1.

Normalize the load impedance: zL = ZL/Z0 = r+jx = 1+2j

2. Plot the normalized load impedance = intersection point between the
circle of constant resistance r (=1) and constant reactance circle segment x (=+2)

zL
3. Draw the constant VSWR circle - it has the centre in the centre of
the Chart and the radius equal to the distance from the centre of
the Chart to the normalized load impedance point (zL)

Constant VSWR circle

zL
4. Use the SWR scale bellow the Chart to measure the radius of the
VSWR circle and determine the VSWR.
VSWR =5.8

Constant VSWR circle

zL
5. Use the RTN LOSS [dB] scale bellow the Chart to measure the
radius of the VSWR circle and determine the return loss in dB.
RL=3.1dB

Constant VSWR circle

zL
6. Determine the voltage reflection coefficient (Γ)
6a. Use the RFL COEFF, E or I scale bellow the Chart to measure the
radius of the VSWR circle and determine the magnitude of Γ
|Γ|=0.7

Constant VSWR circle

zL
6. Determine the voltage reflection coefficient (Γ)
6b. Draw a line from the centre of the Chart, through zL, to the
scales around the Chart. Use the ANGLE OF REFLECTION
COEFFICIENT IN DEGREES scale to measure the phase of Γ.
θ=45o

Constant VSWR circle

θ

zL
7. Determine the normalized load admittance (yL)– the point
diametrically opposite to zL on the VSWR circle.
yL=0.2-0.4j

Constant VSWR circle

zL

yL
7. Determine the normalized load admittance (yL)– the point
diametrically opposite to zL on the VSWR circle.
yL=0.2-0.4j

zL

yL λ/4
8. Determine the normalized input impedance (zin) seen at a distance l from the load.
On the WAVELENGTHS TOWARD GENERATOR (WTG) scale, travel clockwise, from the
point corresponding to zL (WTG(zL)), a distance equal to l, reaching the point
corresponding to zin (WTG(zin)). Then draw a line from WTG(zin) to the centre of the
Chart. The intersection point between this line and the VSWR circle is zin.
WTG (zL) = 0.187λ
l = 0.125λ
WTG (zin) = 0.187λ + 0.125λ = 0.312λ
zin = 1 – 2j WTG(ZL)=0.187λ
Constant VSWR circle

zL
l

zin

WTG(Zin)=0.312λ
9. Determine the normalized input admittance (yin) – it is the
diametrically opposite point to zin on the VSWR circle.
yin = 0.2+0.4j

WTG(ZL)=0.187λ
Constant VSWR circle

yin
zL
l

zin

WTG(ZL)=0.312λ
10. Determine the distance from the load (zL) to the first minimum voltage point (Vmin) / maximum
voltage point (Vmax)
Vmax and Vmin are the intersection points between the VSWR circle and the horizontal axis.
On the WAVELENGTHS TOWARD GENERATOR scale, measure the distance between zL and Vmax and the
distance between zL and Vmin.

d(zL, Vmax) = WTG(Vmax) - WTG(zL) = 0.25λ - 0.187λ = 0.063λ

d(zL, Vmin) = WTG(Vmin) - WTG(zL) = 0.5λ - 0.187λ = 0.313λ

WTG(ZL)=0.187λ
Constant VSWR circle

d(zL, Vm
zL

Vmin Vmax

WTG(Vmax)=0.25λ
WTG(Vmin)=0.5λ

d(zL, Vmin)