Pre Lab

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is getting potassium hydrogen tartrate and determine the
solubility at different temperatures. With this information, the thermodynamic values are calculated to
determine solubility reaction.

Introduction: Solubility is the ability of a substance to form a solution with another substance. Solutions
can also have a solubility constant. The solubility constant, better known as Ksp, is the equilibrium of a
solid substance to dissolve in an aqueous solution. If the solution is soluble or very soluble, the Ksp
would be a higher value (ChemLibreTexts, 2023). With entropy, comes entropy. When total entropy
increases, the change in system and it’s surrounded is affected, stated in the second law of theorem
dynamics. Temperature affects solubility which is shown with its thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is
how heat, work, temperature and energy relate to each other. When a solution reaches equilibrium of
one or more species and are shared between another, that is known as the common ion effect
(Libretexts, 2023). Energy comes in values of DeltaG, DeltaH and DeltaS. Delay G or known as Gibbs free
energy is the spontaneity of a process. Delta H is the change of enthalpy from reactants and products
and Delta S is entropy disorder from reactants to products (Florida State University, n.d.).

Procedure: Obtain an Erlenmeyer flask that holds up to 250 mL. About KHT is added between 1.000 and
1.100 to the flask and fill the 50.00 mL buret with DI water to the 0.00 mark. The flask containing the
KHT had 25.00 mal of water added. The thermometer was then placed so it touched the liquid that was
placed on a hot plate on medium heat. Upon first signs of precipitate, 5.00 mL of water was added and
reheated. Repeat until all 50.00 mL of water was transferred to the Erlenmeyer flask. To observe the
common ion effect, KCl between 1.000 and 1.100 g was weighed and 50.00 mL of water was added and
weighed again. The flask was heated until it dissolves and the temperature recorded.

Safety Precautions: This experiment includes a lot of solutes. Safety goggles and lab aprons should
always be used to avoid any contact of unknown solutions touching the skin. Unknown substances
should not be touched or drunk . This experiment includes warming up or utilizing a hot plate. The
heated solutions should not be poured down the sink. The thermometer should be handled carefully
due to it being glass and the liquid inside is highly toxic.

References :
ChemLibreTexts. (2023, January 30). Solubility product constant, KSP. Chemistry LibreTexts.
Retrieved March 14, 2023, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_
Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty
/Solubility_Product_Constant%2C_Ksp#:~:text=The%20solubility%20product%20constant
%2C%20K,sp%20value%20it%20has.
Florida State University. (n.d.). Gibb's Free Energy. Gibbs Free Energy. Retrieved March 14,
2023, from https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1046course/gibbs.html
Libretexts. (2023, January 30). Common ion effect. Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved March 14,
2023, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_
Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Solubilty
/Common_Ion_Effect