English Literature Recaps

REPORT TEXT  Metaphor:

Definition of Report text Compares two unlike things by stating that one
“Report is a text which presents information about thing is the other
something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic *Does not use the words “like” or “as”
observation and analyses.”  Hyperbole:
An exaggerated statement used to make a point;
Generic Structure of Report text often humorous
# General Clasification ; Stating classification of 3. Theme: lesson or message of the poem; central message.
general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc 4. Content:
which will be discussed in general.  Real story/ narrative => tells a story
# Description : tells what the phenomenon under discussion  Descriptive => describes the world that surrounds
; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors. the speakers.
5. Moral Value
Purpose of Report text
Its social purpose is presenting information about CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
something. They generally describe an entire class of FIRST CONDITIONAL (TYPE 1) -> true to the present or
things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, future; fact.
rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, Kemungkinan besar terjadi di masa yang akan datang ( possible or
likely things in the future – might happen in the future).
transportation, and so on.

The Characteristics / Language Feature of Report text: Example:

– Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than
particular nouns, eg our dog;
– Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules
are tiny particles;
– Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg
Emus cannot fly;
– Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg
Tropical cyclones always begin over the sea;
– Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a
weather map;
– Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise
bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as
the beginning focus of the clause.
If it rains tomorrow, I will not go.
If I meet Hudson today, I will tell him about the news.
If + simple present + obj …, S + will + V1
[he, she ,it] + V-s/-es |doesn’t + V1
[I, you, they, we] + V1 | don’t+V1
If clause >> (be) = to be1 (is, am, are) + adj/adv
main clause >> (be) = will be
passive >> to be1 (is, am, are) + V3

POEM/POETRY
3 Elements of Poetry

 Sounds/ Rhyme = Rima/ pengulangan bunyi di akhir puisi. SECOND CONDITIONAL (TYPE 2 ) -> berlaku untuk menunjukkan
Types of Rhyme Schemes: 2 hal:

I. About things in the future that are probably not going

 Alternate rhyme is ABAB CDCD EFEF and so on.
 Coupled rhyme => rhymes occur in pairs, such as
AABBCC. The rhymes themselves are called couplets.
 Monorhyme => use just one rhyme throughout the
entire poem, as in AAAA.
 Enclosed rhyme => "sandwich" rhyme schemes like
ABA or ABBA.
 Simple 4-line rhyme follows a pattern of ABCB.
 Chain rhyme => stanzas are linked together by
rhymes that carry over from one stanza to the next,
as in ABA BCB CDC.
 Imagery = represent the elements of senses (hearing,
sight, touch, smell, taste)
 Forms = Bentuk/ stanza
o Monostich = 1
o Couplet = 2
o Triplet = 3
o Quatrain = 4
o Quintet = 5
o Sextet = 6
o Octave = 7
5 Poetry Resume
1. Diction (gaya bahasa) & Symbolism
Diction used in poetry:
 Formal: menggunakan tata bahasa yang sangat baik
dan sopan, seerti bicara pada orang tua/yang
dihormati.
 Informal: menggunakan tata bahasa yang lebih
santai dan tidak terlalu kakum seperti bicara pada
teman.
 Slank: menggunakan bahasa baru/ tidak sesuai tata
bahasa yang baku. E.g.: ain’t, dude, or babe.
to be true/improbable/almost impossible ~Fact: simple
present~
Example:
 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.
(kemungkinan besar tidak memenangkan lotre)
Fact: (simple present tense) I don’t win the
lottery so I will not buy a big house .
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
Fact: I don’t meet Queen of England.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied hard.
(dia tidak pernah belajar dengan keras sehingga
hal ini tidak akan terjadi.)
Fact: She never studies hard, so she doesn’t pass
the exam.
II. About things in the present which is impossible,
because it’s not true. ~Fact: simple present~
Example:
 If I had his number, I would call him. (tidak
mungkin terjadi, karena saya tidak punya nomornya)
Fact: I don’t have his number.
 If I were you, I would not go out with that man.
Fact: I’m not you.
If + simple past + obj., S + would + v1.
S + V2 | didn’t + V1 was
If clause >> (be) = were + adj/adv
main clause >> (be) = would be
passive >> were + V3

Symbolism: black => death

Broken mirror => separation
Red rose => woman/love Fact:
2. Figurative Language
 Personification:
Giving human traits (qualities, feelings, Simple present
action,or characteristics) to non-living objects
(things,colors, qualities, or ideas)
 Simile:
Compares two unlike things by stating that one
thing is similar to the other and by using the
words “like” or “as”
 English Literature Recaps
THIRD CONDITIONAL (TYPE 3) -> things that didn’t happen in the past and  Even though => same as although but stronger form.
their imaginary result >> “regret” ~Fact: simple past tense~ She decided to quit her job even though she didn’t
have any money.
Example:
Precautionary and Conditional:
 If I had been there, I would have been rich. In case => jika saja; seandainya; kalau seandainya
Fact: I was not there, so I was not rich  in case + clause (subject + verb)
 If she had seen the advertisement, she would have got the job. I have prepared extra dinner in case Sonny comes.
Fact: She didn’t see the advertisement, she didn’t get the job
 in case of + noun/phrase
I’ll take the umbrella in case of the rain.
If + past perfect + Obj., S+ would have + v3.
If – jika/kalau >> main clause and if clause support each
other
S + had + V3 | hadn’t +V3
If + simple present, S + will + V1
If clause main clause
If clause >> (be) = had been+ adj/adv
main clause >> (be) = would have been I will go to the party if you pick me up.
passive >> had been + V3 We won’t help him if he behaves rudely.

Unless – kecuali jika/ jikalau … tidak >> the if clause

and main clause will seem like contrary to each other
without unless.
Fact:
Unless + simple present, S + will + V1
If clause main clause
Simple past
I will go to the party unless you don’t pick me up.
Unless he behaves rudely, we will help him.
Remember: only conditional type II and III can be change into
 Before => sebelum
fact and vice versa!  After => sesudah

Pay attention to this:

If clause >> penyebab (cause)
Main Clause >> akibat (effect)

Because:
Fact:
[Effect sentence] because [cause sentence]
Conditional:
[Main Clause] [if clause]

So:
Fact:
[Cause Sentence], so [effect sentence]
Conditional:
[If Clause] [main clause]

Trick to remember the conditional - fact –

conditional change:
If
Condi.
Fact

Type 3 Type 2
If
Condi.
V3 V2
Fact.
V2 V1

CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION
Despite – In spite of
 Despite => [despite + noun/pronoun/gerund]
We went out despite the rain.

 In spite of => [in spite of + noun/ pronoun/ gerund

(v-ing)]
We went out in spite of the rain.

Although – Even though

 Although => [ although + clause (subject +verb)]
She keeps crying although they have found her puppy.