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Cells- are the small building blocks that make up all living organisms.
SIMILLARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL
CELLS.
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Activity: Nov 2012 P21 Q3 The shaded area of the diagram represents structures
found in both plant and animal cells.
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STRUCTURE OF A CELL AS SEEN USING AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.
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● Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell, the membrane is
2.Nucleus.
● Contains the genetic material(DNA) that controls all activities of the cell.
3.Cytoplasm.
● Stores starch.
Allows water and dissolved substances to pass through freely (it is described as fully
permeable).
6. Vacuole (plant cells only)
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● Full of water to maintain shape and firmness of cell.
● Some ribosomes are dotted on the membranes making the membranes rough.
Function.
Their tips pinch off giving vesicle which transports proteins around the cell.
NB: Cell that synthesis proteins for instance those making digestive
enzymes have a lot of RER
8. Ribosome.
Ribosomes are small organelles (about 20nanometers).
They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
involved in respiration.
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9.Mitochondria.
eukaryotic cells.
● Each mitochondrion has two membranes , the inner and outer membrane.
Function.
● Mitochondria are the site for aerobic respiration which releases a lot of
energy.
NB: Cells with high metabolism require large number of mitochondria to
provide sufficient energy. e.g. muscle cells .
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Functions.
11. Vesicles.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS.
1 A researcher used a light microscope to observe epithelial cells from a human cheek.
Fig. 1.1 is a photograph that the researcher made of these cells.
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Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the parts labeled A and B. [2]
(ii) The cells in Fig. 1.1 each have a cell membrane.
State one of the functions of a cell membrane. [1]
(iii) State how the shape of the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 differs from the shape of a palisade
mesophyll cell in a leaf. [1]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.
Fig. 1.2
Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The inner
membrane is folded and used in respiration.
Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded. [1]
(c) Table 1.1 shows different specialised cells and the average number of mitochondria
each cell contains.
Table 1.1
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Explain the differences between the average numbers of mitochondria in the cells shown
in
Table 1.1. [4]
LEVELS OF ORGANISATION.
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SPECIALISED CELLS.
● After cell division and growth a cell specialization occurs.
1. Palisade cell.
● The cell is specialized to carry out photosynthesis.
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● Has large vacuole to push the chloroplasts to the edges of the cell for
them to absorb as much light as possible.
● Cell wall is relatively thin to reduce the diffusion distance.
● Its chloroplasts are able to move towards the upper surface in dim
light in order to absorb more light.
SAMPLE QUESTION.
NOV 2012 P21Q8 Fig. 8.1 shows a cell from the palisade
layer of a leaf.
Fig. 8.1
(a) In Table 8.1 tick (_) the numbers that label the three
features of the palisade cell which are also found in animal
cells.
Table 8.1
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(b) State and describe the function of two features of the
palisade cell that are only found in plant cells. [4]
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2.Root hair cell.
● The cell is adapted to absorb water and mineral ions from the cell.
● Has many mitochondria in its cytoplasm to provide energy needed for active
transport of mineral ions.
● Has many special carrier proteins on its cell membrane for active uptake of
mineral ions..
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SAMPLE QUESTION.
J19 P32 Q3(c) The list shows some of the structures in a plant.
Write the structures in order of size from smallest to largest.
chloroplast , palisade cell, phloem tissue
root, whole plant
3.Xylem vessels.
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● Xylem vessels are specialized to transport water and mineral ions and for
support.
NB: Xylem vessel is a tissue made of many xylem elements joined together.
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A transverse section through a plant stem. The xylem vessels are
clearly visible.
● They have hollow lumen to allow smooth flow water and mineral ions.
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SPECIALISED ANIMAL CELLS.
Adaptations.
● Has many hemoglobin molecules to combine with oxygen.
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● Mature red blood cell does not have large organelles e.g. nucleus,
mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to have more
space for hemoglobin.
● It’s biconcave in shape in order to increase surface area for the diffusion
of oxygen.
● Has very flexible membrane which enables it to squeeze through narrow
blood capillaries.
2.Nerve cell.
● Cell is specialized to conduct electrical impulses.
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3.Sperm Cell.
● Its adapted to fertilise the egg cell.
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Adaptations of the sperm cell.
● Has a tail to enable it to swim towards the egg for fertilization.
● Its middle –piece has many mitochondria to provide energy for swimming.
4.Egg cell.
● Its for reproduction.
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Adaptation.
● Has large amount of cytoplasm containing york droplets made up of
protein and fat –nutrients for the zygote.
5. Ciliated cell.
● Ciliated cell is adapted to move mucus in the trachea and bronchi back to
the throat.
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● An organ is group of different tissues that work to perform specific
functions.
● An organ system is a group of organs with related functions, working
together to perform the body function.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS.
JUN 2009 P2 Q5 Five types of animal and plant cells and five possible functions of such cells are shown
below.
Draw one straight line from each type of cell to a function of that cell.
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NOV 2014 P32 Q1 Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a leaf of the tea plant, Camellia
sinensis.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name A to E.[5]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows a cell from region B of the leaf shown in Fig. 1.1.
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Fig. 1.2
Use the letters from Fig. 1.2 to complete Table 1.1.
Write one letter only in each box to identify the function. You may use each letter once,
more
than once or not at all.
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SIZE OF SPECIMENS.
UNITS.
1mm=1000 micrometers(µm)
SAMPLE QUESTIONS.
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Jun 2009 P6 Q3 Fig. 3.1 shows a photomicrograph of a human blood smear.
Fig. 3.1
(b) (i) Measure the diameter of the blood cell labelled A. [1]
(ii) The photomicrograph has been enlarged by x 800, calculate the actual size of
cell A.
show your working [2]
(iii) State the function of cell A. [1]
NOV 2017 P22 Q4 The diagram shows a magnified image of a human liver cell with a
mitochondrion labelled. The actual size of the liver cell is 20µm.
The image size of the liver cell is 40 mm and the image size of the mitochondrion is 4 mm.
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What is the actual size of the mitochondrion shown in the diagram?
Show your working.
A 0.002 mm B 0.02 mm C 0.2 mm D 2 mm
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