Reviewer in Gen Chem 2
Concentration
A. Mass/Volume/Mass-Volume
percentage:
- Mass percentage (w/w) = (mass of
solute/mass of solution) 100%
- Volume percentage (v/v) = (volume
of solute/volume of solution) 100%
- Mass-Volume percentage (w/v) =
(mass of solute/volume of solution)
100%
- Example: If 5g of salt is dissolved in
100mL of water, the mass
percentage of salt would be
(5g/105g) x 100% = 4.76%.
B. Mole fraction:
- Mole fraction = mol solute/total
moles of solution
- Example: If 2 moles of glucose and 3
moles of sucrose are dissolved in 1
liter of water, the mole fraction of
glucose would be 2/(2+3) = 0.4.
C. Molality (m):
- Molality = mol solute/kg solvent
- Example: If 0.5 moles of NaCl is
dissolved in 1kg of water, the
molality of NaCl would be 0.5/1 =
0.5 mol/kg.
D. Molarity (M):
- Molarity = mol solute/L solution
- mL > L = ml/1000
- L > mL = ml (1000)
- Example: If 4 moles of HCl is
dissolved in 2 liters of water, the
molarity of HCl would be 4/2 = 2 M.
E. Parts per million (ppm):
- ppm = (mass of solute/mass of
solution) x 10^6
- Example: If 1mg of lead is dissolved
in 1 liter of water, the ppm of lead
would be (1mg/1000g) x 10^6 = 1
ppm.
Electrolytes: Dissociating or ionizing
Non-electrolytes: Non-dissociating or
non-ionizing
Dilution: The process of adding more
solvent to a solution, which reduces the
concentration of the solute.
Solution stoichiometry: The calculation
of reactants and products in a solution-
based chemical reaction involves utilizing
the concentration of solutions and
stoichiometry to determine their respective
amounts.
Raoult’s Law
- relates the vapor pressure of a
solution to the mole fraction of the
solvent and the vapor pressure of the
pure solvent.
- states that the partial vapor pressure
of a component in a solution is equal
to the vapor pressure of the pure
component multiplied by its mole
fraction in the solution
P solution = X solvent (P° solvent)
ΔP = X solute (P° solvent)
Δ = P° solvent - P solution
X solvent = N solvent
N solute + N solvent
Colligative Properties
A. Vapor Pressure Lowering: When
solute is added to solvent, the vapor
pressure of solvent decreases proportionally
to concentration of solute.
ΔP = Xsolute (Psolvent)
B. Freezing Point Depression: When
solute added to solvent, freezing point of
solvent decreases proportionally to the
concentration of solute.
ΔTf = Kf (m) (i)
C. Boiling Point Elevation: When a
solute is added to a solvent, the boiling
point of the solvent increases proportionally
to the concentration of the solute.
ΔTb = Kb (m) (i)
D. Osmotic pressure: The pressure
required to prevent the flow of solvent
across a semi-permeable membrane that
separates a pure solvent and a solution is
called osmotic pressure.
π = i (M) (R) (T)
Where π is the osmotic pressure, M is the
molarity of the solution, R is the gas
constant, and T is the temperature in
Kelvin.
Purpose of pH indicator
(phenolphthalein): A pH indicator, such
as phenolphthalein, is used in titrations to
indicate the endpoint of a reaction, which is
the point at which the stoichiometrically
equivalent amounts of reactants have been
mixed together. At the endpoint, the color of
the indicator changes, signaling that the
reaction is complete.

What is in the burette?

The titrant
What is in the erlenmeyer flask?
The analyte
What is titration?
A lab technique used to find the
concentration of a substance in a solution. A
known concentration solution (titrant) is
added to an unknown concentration
solution (analyte) until a chemical reaction
is complete. The amount of titrant added to
reach the endpoint is measured, and using
stoichiometry, the analyte's concentration
can be calculated.