss the structural and functional differences of the RER and SER,
explaining their role in the maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
23) With what structure is the RER often seen to be continuous, as seen by its association with
ribosomes?
a) the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

b) the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
c) the outer mitochondrial membrane
d) the outer chloroplast membrane
e) the Golgi complex
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
24) What allows smooth and rough vesicles (microsomes) to be readily separated by density gradient
centrifugation?
a) their size differences

b) their differences in lipid composition
c) their differences in color
d) their differences in density
e) their differences in water content
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
25) Which type of cells below is not known for its extensively developed SER?
a) skin cells
b) kidney tubule cells
c) skeletal muscle cells
d) steroid-producing endocrine cells
e) both skeletal muscle cells and kidney tubule cells
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
26) What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a) its lipid content

b) its polynucleotide content
c) its carbohydrate content
d) its protein content
e) its age
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
27) Which of the following is a function associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in at least
some cells?
a) synthesis of steroid hormones

b) detoxification of many organic compounds, like barbiturates and ethanol
c) release of glucose into the bloodstream
d) sequestration of calcium Ca2+ ions within the cisternal space
e) All of these are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
28) What is one problem created by the detoxifying enzymes of the SER?
a) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight gain.

b) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight loss.
c) They can cause a compound to be converted into a carcinogen.
d) They can cause the denaturation of an essential enzyme or protein.
e) They can lead to addiction.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
29) hich of the following are enzymes that are involved in detoxification of organic compounds in the
SER of liver cells?
1) oxygen-transferring enzymes
2) oxygenases
3) members of the cytochrome P450 family
4) oxidases
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
30) What specific cellular responses are known to be triggered by the regulated release of Ca2+ ions from
the SER?
a) skeletal muscle cell contraction
b) secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane
c) release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
d) release of the contents of the acrosome from the head of a sperm
e) skeletal muscle cell contraction
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
31) What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end, an
arrangement that reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?
a) nucleus and RER – SER – Golgi complex – secretory vesicles

b) Golgi complex – nucleus and RER – SER – secretory vesicles
c) nucleus and RER – Golgi complex – SER – secretory vesicles
d) SER – nucleus and RER – Golgi complex – secretory vesicles
e) secretory vesicles – nucleus and RER – SER – Golgi complex
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
32) What are the two sites within a cell at which protein synthesis is generally thought to occur?
a) cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER

b) cytosolic surface of RER and free ribosomes
c) cisternal surface of RER and free ribosomes
d) free ribosomes and cytosolic surface of SER
e) cytosolic surface of RER and cytosolic surface of SER
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
33) TB 8.034 Blöbel, Sabatini and Dobberstein proposed that the site of protein synthesis is determined
by information contained in the N-terminal portion of the protein, the first part to emerge from the
ribosome. What did they call their proposal?
a) the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

b) the Posttranslational Hypothesis
c) the SRP Hypothesis
d) the Signal Hypothesis
e) the Cotranslational Hypothesis
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
34) What happens to yeast cells that cannot transport proteins into the ER lumen cotranslationally?
a) The die.
b) They hibernate.
c) They survive, but grow more slowly than normal yeast cells.
d) They divide more frequently.
e) Their lifespans are lengthened.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
35) What are the differences between ribosomes that make secretory proteins and those that make proteins
intended for the cytosol?
a) The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are smaller.

b) The ribosomes that make cytosolic proteins are larger.
c) There are no differences between them.
d) The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are denser.
e) The ribosomes that secretory proteins have extra subunits.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
36) What effect does the binding of the SRP to the growing polypeptide chain and the ribosome have on
protein synthesis?
a) Protein synthesis accelerates.

b) Protein synthesis ceases temporarily.
c) Protein synthesis ceases permanently.
d) Protein synthesis is terminated.
e) The ribosome dissociates.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
37) The SRP and SRP receptor are thought to bind GTP ______ interacting with each other.
a) while
b) before
c) after
d) before and after
e) instead of
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
38) What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?
a) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure.
b) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded DNAs and help them attain their native structure.
c) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded RNAs and help them attain their native structure.
d) They recognize and bind unfolded or misfolded carbohydrates and help them lose their native shape.
e) They transport secretory proteins into secretory vesicles.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
39) Why is the ER so well-suited and ideally constructed for its role as a port of entry for secretory
proteins?
1) It has a large surface area allowing the attachment of many ribosomes.
2) The ER cisternae lumen favors unfolding and disassembly of proteins.
3) The RER can segregate secretory, lysosomal and cytoplasmic proteins from other newly made proteins,
allowing their modification, and sends them to their final destination.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 and 3
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
40) How are integral membrane proteins thought to enter the lipid bilayer?
a) They insert into the membrane from the RER lumen after their synthesis is complete.
b) The aqueous translocon channel seems to have a gate that continuously opens and closes, giving each
nascent polypeptide segment a chance to partition itself into the lipid bilayer's hydrophobic core.
c) They insert into the membrane from the cytosol after their synthesis is complete.
d) It is thought that they burrow into the lipid bilayer.
e) It is thought that they are enzymatically implanted in the lipid bilayer.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
41) How is the orientation of membrane proteins in the membrane thought to be accomplished?
a) After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.

b) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
c) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more negative end
faces the cytosol.
d) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
e) After synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
42) What evidence suggests that the translocon, by itself, can properly orient transmembrane segments?
a) Studies performed with purified components in cell-free systems show that the translocon, by itself, is
capable of properly orienting transmembrane segments.
b) Reconstituted translocons properly oriented membrane proteins in a natural membrane.
c) Translocons orient proteins in red blood cells when exposed to them.
d) Translocons bind to proteins in vitro.
e) When translocons are missing, membrane proteins are not appropriately oriented.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
43) How and where is the asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayers initially established?
a) It is initially established in the Golgi complex during lipid and protein modification.
b) It is initially established in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis.
c) It is initially established in the secretory vesicles during lipid and protein modification
d) It is initially established in the mitochondria by random insertion into the membranes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
44) Phospholipids are made by integral ER membrane enzymes whose active sites face the cytosol and
they are inserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ER membrane. How then do lipids destined
for the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane get there?
a) They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.

b) There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
c) They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side.
d) They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis.
e) There are enzymes called translocases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
45) Which of the proteins below is(are) not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?
a) peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane

b) soluble lysosomal proteins
c) vacuolar enzymes
d) proteins of the extracellular matrix
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
46) What always serves as the donor of a sugar to the growing oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein?
a) a sugared nucleotide
b) a nucleotide peptide
c) a nucleotide sugar
d) a sugar
e) ATP
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
47) What enzyme transfers a block of sugars to asparagine residues of a polypeptide as it enters the RER?
a) glycosyltransferase
b) acid phosphatase
c) oligosaccharyltransferase
d) cellulose
e) glycolase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
48) To what residue of a polypeptide are N-linked oligosaccharide chains attached as that poypeptide
enters the RER lumen through the translocon?
a) arginine
b) asparagine
c) serine
d) threonine
e) ninhydrin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
49) What is responsible for adding sugars to dolichol phosphate?
a) membrane-bound glycosyltransferases
b) membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase
c) membrane-bound gangliosidase
d) glycosylsynthetase
e) peptidyltransferase
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
50) CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?
a) phosphomannose phosphatase
b) phosphotungstate isomerase
c) phosphomannose isomerase
d) phosphatase
e) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
51) What is the effect of CDG1b on cell physiology and what is the treatment that has shown some
promise of being effective?
a) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
b) Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
c) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
d) Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
e) Fructose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of fructose are the
treatment.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
52) The oligosaccharide block that is added to secretory proteins after they enter the ER lumen goes
through a number of modifications after its attachment. What is the first modification that occurs?
a) addition of more sugars

b) addition of glucose
c) trimming of some sugars from the oligosaccharide block
d) chemical modification of the sugars on the oligosaccharide chain
e) both addition of more sugars and addition of glucose
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
53) What happens to a newly synthesized glycoprotein after the binding of calnexin or calreticulin to help
the protein correctly complete its folding?
a) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually reduced and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
b) The oligosaccharide chain is totally degraded.
c) Nothing happens.
d) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually removed enzymatically and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
e) The oligosaccharide chain is totally degraded.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
54) What does the conformation-sensing enzyme GT do if it binds to a misfolded or incompletely folded
glycoprotein?
a) It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.

b) It adds a single mannose back to one of the glucose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
c) It adds a single glucose back to one of the mannose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
d) It degrades the protein.
e) It refolds the protein on its own.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
55) How does GT recognize incompletely folded or misfolded proteins that have been recently
synthesized?
a) Such proteins display exposed hydrophilic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
b) Five histidine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
c) Such proteins display exposed hydrophobic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
d) Six arginine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
e) Such proteins display numerous carboxyl groups on their surfaces, which decreases their solubility.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
56) What do studies suggest governs the "decision" to destroy a defective protein that has been unable to
fold correctly and has been in the ER for an extended period of time?
a) a fast-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein
b) a slow-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein
c) a fast-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
d) a slow-acting nuclear enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide
of a protein
e) a slow-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
57) What is the fate of a misfolded or incompletely folded protein in the ER once one or more of its
mannose residues has been removed from its oligosaccharide chain(s)?
1) The protein can no longer be recycled.
2) The protein is recycled.
3) The protein is sentenced to degradation.
4) The protein continues to be refolded.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
58) Where are misfolded secretory proteins eventually destroyed?
a) in the RER
b) in the SER
c) in the Golgi complex
d) in the cytosol (cytoplasm)
e) in the nucleus
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
59) How do misfolded proteins get to the cytoplasm to be destroyed?

a) They diffuse freely through the lipid bilayer.
b) A process called reverse transcription takes proteins back through the translocons they passed through
on their way into the ER lumen.
c) They diffuse through gap junctions.
d) An enzyme flips them through the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer.
e) Proteins are transported back to the cytosol through the translocon that brought them into the ER lumen
or through a separate dislocation channel of uncertain identity.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
60) What is responsible for degrading misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?
a) polysomes
b) polyribosomes
c) peroxisomes
d) proteasomes
e) spliceosome
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
61) Why does the cell use proteasomes to destroy misfolded proteins?
a) Destruction of misfolded proteins assures that aberrant proteins are not sent to other parts of the cell.
b) These proteins can be degraded into components that can be used to make polynucleotides.
c) These proteins are degraded into components that can be used to make polysaccharides.
d) These proteins are degraded into components that are used to make lipids.
e) Destruction of misfolded proteins prevents the dissolution of the plasma membrane.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
62) What happens if misfolded proteins are generated in the ER at a faster rate than they can be exported
to the cytoplasm?
a) They are degraded in the ER.

b) They are inserted into the ER membrane.
c) They are resynthesized in the ER.
d) They accumulate in the ER.
e) They accumulate in the Golgi complex.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
63) The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is a potentially lethal situation and thus causes the
triggering of what process?
a) the unfolded protein response (UPR)

b) the posttranscriptional response
c) the polysomal response
d) the proteasomal response
e) the intracellular protein response
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
64) TB 8.066 The ER reportedly contains sensors that monitor the concentration of unfolded or
misfolded proteins in the lumen. One proposal suggests that the sensors are normally kept in an inactive
state by ______, particularly ______.
a) molecular chaperones, ribosomes

b) proteasomes, BiP
c) molecular chaperones, BiP
d) enzymes, ER
e) molecular chaperones, Rubisco
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
65) What happens if the UPR is unsuccessful in relieving the stressful conditions in the cell?
a) The cell grows.

b) The cell divides.
c) The cell-death pathway is triggered and the cell is destroyed.
d) The cell shrinks.
e) The cell's temperature is raised.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
66) The movement of vesicular-tubular carriers (VTCs) farther away from the ER and toward the Golgi
complex occurs along tracks composed of what material?
a) RNA
b) DNA
c) microtubules
d) microfilaments
e) intermediate filaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
67) What is the name sometimes given to a single Golgi stack in a plant cell?
a) endosome
b) dictyosome
c) flagosome
d) ribosome
e) plantosome
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the process of protein trafficking from the cis-face to the trans-face
of the Golgi apparatus.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex
68) Which part of the Golgi complex is thought to function primarily as a sorting station that distinguishes
between proteins to be shipped back to the ER and those that are allowed to proceed to the next Golgi
station?
a) the cis cisternae

b) the CGN
c) the medial cisternae
d) the trans cisternae
e) the trans-Golgi network
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
69) What kind(s) of modifications are made in proteins as they move through the Golgi complex?
a) The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.

b) Amino acids can be added to either end of the polypeptide chain.
c) Amino acids in the proteins may be chemically altered into nucleic acids.
d) Small segments of amino acids can be added into the center of an existing protein.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
70) Which of the following carbohydrates is not synthesized in the Golgi complex?
a) glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix

b) plant cell wall polysaccharides like pectin and hemicellulose
c) the carbohydrates of glycolipids
d) the carbohydrates of glycoproteins
e) glycogen
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
71) What enzymes are responsible for determining the sequence of sugars added to growing
oligosaccharide chains of membrane proteins or secretory proteins as they travel through the Golgi
complex?
a) glycosaminocosidases
b) peptidyltransferases
c) glycosyltransferase
d) amylases
e) Rubisco
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
72) What sugar is usually removed from the N-linked core oligosaccharide chains on proteins in the Golgi
complex as opposed to the glucose residues trimmed off in the ER?
a) glucose
b) galactose
c) mannose
d) sialic acid
e) fucose
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
73) What determines the sequence of sugar addition to glycoproteins traveling through the Golgi
complex?
a) Nothing - the sequence is random.

b) the spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the
Golgi complex
c) the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
d) the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
e) the sequence of nucleotides in the Golgi complex
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
74) Which of the models below suggests that the Golgi cisternae are transient structures that form at the
cis face of the stack by fusion of membranous carriers from the ER and ERGIC and that each cisterna
travels through the Golgi complex from the cis to the trans end of the stack, changing in composition as it
progresses?
a) the cisternal maturation model

b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
75) Which model of Golgi complex formation suggests that the cisternae of a Golgi stack remain in place
as stable compartments held together by a protein scaffold, while the cargo is shuttled through the Golgi
via vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse with a neighboring one?
a) the cisternal maturation model
b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
76) Vesicles that move through the Golgi complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane are said
to move in a(n) __________ direction.
a) astrograde
b) anterograde
c) retrograde
d) awful grade
e) verigrade
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
77) Most vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their ______ surface.
The coat appears to be made of _______.
a) luminal, protein
b) cytosolic, protein
c) luminal, lipid
d) cytosolic, carbohydrate
e) cytosolic, lipid
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Discuss the types of vesicle transport, explaining their unique functions.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport and their Functions
78) What components below are selected for transport by vesicles originating in the Golgi complex?
a) secretory proteins
b) lysosomal proteins
c) proteins required to dock the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
d) proteins required to target the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
e) All of these components.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
79) How do protein coats select the cargo molecules to be carried by the vesicles they help to form?
a) They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.

b) The protein coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane proteins that
reside in the donor membrane.
c) The coats have a specific affinity for the luminal tails of integral membrane proteins that reside in the
donor membrane.
d) The coat proteins directly attach to the cargo proteins in the lumen of the forming vesicles.
e) The coat proteins attach to the extracellular matrix.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
80) The coat of vesicles that transport materials around the cell interior ___________.
a) is composed of two distinct protein layers

b) possesses an outer cage or scaffolding that forms the framework for the coat
c) possesses adaptors that are able to select specific cargo molecules
d) possesses an inner layer of adaptors that serves primarily to bind the vesicle's cargo
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
81) Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi stack
backwards toward the ER?
a) COPII-coated vesicles
b) COPI-coated vesicles
c) clathrin-coated vesicles
d) cadmium-coated vesicles
e) both COPII-coated vesicles and COPI-coated vesicles
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
82) What mediates the interaction between integral membrane proteins to be transported in COPII-coated
vesicles and the COPII-coat?
a) ER export signals in the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins

b) ER export signals in the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
c) ER export signals in ER phospholipids that interact with the membrane proteins
d) ER export signals in carbohydrates on the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
e) ER export signals in carbohydrates on the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
83) What GTP-binding protein plays a regulatory role by initiating vesicle formation and by regulating
the assembly of the vesicle's COPII coat?
a) Sar1
b) Gar1
c) ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
84) To what site does Sar1 bind after it binds to GTP?
a) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane

b) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane
c) the cytosolic leaflet of the ER bilayer
d) the luminal leaflet of the Golgi membrane
e) the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
85) Which protein(s) below is(are) recruited to the COPII coat by Sar1-GTP?
a) ARF1
b) Sec23
c) Sec32
d) Sec24
e) both Sec23 and Sec24
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
86) Sec23 and Sec24 bind together to form a "banana-shaped" dimer. What is the purpose of this dimer
a) Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.

b) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it further bend
into a curved bud.
c) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it disintegrate.
d) The dimer stabilizes the Golgi complex membrane.
e) The dimer joins with other dimers to form a remarkably stable cage.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
87) What is the primary adaptor protein of the COPII coat that interacts specifically with the ER export
signals in the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins that are destined to traffic on to the Golgi complex?
a) ARF1
b) Sec23
c) Sec24
d) Sec31
e) Sec13
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
88) What subunit(s) of the COPII coat bind(s) to the vesicle membrane to form the outer structural cage of
the protein coat?
a) Sec31
b) Sec24
c) Sec23
d) Sec13
e) both Sec31and Sec13
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
89) What allows the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits to form cages of varying diameter, thus
accommodating vesicles of varying size?
a) a degree of flexibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
b) a degree of rigidity built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
c) a degree of extensibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
d) a protein between Sec13 and Sec31 that allows free rotation
e) Sec24, which provides a cushion between the Sec13 and Sec31 subunits
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
90) What happened to COPI-coated vesicles within the cell when the cell was treated with GTP analogues
that could not be hydrolyzed?
a) They accumulated in the nucleus.

b) They accumulated in the cytoplasm.
c) They fused into one giant vesicle that was seen in the cytoplasm.
d) They decreased substantially in number in the nucleus.
e) They decreased substantially in number in the cytoplasm.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Question Type: Essay
91) How are signaling receptors typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction? What
evidence demonstrates ubiquitin's role in the internalization of membrane proteins?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell
Interior
Solution: Signaling receptors are typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction by the
covalent attachment of a tag to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor while it resides at the cell surface.
The tag is a small protein called ubiquitin. Membrane proteins that are not normally subjected to
endocytosis become internalized if they are made to carry an added ubiquitin.
Question Type: Multiple Choice
92) What GTP-binding protein is associated with the formation of the COPI coat on COPI-coated
vesicles?
a) Sar1
b) Arf Arf
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
93) What is usually the retrieval signal for ER integral membrane proteins, like the SRP receptor?
a) KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein

b) KDEL at the C-terminus of the protein
c) KDEL at the N-terminus of the protein
d) KKXX at the N-terminus of the protein
e) KXEL at the C-terminus of the protein
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
94) Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?
a) the medial cisternae

b) the TGN
c) the CGN
d) the cis network
e) the pre-Golgi network
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
95) What are the recognition signals for lysosomal enzymes that allow them to be localized correctly in
lysosomes?
a) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
b) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
c) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
d) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
e) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated glucose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
96) What would happen if the enzyme that adds phosphate groups to the appropriate mannose residues on
the carbohydrate chains of lysosomal enzymes were defective?
a) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.

b) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to peroxisomes.
c) Lysosomal enzymes would continue through the Golgi complex to secretory vesicles and would
eventually be secreted.
d) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
e) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
97) What is responsible for recognizing lysosomal enzymes and localizing them to the lysosomes?
1) mannose 6-phosphate receptors
2) MPRs
3) integral membrane proteins that span the TGN membranes
4) intraGolgi receptors that reside in the TGN lumen
a) 1
b) 1, 2, and 4
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
98) What is the general name for a molecule that physically links two different types of materials?
a) enzymes
b) adaptors
c) structural proteins
d) receptors
e) polynucleotides
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
99) Lysosomal enzymes are transported from the TGN in vesicles coated with what protein?
a) clathrin
b) lysozyme
c) dynamin
d) acid phosphatase
e) COPII
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
100) Which GTP-binding protein is associated with clathrin-coated vesicles and helps to initiate the
formation of the coat?
a) Sar1
b) Raf Raf1
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
101) What happens to the clathrin coat once the vesicle has budded from the Golgi body?
a) It is lost.
b) It is strengthened.
c) It is rearranged.
d) It is thickened.
e) It swells.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
102) What is thought to direct the movement of vesicles through the cytoplasm to their final destination?
a) microfilaments\
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) collagen
e) keratin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
103) What would happen to the movement of vesicles toward their eventual target if a microtubule
inhibitor like colchicine were added to the cells?
a) The vesicles would disintegrate.

b) The vesicles would move faster.
c) Vesicle movement would slow or stop.
d) Vesicles will shrink.
e) Vesicles will swell.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
104) What appears to be an early step in the process of vesicle fusion to its target compartment?
a) swelling of the vesicle

b) shrinkage of the vesicle
c) tethering of vesicles to the target compartment by extended, fibrous proteins
d) a change in charge at the vesicle surface
e) dissociation of many lipids from the vesicle membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
105) How do Rabs appear to associate with membranes?
a) via microtubules
b) via a lipid anchor
c) via intermediate filaments
d) via vimentin filaments
e) via filaments
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
106) When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?
a) They fuse membranes directly.

b) They pass through the membrane.
c) They recruit specific cytosolic tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces.
d) They denature specific membrane proteins.
e) They fuse to the nuclear membrane.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
107) What circumstantial evidence supports the proposed role of the Rabs in recruiting cytosolic tethering
proteins to specific membrane surfaces?
a) With over 60 Rab genes identified in humans, Rabs constitute the most diverse group of proteins
involved in membrane trafficking.
b) Rabs have the potential of giving each cell compartment a unique surface identity.
c) Different Rabs have been found to be associated with different membrane compartments.
d) The preferential localization of Rabs allows them to recruit the proteins involved in targeting
specificity.
e) All of these are correct statements that support the proposed role of the Rabs.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
108) In addition to their key role in vesicle targeting by recruiting specific cytosolic tethering proteins to
specific membrane surfaces, Rabs also play a key role in ________.
1) regulating the activities of numerous proteins involved in other aspects of membrane trafficking
2) regulating the aspects of motor proteins that move membranous vesicles through the cytoplasm
3) regulating metabolic processes
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
109) The interaction between the membranes of vesicles and their target compartment is mediated by
which proteins below?
a) ARF1s
b) SNAREs
c) SNARFs
d) Sar1s
e) Rafs
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
110) SNAREs vary in structure quite a bit, but all of them contain a common domain. Where is this
domain located, of what is it composed and what is it called?
a) in the lumen, 60 – 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
b) in the lumen, 60 – 70 nucleotides that form a complex with another SNARE motif
c) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
d) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 amino acids forming a complex with another SNARE coil
e) in the cytosol, 60 – 70 carbohydrates forming a complex with another SNARE motif
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
111) What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?
a) v-SNAREs and g-SNAREs

b) t-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
c) v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs
d) v-SNAREs and er-SNAREs
e) er-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
112) Where are v-SNAREs and t-SNARES found, respectively?
a) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding, in target compartment membranes
b) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding
c) in target compartment membranes, in target compartment membranes
d) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion, in target compartment membranes
e) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
113) What is thought to dissociate the 4-stranded SNARE complex by attaching to the SNARE bundle
and, using energy from ATP hydrolysis, twisting it apart?
a) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF

b) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called ARF1
c) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called Rab
d) a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called NSF
e) a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called ARF1
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
114) What determines the specificity of vesicle fusion to a target membrane?
a) interactions between tethering proteins alone

b) interactions between Rabs alone
c) interactions between specific combinations of interacting proteins, including tethering proteins, Rabs
and SNAREs assembled at that site in the cell
d) interactions between SNAREs alone
e) a single protein in the membrane of the particular vesicle and target membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
115) The process of membrane fusion and subsequent content discharge is called ______ and is usually
triggered by a release of ______.
a) exocytosis, K+ ions
b) exocytosis, Ca2+ ions
c) endocytosis, Ca2+ ions
d) endocytosis, K+ ions
e) secretion, K+ ions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
116) Synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane in a neuron is regulated by what
calcium-binding protein found in the membrane of the synaptic vesicle?
a) synaptin
b) synaptogenin
c) calmodulin
d) calcitonin
e) synaptotagmin
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
117) Based on what is known about the involvement of calcium ions in exocytosis, what should happen if
Ca2+ ions are injected into a cell?
a) Secretion stops.
b) Wholesale exocytosis of secretory product occurs.
c) Wholesale endocytosis of secretory product occurs
d) Wholesale exocytosis of nuclear contents occurs.
e) Endocytosis rates are accelerated.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
118) Which of the following enzymes are typically found in lysosomes?
a) hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)

b) oxidoreductases
c) transferases
d) lyases
e) ligases
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
119) Which pH below would be most likely to favor the operation of a lysosomal enzyme?
a) 8.5
b) 7.6
c) 4.5
d) 11.3
e) 6.5
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
120) What is thought to shield lysosomal membranes against attack by their enclosed enzymes?
a) DNA
b) basic RNA
c) carbohydrate chains attached to integral membrane proteins
d) carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral membrane proteins
e) the lipid bilayer itself
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
121) What happens to the breakdown products of materials brought into many single-celled organisms
from the extracellular environment?
a) They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
b) They are used as nutrients and are released into the cytoplasm.
c) Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the cell surface.
d) They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
e) They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Assess the importance of lysosomal function to the health and functioning of
a cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Lysosomes
122) What happens to the breakdown products of bacteria brought into mammalian phagocytic cells (like
macrophages and neutrophils) from the extracellular environment?
a) They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
b) They are used as nutrients and are kept in the lysosome.
c) Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the phagocytic cell's surface.
d) They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
e) They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
123) What is it about lysosomes that initially deactivates most ingested bacteria?
a) low pH
b) high pH
c) neutral pH
d) lysosomal carbohydrate content
e) lysosomal lipid content
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
124) What is the name of the structure in the sperm head that is a specialized lysosome whose contents
Another random document with
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We know some families where the girls and boys look so much
alike that we could guess they were brothers and sisters, even if we
did not know that they all lived in the one house and had the one
family name. If we look carefully at the plants we meet, at their
leaves and flowers and fruits, and even at their stems and roots,
often we may guess rightly which ones belong to the same family.
If we place side by side an apple blossom and a pear blossom, we
see that they are very like each other. Both have the green outside
cup which above is cut into five little green leaves. Both have five
white or pinkish flower leaves. Both have a good many pins with dust
boxes, and from two to five of those pins without dust boxes.
If we place side by side a pear and an apple, we see in both cases
that it is the green cup, grown big and juicy and ripe, which forms the
delicious fruit.
If we cut these two fruits open lengthwise, we can see just how the
pins without dust boxes are set into the green cup; and we can see
that the lower, united part of these pins makes a little box which
holds the seeds.
In the picture (Fig. 14) the shading shows you where this seedbox
ends, and the green cup, or what once was the green cup, begins.
This is rather hard to understand, I know; but your teacher can make
it clear to you with a real pear.
So it ought to surprise you no longer to learn that the apple and
the pear are cousins.
Fig. 14
Now, I want you to look at the picture at the head of this chapter.
This is the wild rose, the flower from which the great Rose family
takes its name.
This rose is a much larger flower than either the apple or the pear
blossom. Its flower leaves are deep pink. These bright flower leaves
make gay handkerchiefs for signaling when the rose plant wishes to
attract the attention of the bees.
But there are five of them, just as there are in the apple and the
pear blossom; and there are the pins with dust boxes,—so many of
them, in the rose, that it would take some time to count them all. And
in the center are the pins which have seedboxes below; for these
pins in the rose are quite separate one from another, and each one
has its own little seedbox.
Fig. 15
So, though different in some ways, in others the flower of the rose
is very much like those of the apple and the pear.
In this picture (Fig. 15) you see its fruit. This is called the “rose
hip.” When ripe, it turns bright red. In late summer you see the
rosebushes covered with these pretty hips. At times this fruit does
not look altogether unlike a tiny apple or pear; but if we cut it open
lengthwise, we see that its inside arrangements are quite different.
Fig. 16
The lower parts of the pins without dust boxes do not grow into
one piece with the green cup (now the red cup), as in the apple and
the pear. Instead, this cup (Fig. 16) is hollow. To its inner sides are
fastened the little seedboxes, as you will see if you look carefully at
the picture. This hollow case with its separate seedboxes shows you
that the rose plant is not so closely related to the pear and the apple
trees as these trees are to each other.
UNEATABLE FRUITS
P ERHAPS one day you bit into the fruit of the rose, and found it
sour and unpleasant to the taste. You may have forgotten that
not long ago you learned a new meaning for the word “fruit.” Possibly
you still fancy that a fruit must be something good to eat. So many
people have this idea, that once more I wish to make clear to you
that the fruit is the seed-holding part of the plant.
Whether this part is good to eat or not, makes no difference as to
its being a fruit.
The apple is a fruit, you remember, not because it is good to eat,
but because it holds the seeds of the apple tree.
And for this same reason the pear is a fruit. It is the case in which
is laid the seedbox of the pear tree. This case, when ripe, happens
to be juicy and delicious; but it would be quite as much a fruit if it
were dry and hard, and without taste.
And so the rose hip is a fruit, because it is the case which holds
the little seedboxes of the rose flower.
What is the fruit of the milkweed?
All country children know the milkweed plant, with its big bright
leaves, and bunches of pink or red or purple flowers (Fig. 17). And
you know the puffy pods that later split open, letting out a mass of
brown, silky-tailed seeds. There! I have given the answer to my own
question; for if the plant’s fruit is the seed-holding part, then the
milkweed’s fruit must be this pod stuffed full of beautiful, fairy-like
seeds.
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Then you know the burdock (Fig. 18) which grows along the
country road. But perhaps you do not know that the fruit of this is the
prickly burr which hooks itself to your clothes on your way to school.
This burr (Fig. 19) is the case which holds the little seeds of the
burdock, and so it must be its fruit.
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
The fruit of the dandelion is the silvery puffball (Fig. 20) or “clock,”
by blowing at which you try to tell the time of day. If you pull off one
of the feathery objects which go to make up the puffball, at its lower
end you see a little dandelion seedbox (Fig. 21).
And these fall days, along the roadsides and in the woods,
everywhere you see fruits which you will hardly know as such unless
you keep in mind the true meaning of the word.
Many of these I am sure you would not care to eat. The burr from
the burdock would not make a pleasant mouthful. Neither would you
like to breakfast on a milkweed pod. And a quantity of dandelion
puffballs would hardly add to the enjoyment of your supper.
Fig. 21
If you should tell your mother you had brought her some fruit, and
should show her a basket of burrs and pods, she would think you
were only joking, and perhaps a little foolish; and I dare say she
would be greatly surprised to find you were using the word quite
rightly.
MORE COUSINS OF THE APPLE
Fig. 22
T HE apple has three cousins, all of whom are very much alike.
These cousins are the cherry, the plum, and the peach (Figs. 22,
23, 24). All three belong to the Rose family.
Have you ever noticed the great family likeness between these
three fruits?
Look at them in the pictures. To be sure, they are of different sizes,
but they are almost alike in shape.
And if you should cut them open lengthwise, right through the
stony center, all three would look much like the next picture, which is
taken from a peach (Fig. 25). All these fruits have the soft outer part
which you find so pleasant to the taste.
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Within this, in all of them, is a hard object, which we call the stone
or pit; and inside this stone or pit, in each case, lies the seed.
These next pictures show you two views of the flower of the cherry
(Figs. 26, 27).
Here you see a likeness to other members of the Rose family, to
the blossoms of the apple and the pear.
Fig. 25
You see that the green cup is cut into five little leaves (in the
picture these are turned back and downward). You see also the five
white flower leaves, and ever so many of the pins with dust boxes.
But you find only one of those pins without dust boxes; and this, as
you now know, has a seedbox below.
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Well, that is all right. The cherry blossom has but one of these
pins, and the flowers of the peach and of the plum have only one.
Figure 28 shows you a cherry blossom cut open. Here you see
plainly the single pin with a seedbox.
This seedbox with its case is what grows into the cherry. The white
flower leaves, and the pins with dust boxes, fall away. In the cherry
flower the green cup also disappears, instead of making the best
part of the fruit, as it does with the apple and the pear. And the upper
part of the seedbox pin withers off; but the seedbox below grows
juicy and ripe and red, at least its outer case does.
Fig. 28
By the end of June you take out the long ladder and place it
against the cherry tree. Seating yourself on one of its upper rungs,
you swallow the outside of the shining little ball we call the cherry,
letting the stony seedbox inside drop down upon the ground, where
all ripe seeds belong.
The story of the plum and of the peach is almost the same as the
story of the cherry. If you understand how the single seedbox of the
cherry blossom turns into the cherry fruit, then you understand how
the same thing happens with the single seedboxes of the plum and
the peach blossom.
You know that in the flowers of the pear and the apple there were
several of these pins without dust boxes; and although these were
joined below into a single seedbox, this had separate compartments
for the many seeds.
But the single seedboxes of the cherry, the plum, and the peach,
have but one hollow. Usually in this hollow we find only one seed. So
you see that these three fruits make a little group by themselves
because of their great likeness to one another.
STILL MORE COUSINS
Fig. 29
C HERRIES and plums we find growing wild in the woods and

fields. While in many ways the wild trees are unlike those we
grow in our orchards, yet, if you look closely at their flowers and
fruits, you will find they answer generally to the descriptions you
have been reading.
Early in May, when the orchard is still gray and dreary, suddenly
we notice that the upper branches of the cherry tree look as though a
light snow had fallen. It seems as if the lovely blossoms had burst
forth in an hour. One’s heart gives a joyful jump. Summer is really
coming. The flowers of May promise the fruit of June.
But when we find the blossoms of the wild cherry, it is several
weeks later. Some of the little wood flowers have already come and
gone. The trees are thick with leaves before we discover the
fragrance of its slender, drooping clusters; for, though in other ways
these blossoms are almost exactly like those of the cultivated cherry,
they are much smaller, and grow differently on the branches.
This same difference in size and manner of growing you will find
between the wild and the cultivated fruits. You country children know
well the little chokecherries (Fig. 29) that are so pretty and so
plentiful along the lanes. These hang in bunches that remind you
somewhat of the clusters of the currant. They are much smaller than
the market cherry; yet if you cut one through, you will see that in
make-up it is almost exactly like its big sister.
Those of you who live near the sea find wild beach plums (Fig. 30)
growing thickly along the sand hills. These are hardly larger than
good-sized grapes; yet if you cut them open, you see that they are
really plums.
Fig. 30
In our woods and fields we do not find any wild peaches. The
peach was brought to us from far-away Persia. Only in the garden
and orchard do we meet its beautiful pink blossoms. To see these
growing naturally we must go to their Persian home.
So, while we remember that the cherry, the plum, and the peach
belong to one little group because of their likeness to one another, let
us not forget that the peach is one of the foreign members of the
Rose family.
IN THE WOODS
W HAT do you say this morning to going to the woods rather than
to either garden or orchard?
Not that I am ready to take back anything I said at the beginning of
this book about the delights of the orchard as a playground. For
actual play I know of no better place. An apple tree is as good a
horse as it is a house, as good a ship as it is a mountain. Other trees
may be taller, finer to look at, more exciting to climb; but they do not
know how to fit themselves to the need of the moment as does an
apple tree.
But for anything besides play, the woods, the real woods, are even
better than the orchard. The truth is, in the woods you have such a
good time just living, that you hardly need to play; at least you do if
you are made in the right way.
So now we are off for the woods. We have only to cross a field and
climb a fence, and we are in the lane which leads where we wish to
go.
Through the trees comes a golden light. This is made partly by the
sunshine, but mostly by the leaves turned yellow. These yellow
leaves mean that summer is over. It is in summer, when we are
having our vacation, that the leaves work hardest; for leaves have
work to do, as we shall learn later. But now they are taking a rest,
and wearing their holiday colors.
Twisting in and out over the rails of the fence are clusters of
berries which are very beautiful when you look at them closely. Each
berry is an orange-colored case which opens so as to show a scarlet
seedbox within (Fig. 31). A little earlier in the year you could not see
this bright-colored seedbox. It is only a short time since the outer
case opened and displayed its contents. These are the berries of the
bittersweet. Last June you would hardly have noticed its little
greenish flowers, and would have been surprised to learn that they
could change into such gay fruit.
Fig. 31
Do you see a shrub close by covered with berries? These berries

are dark blue. They grow on bright-red stalks. If we wait here long
enough, it is likely that we shall see the birds alight upon some upper
twig and make their dinner on the dogwood berries; for this is one of
the Dogwood family,—the red-stalked dogwood, we call it (Fig. 32).
When its berries turn a very dark blue, then the birds know they are
ready to be eaten, just as we know the same thing by the rosy
cheeks of the apple.
Fig. 32
You can be pretty sure that any fruit so gayly colored as to make
us look at it twice, is trying to persuade some one—some boy or girl,
or bird, or perhaps even some bear—to come and eat it.
You have not forgotten, I hope, why these fruits are so anxious to
be eaten? You remember that when their seeds become ripe, and
ready to make new plants, then they put on bright colors that say for
them, “Come and eat us, for our little seeds want to get out of their
prison!”
Once upon a time these seeds did not find their cozy seed cases a
prison. So once upon a time the baby robins were content to stay
safe in their nest. And once upon a time all the playground you
needed was a little corner behind your mother’s chair. But seeds, like
birds and babies, outgrow their surroundings, and need more room.
Fig. 33
Here is a tall shrub with bright-colored leaves, and clusters of dark

red fruit that grow high above our heads (Fig. 33). It looks something
like certain materials used in fancywork. This shrub is called the
sumac; and if you pick and pull apart one of its fruit clusters, you find
that it is made up of a quantity of seeds that are covered with little
red hairs. There is nothing soft and juicy about the fruit of the sumac.
Whether it is ever used as food by the birds, I do not know. I wish
some child would make it his business to find out about this. Some of
you are sure to live near a clump of sumacs. By watching them
closely for a few weeks, you ought to discover if any birds feed upon
their fruit.
If you do make any such discovery, I hope you will write a letter
telling me of it; and then, if another edition of this book is published, I
shall be able to tell other children more about the fruit of the sumac
than I can tell you to-day.
There are many interesting things about plants yet to be found out;
and you children will find it far pleasanter to make your own
discoveries, using your own bright eyes, than to read about the
discoveries of other people. Every field, each bit of woods, the road
we know so well leading from home to the schoolhouse, and even
the city squares and parks, are full of interesting things that as yet
we have never seen, even though we may have been over the
ground a hundred times before.
Now let us leave the lane, and strike into the woods in search of
new fruits. This morning we will look especially for those fruits which
by their bright colors and pleasant looks seem to be calling out to
whomsoever it may concern, “Come and eat us!”
Close at hand is one of our prettiest plants. Its leaves look as
though they were trying to be in the height of the fall fashion, and to
outdo even the trees in brightness of color. These leaves are set in
circles about the slim stem. From the top of this grow some purple
berries (Fig. 34).
Fig. 34
This plant is the Indian cucumber root. If one of you boys will dig it
up with your knife, you will find that its root is shaped a little like a
cucumber. Though I have never made the experiment myself, I am
told that it tastes something like the cucumber. It is possible, that, as
its name suggests, it was used as food by the Indians. To hunt up
the beginnings of plant names is often amusing. So many of these
are Indian, that in our rambles through the woods we are constantly
reminded of the days when the red man was finding his chief support
in their plants and animals.
In June we find the flower of the Indian cucumber root. This is a
little yellowish blossom, one of the Lily family. Small though it is, for
one who knows something of botany it is easy to recognize it as a
lily. Indeed, the look of the plant suggests the wood and meadow
lilies. This is partly because of the way in which the leaves grow
about its stem, much as they do in these other lilies.
Now look at the beautiful carpet which is spread beneath your feet.
Here you will wish to step very lightly; for otherwise you might crush
some of those bright red berries which are set thickly among the little
white-veined leaves.
These are called “partridge berries,”—a name given them because
they are eaten by partridges. But the bare winter woods offer few
tempting morsels for bird meals; and it seems likely that the nuthatch
and snowbird, the chickadee and winter wren, hail with delight these
bright berries, and share with the partridges the welcome feast.
Please look closely at one of the berries in Fig. 35, and tell me
whether you see anything unusual.
“There are two little holes on top.”
Yes, that is just what I hoped you would notice. I do not know of
any other berries in which you could find these two little holes; and
as I do not believe it would be possible for you to guess what made
these holes, I will tell you about them.
Fig. 35
The flowers of the partridge vine always grow in twos. The

seedboxes of these two flowers are joined in one. So when the
flowers fade away, only the one seedbox is left. When this ripens, it
becomes the partridge berry; and the two little holes show where the
two flowers were fastened to the seedbox.
Try not to forget this, and early next July be sure to go to the
woods and look for the little sister flowers. Perhaps their delicious
fragrance will help you in your hunt for their hiding place. Then see
for yourselves how the two blossoms have but one seedbox between
them (Fig. 35).
Now, we must take care not to wet our feet, for the ground is
getting damp. We are coming to that lovely spot where the brook
winds beneath the hemlocks after making its leap down the rocks.
What is that flaming red spot against the gray rock yonder?
As we draw nearer, we see that a quantity of scarlet berries are
closely packed upon a thick stalk (Fig. 36).
Do you know the name of the plant which owns this flaming fruit?
If you were in these woods last May, at every turn you met one of
those quaint little fellows we call “Jack-in-the-pulpit.”
Fig. 36
Jack himself, you remember, was hidden almost out of sight by his
“pulpit.” This pulpit was made of a leaf striped green or purple, or
both; and this leaf curled about and above Jack (Fig. 37).
After a time the pretty leaf pulpit faded away, and Jack was left
standing all alone.
The lower part of Jack is covered with tiny flowers. After these had
been properly dusted by the little flies (for flies, not bees, visit Jack),
just as the apple blossom began to change into the apple, so these
tiny flowers began to turn into bright berries.
While this was happening, Jack’s upper part began to wither away;
and at last all of it that was left was the queer little tail which you see
at the top of the bunch of berries.

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Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts

and Experiments 7th Edition Karp Test

Question Type: Multiple Choice

a) membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density

a) closer to the synthesis site

a) RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

a) VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.

a) attachment of amino acids to the antibody

a) They have only a few genes.

a) Liposomes cause the protein to denature.

a) the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

a) their size differences

26) What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

a) its lipid content

a) synthesis of steroid hormones

a) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight gain.

a) nucleus and RER – SER – Golgi complex – secretory vesicles

a) cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER

a) the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

a) The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are smaller.

a) Protein synthesis accelerates.

38) What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?

a) After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.

a) They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.

a) peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane

50) CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?

a) addition of more sugars

a) It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.

58) Where are misfolded secretory proteins eventually destroyed?

59) How do misfolded proteins get to the cytoplasm to be destroyed?

60) What is responsible for degrading misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?

a) They are degraded in the ER.

a) the unfolded protein response (UPR)

a) molecular chaperones, ribosomes

a) The cell grows.

a) the cis cisternae

a) The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.

a) glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix

a) Nothing - the sequence is random.

a) the cisternal maturation model

a) They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.

a) is composed of two distinct protein layers

a) ER export signals in the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins

84) To what site does Sar1 bind after it binds to GTP?

a) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane

a) Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.

a) They accumulated in the nucleus.

Question Type: Essay

Question Type: Multiple Choice

a) KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein

a) the medial cisternae

a) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.

a) The vesicles would disintegrate.

a) swelling of the vesicle

105) How do Rabs appear to associate with membranes?

106) When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?

a) They fuse membranes directly.

111) What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?

a) v-SNAREs and g-SNAREs

112) Where are v-SNAREs and t-SNARES found, respectively?

a) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF

114) What determines the specificity of vesicle fusion to a target membrane?

a) interactions between tethering proteins alone