Conservation of Plants and

Animal
Lecture # 3
Advance
Class VIII
BIOLOGY
Wildlife
 Biodiversity conservation is the scientific study of the
phenomenon that refers to the maintenance and
restoration of biological diversity.
 The term conservation refers to the management mainly
for economical purpose of natural resources and also
preservation of forest and wildlife.
Protected areas
 These are the areas developed to protect and maintain
biodiversity. These lands are allotted by the government
through legal process.
 These include Biosphere reserve, Sanctuaries, National
parks
Protected areas - Biosphere Reserve
1. Biosphere Reserve
 It is region on earth where living organisms exist
 It is a protected area, part of animals larger natural
habitat and often include one or more national parks
and wildlife sancturies.
 Eg. Pachmarhi biosphere consist of 1 national park –
Satpura national park and wildlife sanctuary – Bori and
Pachmarhi sanctuary
 Major objectives :
 To conserve diversity
 To promote ecological conservation efforts
 To create awareness about environmental aspect.
1. Biosphere Reserve
 It consist of
 Core zone – No human activity is permitted
 Buffer zone – Limited human activity is permitted.
Research work is also allowed.
 Transition zone – Large number of human activity are
permitted along with limited economic activity.
1. Biosphere Reserve
Some biosphere reserves are
 Nilgiri biosphere reserves (Tamil Nadu) – 1st in India
 Nanda Devi biosphere reserves (Uttarakhand)
 Sundarbans biosphere reserves (West Bengal)
 Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserves (Tamil Nadu)
 Great Nicobar biosphere reserves (Andaman Nicobar)
 Manas biosphere reserves (Assam)
 Similipal biosphere reserves (odisha)
1. Biosphere Reserve
Man and Biosphere Programme – Launched in
1971, UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme
(MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific programme
that aims to establish a scientific basis for the
improvement of relationships between people and their
environments.
 India has rich flora and fauna
 Flora – Plants of all species found in a particular habitat.
Eg. Sal, teak, mango, jamun etc.
 Fauna – Animals of all species found in a particular
habitat. Eg. Chinkara, blue bull, barking deer etc.
1. Biosphere Reserve
Endemic species
 Species of plant and animal exclusively found in a
particular area.
 Plant and animal are endemic to a zone, a state or a
country.
 Eg. Nilgiri langur, Lion tailed macaque (South India)
 Nepenthes khasiana (pitcher plant), Spider lily endemic
to India.
 Bison, Indian giant squirrel & flying squirrel are endemic
to pachmarhi biosphere reserve.
1. Biosphere Reserve
 The great Indian bustard is endemic to India and upto
some extent Pakistan.
Destruction of endemic species
 Deforestation
 Growth in human population
 Introduction of new species
2. Wildlife Sanctuary
 A sanctuary is a protected environment where wild
animals are brought to live and enjoy protection for the
rest of their lives.
 It provides suitable living conditions to wild animal.
 Indian sanctuaries have unique landscapes, broad level
forests, mountain forests and bush land in deltas of big
river.
a. It aim at preserving animal life in their natural habitat.
b. They are allowed to breed and multiply with the basic
aim of increasing their number.
c. Cutting down trees and hunting animals in these areas
are strictly prohibited.
2. Wildlife Sanctuary
 Some wildlife sanctuary in India are
a. Bharatpur bird sanctuary
b. Sanjay Gandhi wildlife sanctuary
c. Bori wildlife sanctuary
d. Sultanpur lake bird sanctuary
 Tibetan antelope, known as chiru is mainly killed for its
fine fleece and popularly known as Shahtoosh to make
shawls which are very expensive. To protect it, a ban
has been declared in India on the sale and usage of
shahtoosh shawls
3. National Park
 A National park is a reserve of land, declared and
owned by a national government, protected from most
human development and pollution.
 It preserve flora, fauna, landscapes and historic objects
of an area
 Grazing and cultivation are not allowed in national park.
 55 rocks found in satpura national park has the figures of
hunting, playing and man with musical instrument and
paintings depicted on it.
Zoological parks :– It refers to any park, building, cage
enclosure or a premise in which animal are kept for
public exhibition.
 Animals receive protection here.
Botanical garden :– It is a garden dedicated to the
collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of
plants labelled with their botanical names.
 Here rare and threatened species of plants are reared
and conserved.
Project Tiger
 On 1 April 1973, It was launched by Government of
India to protect tiger by ensuring survival and
maintenance of tiger population in the country.
 The project was funded by WWF (Logo is Giant Panda).
 The number of Bengal Tigers reduced from 40,000 in
1910 to 1827 in 1972.
 Main reason for being endangered were hunting,
deforestation and taming of river for human needs.
 Satpura Tiger Reserve has shown significant increase in
population of tiger. Lions, wild buffalo, elephant,
barasingha are also found in this reserve.
Project Tiger
 Hunting has very bad effect on environment.
 There are 28 tiger reserve in India at present which are
governed by ‘Project Tiger’.
 Main Tiger Reserves (see in Foundation module, Page
no. 40)
Red Data Book
 It is book which gives a list of all the endangered plants
and animal.
 There are different red data books for plant animals &
other species.
 It is also called as IUCN Red List which was created in
1963 and is considered as most comprehensive
inventory status of plant and animal species.
 Main purpose IUCN Red List is to catalogue and
highlight those species that are critically endangered,
endangered and vulnerable.
 It also includes information of extinct species.