Chapt — @lectrochemist Clon a3 Clectrocnenne itthe brameh 0} chem wotuoh olaala vatth | Te 4 Ob inde conversion bedwveon elbditke energy and Chemacal en amd vice versa dnd aleo He “pacts ae Hheaa bh Comvertiont Wlectrovic ancl Heatralyte Conductore —y Flectyonic Conductive Etectrolgtic Conduobort preg are cla cade Ile heabrieoanemaaal Mes 0 Conductors. omdudirt DThe rn pL Conge, Carerciens one me aor charge casucert are ee Clectron. end: ‘poor nega 3) dons ears tovoaeds Hoe Ue creee ola agave 4 e. aura ie ae 4) Thely ae decxeacel4) Their umduetunce invendeet volts vita intemperate — | with rive. ty temperate: @)Plectrochewcal ancl anol Bi c col hy bt convert chemucal, Cone Convent elecbue enexey into elechete en oe chemucal energie. bdr electvoabineaedly the |) dn electrolre 7 cell, Qa Nen— chenucaLl omen ao sperrteunedias) ae Aodox ALacton Asdox Avackon IC doewveutd ms is Canvied ouck “4 the Au pply the eledduic en af elec en Dts Cell, anode be mye cell, anode te posrney changeat anol coctunde it p nd catinde te i ety choveged, Ofer noe: ibn both ee trolytie cel, oxidoHon Ocdurs ok anode tile Leducton Octurt ot Cotvode: © Scanned with CamScanner@ @lectrorhomical Cell /voliaie CClL/ Galwanse col —} © Dawiell colt ica sipieal example of thle Zp of cell: ns cell, indbireck Aodiox Aoachon OCeur hy Competitive electron tramater: | @ When tre Acdox Acactiont oc cer Alrowutaneo but Wate Arparale vemels ron it te Couled as indie: Atdlox Acacken. & Compare elechen tan te the electron ramaper, UStuich OceLurt between Ho Spected 4 “He AQme notre. @The chenmacal Aeaction Occuct eae cell jt Q Apentaneous Aecdox denon | © Aun stra Ohemucal. -procent, he Aoducten inte Gibbs ee en ht Uonvertad bn-Hae jotenn of eledtricol net Galvanic Cell te made Wp of hao COU be. anode and codtoclie ol}, cellu, ushere, Oxi porn, OCCLErS OE anode tule Ascluction OC tus Ob Kottode - @Woud Principle —> Whenever armeatol atetp it put inam electro. Te process 4 oxiclotion cund) Azclucton takes place in catthin the dgetem: Quo tottrte tere ig eral cece hotyseam tha metal phrace and he ye -prare- On qo the emétal Abend Haougha Wire wegltgible. Acaarnse he Ceurrent ahlouse Qu od the potential co. exicte berseen the phase and the Lap place. @ Scanned with CamScanner@Constructton o4 cell OMe garawe cell Aaa tooo cells~ anodic Analy cell. and cottwodie Aaly cell , each Aowing a beaker Comdclinirg Ametal cbelp Hat ts cLipped in tH aqueous AAlution. The ometal abeips ave called as electrodes and are Connect loy a Conducting Wire: | @ Te a0 ABLuchons ave townectid by a. Anstt laseick ge | By Therepore, & aluaunic cell ie Composed there mc Conatttients— anode, Cothrode anc Aalt bee : ©) meet: — Amoal ts Or zine rod cLippect in Zngo, ANLeHen. ®@Zire aters Uill move into the ~Oolution fo Zrt™ jens bythe process 4 oxidodion amd “Heo oxiolaton hal cell Acaction ts ed 04 — Zany —? Zee 42E Cnt Be Aaa & Qurto tts, she Zit tons enconbradion tnuteaaes 1) _ Has AdLON ond the Zine vod becomes Hum amo} alo Qa dred 1 we chovege. . OS anode raeee polarery ,actr a4 Q Asurce clecbroms ano} aloo tHe eleotrode Usherve He ox idaHen tedees place duc-to tHe Lor electrons. (@ Costhads:— Cattrode is a. Cop Avcl dipped ivy Cuily. AOluction, ens tan ABLiction will move endo the copper Aod by “He procera}, Acclucchon anol the Arcluction dod cell A2ocHon fe emprersecl at — ae, 9 +22 — > Cuw) Choduckon Celt Rw @Aus. to tutes Fhe Client Concentration oe an ) athe ADLucHon and He Copper rad vail) laecome Hele and Akan betomes poortively ohaveged. @ Scanned with CamScannerM)itence, cottrede ie *4 Postive polseey, ath asa Aint electrons, Qind alaoHhe electrode Shere He Acchuchon Wi qakeo place duro Hye gain of electrons. @ Overaut -procent > The met cell Aeaction or tne £pOn- dameous Acclox Avaction ls Aoprersonted ax — Emo + Cue — ene + Cuced LO Oxiclation —n galnamse cet ( Nanrel Cel) rhe flows electrons OctLrs yon anoole-to Codtradle Hhrot.gh the extermot Cred} eShule He oLirection Y Curren Inthe extemal crust yor cothedse +o amcde. — The Zr“ tons Comcontradions Inereaaes tule Cur? tons concontrocHon dleoreaaed Wn-Hre AdLution AD Hee tendon cell AwacHon decreased amd the cell octane equilibrium. 8 hee —) © ae haped invertzof chube tock @ A ADL budge ira U-sl Aree am wrerk electrobyle Uke KCl, NO, .NHyCL ete: orth glostin Or - ADLiton - © Suncttons Aalt bsedoe — I). Gt Commects the Adluction ate cells +p Complete dhe cra: 2) St mmininemice the Jaqwed- Aiqpuol qumetten potemHaL USbuch tethe poterttal dLiyference between -he ae 0 rao Liq. Scanned with CamScanner@St maidens Hhe electrical neribealtty y dolusen in Geder to gre ComHniows {Lord 1 gonexak wren. te prevent the mechanical anita 04 fas checbeoybic Ablutiont @Lpeciat Note: The Abmultameous Clecbuical neutrals amadie chamber ond Cadthodte chamber Ie lucto t rmolstity velocity of and NOP ions taken into the AQME Aalt budge. pt the Lode bees le Aommoved -Han vo lrege oluops +O ze amd cell atnps Working. 2) The ions Oy the neh electrolagtes uot) other long Inthe A2LaHond oxidscd or Aoduend ob the electrodes Alrould met Acack and the lone are net Negoasve deeminak onidaston had cell Scanned with CamScannerWblectrods potemtiat. (6) @) The dueiving fpreethak pushes tha megactvely ly haxges electron. Oana Ton anode and pals -thewn a “Has Coshade ir Callud a9 electrode. polenta. @QOH isthe potential ditterence developad lactueam the mmetal electrode Amd its ior Inthe AOlLuton ©)Stamclased Electrode foten fotemal(E)—y Oh : develo peal batwean the metal Rlechroder anol -Hre AOLUHON Of HHS fone Ob 1M Concantraton ok oon presaure And 29RK -Feanpereattiere fe caUad as Atomdord electrode potenfal @). Oeltreop tooo Types: 1) Stamdoed OxidaHon RtenHal(6’ox4) DAtandaed Reduction RremHalC Asal) ty Stamdoed oxi dadton potembol €’oxi—> WO St isthe Atandacd electrode potesHol “oe the onidosiontolt Aaacton. © damotes toe temclency 4 a Apectes 40 get Ox icLisac. ® BR) Oxidation dol a Me Me tre Crreater tre SORE O« , coil be. ten gs Geb oxidisad. wee ay dy Stamdacd jadiuction potential (6 Asa ‘Aad.)— ©) 9 is the Atamcaed electrode potertio’ rere the Acducten hott Azoction. = aA pecies f0 : ! | Scanned with CamScanner@Creater the oRP (E°Lect.) » qustercaill harthe terdl ho get Aeduce of | &) Uae. dood peat metals —» Mays ne —9 Moy cele potental. ov collvoltage Oy Blectyarnotive free. Of fhe cell cel) Dstiethe Lifterence. inthe eleditade. poterstiols of the shoo hoy cellAcactions te oxiclation Aol cel amo Agduchon Avot cell - . @The cell poterbal o1 cell voltage cam bo Colcusateof syeom Haevialues ee etrode potential othe Ho dol cell Comat? cell amd for lich Hae Mosk Csramonly ward metHrod) ie clatter Pratron te Uthen Actamilans! Aechuiction potenHal - Lath tho electrodes ane taken Into account: Mcelh = VAP Y cattrode- SRF. Sell = Eracl(coshads) — Ckeal. Canocle) (®)Blardard COLL poferHal on ktevnelared cele voltage(Eceu) Lt Ye the Cell potenhal, when both Asactamtt and Prunduct one bn thelx Ateunoloved Atectes -~Adlickes oct LY Cercembrostion, Gana ota paetial -presaure of Jatm, t0lids urd Liquide One bn rele pure ppern, with OL oct A pecified tecnperccttiore 8 2S 1 298K. © econ Bameb cell ts -L0V which Combe en pressed ac €’cell = E cue!* Lise a C zak fame) = 10oVv @® Scanned with CamScanner anode© Repreaonation & Ze [ewe | Cutegy /Cuety, acto Fred SoLtbei @ Progress 4 ceul Atacten bn Cralnernte colt (Daniele cet) Caco When &°cekl C1)0V —7 CeLL AgacHions ota 2.0 Zn clicto! ® Ver atamade and Cit de poets ot cathode @ Electro occu In arvd to Cured. @ Current FOO oces ou Currod to Enver, Canc When Brou = MOV: No chemical. Asactont Occur @® No electrons hard AD no curren flow Ovceers. Cpa. When ent, temore Hho Mov — ph se i © Inter CandiHion electrochemical Cell Will beoorre and lshawe Ue a electrolyte cell. _. @ So, decrrom+ i) Curcho Zn Oundd Clurrrensh 22 a te Dircts deported atthe zine electrode and copper ddralves Ot CO electroda- ecdol Nore: pre Here the Ecell inthe fitt two catee le the extemal 0 poate potential usdnich ts phrect in the anise cell. > Ceell Can be clatermined fe help & a Apne 1. Ushere the values % by help of & cet oMctrode potemttale of both-the halt cells Que Gren Scanned with CamScannerQi. Colenbate the “the € co Seay, or foe ‘putowtng | Cet 42a cHon. Xo4VG,5—> Xepot Yay, Crivem 8 ae Spo/ery = 230 Oxidaten eyi2 Sou? @p./ Yq) = — 0:20. Econ = Chet Ceastuate) — Cred Canode) = —~020-(-0-39) Eceu= —02040.30 = + OV. Q2. Colertate Soott prs pitLow! eeu. XeY Xe || 2% Wejo/Me | Griven. ‘ep pote cha! : cs € ¥epy/ Mea -020Y Ecel= Erde Cod @) Cet = oe - (-0-20) =0-2040:20= 0-40V. = Cell Reactoo—> rae acto ctor Ina aie COU te ono by the dnelp of, dcromaaved Geen ond at sa i a he anne are Hae busi co Y the AG=—nFEce | —() usher, Boot = Kpearolard Coll vo Hage m= Nwmbe 4 electrons peamaperrest F = Foradoy's ch AG = Cribbs Free ens ° AC CO cell Acacton is ible Oland J Koen >, and Kpertameout ty ndliire Olea HY cell CO, DG? DO CeLL Anaetion ic mot feasible and man aperyfeuneous inmattine Scanned with CamScannerUsa # oe =O AG=O—4 cell AgacHion clo nat occu And tic wor joking @speaial Note: dt equableriwm the Atamclacd Cribbs tree omengey change OG) and Eqpilzbrivm Comore Si Aen ction) tanbo Aclatac! 4 — AGr= -2-303RTL04,, Ke |—@) where AGP= Gtandaed Cribs tee on change Ke = Capsliviwe cametant Of Agnerien Q= Cras constant =0:0 2) Lom west ot Qeeaer malls Ce Corr perctture In [eelvln. equoton® and), we cam say thot 09 Ke = ~ mn Fé ceLL -=— qe Q. fora ce Aas ORD Te Tae Aheunclarcd Gibbs ered AG € 44! mage te- ( Given cee rey ees cod) Gu? A,Gr= —nPEceLL = —2.x.96S00 x 0-24 Crme2) Dal = 463209 mt oe 4.6.32 45 fre, °_ 46320 yy|maf o AvG tO } ® Scanned with CamScannerGQ. Foy We 0 CALL Imudlving ove eleatron , B’ceus 0-59V at 2.58 K, iWorlwm corudeunt tortie Cell Aoaction fe— Cron 220387. 9.059 at T= 2.981) - ” € ‘ Qu 9.303 RT 109 Ke = mn FE call Q. Gaus Cig +2 AG Aoacton a 2981¢- So” prgo3eT Legge = o0LL. as 0-059 =r 0-059L09,,Ke -« 0:59 04 Ice = 0:54 =10 " 0-054 Leg, Ke = Woleg Lo Logigke = Log 10!® jcc tx? | ao ee = ee! 5 sWisctum Contract (Ee) Opt Asaeton Au) +2 ‘0 — coy TS \ox18? Calentate He cell Hie (Criven 230287 crt 290K 0-089 ) oo 2-303 RT10g,, Ke = mFEceLL wemed : 15) = 6° 7 5) Band Jopion's®) = Cea Co paar 20505 \ a 0-958 (Jog 10-99 3°) oa 0. 02a5( + 15 16949) co 9.0295 (I+18) =Ecelt 90235(16) =celL @ Scanned with CamScanner® Rejorence clecttode—y Ht le ivnpoaatlale Aonneaawre “oe coabluite yoluss electrode. potemtala 0) “bre elorments (So, forte determination o polenttoL 4 Ainge ehedacde, ectrode % aad. 3 b ®Reporonee eleatroole 14 avn clectyrod2 UShIch ig chosen a a reference coi Acapeat. +0 usinich potentiod. of a. abodes com be do-ter nlned, co electroda Ie other ele = electrode patent! ¥ Oe te i nee Aoferenco. et Jemsum and ie te omumeof @Siarcwol ero Blecerocke. (HE) ig-raken QAQ Aamdard aspect electrode: @& Lterodwesl ‘aecgen Blectrode (CHE)? NL electrode OVEL UStrtel Hy @® Te potertial of +bus 0-0 Vole” . & Acco wd po TuPAC Conventten Cay, = Cap 200% | Anaction in QUE ic Cdprersed aa— Scanned with CamScannerColouloction 4 Blectyode PolentHal \ Meameda- : Ak cadtrode @&! ‘ FH ye PE © 2Hayy +2 = bg ® Ene, Soh 000K © Cr Jikgy= OR, ONE @ Out €nj,9 FO @) But & un, = O- Wy gas ett > t | 7 Gago mesner) Or Pe blacke Cle ctrode ronda bybogen cbecboda Gt) © For Gu.€, Aetowemce poterrtial i¢taken +p be 2e10 at OL temnperatires: &) Vo cpleuai arene potential. o omy othe electrode O. cel is Couples! Lott Ateamdored electroda(CHe) re cam bohawe ap Cun anade, dma alec Aa a. Cadvods dapend’ ofeetae qven conditions provided se Q je oO : al Note: — According ho TUPAC, Acard rot ole ctrode io is egpro to the Arorndond Aeductton pomon So, Ke Scanned with CamScannerb)Electrochenucal Aelia _ @ MH is a Aoeres in Which -+the Stamdard eleatyoole olorrHal ("Jor dramdaxe etaek hoduction poteorHol(Ciat) Acdox couple of VaAous Clyments Qre a geo! Untthe rveaating Oder. @We ihoetant points About the electrochemical Aweied OUCe— PY On gory hom top cp bollem , “He &hre ng opto on ics ogent Jrveoraas. 2) On Going 5 ate tsp to batter » Hee chrom pte the Aocuch tnt deoreaacs. 2 SRP: (B’Aed) Or cer.) volirex Inveogass Kusry do bottem Inthe sesetes- \ have the beck athe Saderes. inte Top, we any (Low orto é°nad Valued) LShile ae to bottem ewe Anave the boat oxidising ogents CAvigh ot Anh Chaot. VOLted). t CH) is pratt OF The Aeslox couple +) ig nig ntl eM Mon Bot Bfag Value egpal 0,00 alue of EOL 1; ®/L3) Aowe renin V 2 epbittie® é ae fo -9.05 volts UStule aie €? or Eijag). VoLue fs maalnun mel Pa/ Po) Ove we 0-84 volts tn the electrochemical Actetes- eqpal to Scanned with CamScannerAppleattons Of Clectrochensical Seeter—> Companion of On tolisleg Advenpth Of Ontelising apents OTe onldising sbremgptie aptly agen nbedity propowttonal +o thetr 6°ok hed valies: ox iebting creme xb volues Go target the E Valet, Ad vdill be tha, Oxfolit) sheng ay tee ote ren and vice Versa: ¢ Liss agent anit baz @ for exommple; €, terttaL beat oxidisie) 4a 2-07 volts caraan a Qa | - Aaacdvity/ arnt 4 netals > lor OHO 2 en ty propoetionnL | he heoetviy of arnmetal is} yo Hs 6 oly Reackyity Gy rinedal a_| Evolue @QLo sener He SYalue Of armetal huge voll AgacHit Ord view verca, &) Thee oad inthe £eriee above awogen ave aa Azactivermesala preeeretst © values. for LA NOK Zn, ete. fe ibe © Scanned with CamScannerH)Wtle ttre wretels place indre Seterwe below ydeagon ave leas Acactve metala cline tothebe argh @ Valuer Yor 2g. — Cu, Ag-Ha etc: WH Tre Acaotve metals Cam eaaily enolve apemepad on Acaction Lorth the acta odhile the non uve mmedala Cant evolve fer ene eee © Leterrvnaction bolity i eth Acaction—7 + MThe vet cell Leachon Ov Aedox Aachen ht Hoke and cpondeneoud bn mattiire UShem AGo ten ve wlueh Eeou. must be pearing “sO te posaibla date eerrente worth Lugh & Value le jceom ad Cattrocls UStule fie elernent corth Lovo evolue ts made anndle. @)Aetevrinotion Oy) duis placement, oa onertal “feo” Hee olution ey PE Aa —? @metal ith Low 6? values dusplaces Owotiner ne orth drag é°ualues eo agyreous Adtution Lob Spentaned omd vico versa te nat true- io ®8e the spon re rte Aenctive dail i) 7 lens AL AcHve F yobues stale displaced metal, le Aang Oe tage fo. i Zn Can space eps csampin Zoo OT ade evpen Cut on but Cu com a Lantos ABUtIon because Zn he mane Azactive fh _o-ten) thom tok of Cs Cee +0:34V) 81. Criven thot 070, (0 = 22 -E 9,059/C0g = $2.05 V, Ea [gc On OSV. Sut /hu = MA the, Athromgeert ah om oe et ape Da Pra op ® Scanned with CamScannerMNewnet & autton—) LIE terfhe egpation by rhe hed he Wlaioh, we Cam ueulale. Aho mane Gleaunolard eleotvode po" emblal ot erm}, Celechro- PMoHive poree)of she cell at any alege Qf dhe Avacdon, %) Neenah equartion - rractiote the Cocke Oy Carncortraton, 7 LURE on Nexo les pe tb pales colt @Mot electrocte. ofertial - OD Roa worhtyy Netmat equation - Weite a bali Incad cel Leactton, Nout equacHon cam be appt teta Craliante cell: ad Newnst Oysadtion for Gn Eleaho ine jemova-that AG = AG? + 2-303 Rr Ao Ve —O Ge 2 Dfnduct) Om putting alt these values Inn e.guradton 4 Ckcoute) ~ pbecett en mFEe CEU + 2-302 RT L995 ( Product] —@& CReactant’ Ondvidrg eqpadton 2 ba. nE on Donte eeyee cell = — 2-309RT Product Ecetl cee eGo a] airs of all we have +o joal On bolt cel ay well clhennral COU (Gal vate cells AG=-nPéceu » SG°= FG cell Reactant | Ae 298 lC-temperodure, (= 96500 C/ms!, R= 0-21 Tal ie! Ccen = E*celf - 2:902% 8:3147%2.98 Log, [roouct] ™ x 96500 ac Reactant) 2-302 XV-214K%298 = O-059L 96500 ot = E'celf —_ 0-059! [Product Ec cH oe Lag , [Product] (Shere Geely = & hod. (Cadtnde)— Shad, nade?) ms N98: % electrong “pramotenrect Iythe coldAea chron Scanned with CamScannerDNeenak Sprachion por Harel Cell—> Znee) + Culp 5 Zniap oe QRanietl cell, Scot = lov, N= Camo] =£ ond [ow] =L Go Jeeen = IS 7S DrOEGt Lag, bag 2 Cemfagy J . E T Gates Ql. Coley Beau, foros olbsralg cet. Crer/brfd 1m) Ware. om) / tus) Given Cortes 2-0 t4V,, & Oat * [unc = +0-2AN. Sol” Coen = Sheskey — had fa) = Stut¥eugs —€ Ort8/00 Cee = 0-34 -(—0 #4) 8 cel) = O-B-+-0- 4 eee = 1.06 V Nek Colt dpacton 9 Cray + Slut >_> 90,9 + 3 Cue) 22 facell Now, bcott = C’cett — 2: est Lal] ory” Ecetl = 108-0. 00485 Log oe, Ecelt= 1-08- 0- 0044s los jot Coett = 1-08 — 0.00985 (4) Logo Ecout = 1-08 - 0-00.9eS X4XL G ‘sdogsost) Ect = |-0g— 0-03.94 Scanned with CamScannerQ2. Stamdared AnducHon poientiaLe g He holt AeacHons Qre qe boro 1 fae + 2=— 2Feey5 5 OF DBE Chip + 2e Buyp-fae— 2 Brag yCet]O6V > 2ctRpy , = +136 Ds @) t2€—» 9 pe ep» é =0-53V We see oxtdixt nd caduct iE Ore “reap! a) F, and 1) By and > ¢ lofty Ans ob Sees (2) Ae QE Coleulale He ee fle ALDH en Flees aaa? ® an Pa tee G > Nig Os 4 Ages Given Ebay = 105 V (Goo2m) Novem) Ao7sy b) o-4iv 2) 0-62V a) oa4y Ane b> Qo eoerl —0- 054L CNi® Eceu = Eceu e agri Ecol = |-o5— 0-05.93 osat tog (140). 160) Cf (902) Ccell = |-05— 90-0295 (sox1s7 “Axiyse Feet = |.05- 0.0235 4x1ot coy = 105-0: 02.85 (Log 4-+Legist) Eco = os— 0:02:95 Clays +4legio) con = 1-95-0-0295 ( 0- 60 +4) Ecey = (05 —0-0245(4,60) Legte= 60) Ca Leys = 1 bce = (05— ©1354 Ecery= 0-942 yout Scanned with CamScanner@lenrolytre colts and Electro pats —7 OThe process OF cltesmpoaitton of am electrolyte byte a Hee Clectrcity it Called ad Plectrolyare O1 elewtralyptic. dicompositon: @Electralyste is Carried ou ina Clectrdlfbe cell Usheve electurcal enemy te comvertid into chemical emer gy ogi electralyti ec cell joa cell in Wich eleabes cal 6 Fo Carry out a eee Ndox pads Phe Creavo'g Bates ci ea herr and ees ocunrs together tn “He Aame Comtalnet. oe fe poutvoly changed and oxidation Oceunrt an ft shale ie! pa Many + a ae anneal ca OCumrs en it, in Hts ad a ~procens Sf Qlectrolysts to occ, two Suitable oppensteby chong eleclindles jie; coctrods and anode Ar Venn g ele ie Aglution Com tan te the oppees charged lon asad cell, Uhen am electtc potenkatl ts copplred bohseen ne electiades , Hae poartivelyy Char Jons rove towards re coctod and nega jens mave tawards nai ooo &)ishen @ Caton Agaohet Hu Catnode, tt takes ap electra) and Hus co Tt Charege meutralised. Thus, Ha gain Se dlectvens @nd Hu deoreaae inthe OxidaHen umber means thot Agducton talces oe oct Har Cattrode - imnd On anion, Urhen it Arahes the anode, electrons and thus Lischarczed: The Low Y electrons ot | ncvense Wothe oxi on Umber Mmeank OxrLIcLation treces place ot tw annde. Scanned with CamScannerOre tendency 0 an Clectrode fo Lose electrons M4 lenawn sates on potemHal- Latnile the rendenuy of am dedele 4o gain election ic kinnm at the Aeducton polenta. te oxidation poterHial, ationger [Hee tendancy fo gat: oxidsued and Hie aubstumes will be a dtvong MAIO 4 Ne ® Cpreoter the Auducton potential stronger fertine terdeney “er Arduced anol Hye dubsterince Ldil] Le dhrovg oxidisi Aes a electrolytic cel, olts i feng and dapeattion Sybee oe onthe ete eh dee Lsioh Atapres erew gy Haat ts provided “ike applredt potential beta dire electodtes Hts fe Qs Bischarge / Deposition: Potential @-P)- sbuoh spe temclony am ien to Le or Oe ww re heatuade 'e COUsl OL Diccharse/DHeporiten Tendlen (QT): Ris lense oh jon ic inversely -propexttonall ao tk dis So5| OT aos » Anipher “re. Ls otential (©-P) 9{ an jen ore Oil log RY Liechaw. fendade ®t) Fe ‘wn St more tham ene ona Qe present ok: o- given clectzodie, rem the ion ds / clapoaited ae will howe dragher dischare tendency ‘acd Leap ien, ol For an oxiclocion cord act amode|O-P: = Gro Auduiction proces ack, conta BF =-Ead = - SRF] Scanned with CamScannerinte aqece rena Ganbe Camed outbythe either Heer on ot by the aqueous ABLE ote electrolyte: @udn the eledtaokHic Ceul, ele f Cam be casased Out ether taind achive electiodes Ov by walng Paraive electadus- _ eledtiodss are trese elediiodss USich are ackye and tales part in the aan COLL AzacHon. 19. 9 Zinc electrode, Copper elcbads jefe. ©) Massive or inactive ob Inert electuodss are-Hoee eledicodes sprok Csnducs electrons ftv ot Out q -the cell. but Cannst cell Agacton. tedees port in the 4, eotarmnpls —7 Platinwm elechode , Crraphite electzada . ete Exarnpler GlestalystsF @)Electrolysts of Aqpeous C804 AdLution Laing rest (Pt ite ekecirtda lectyoaie Cu ee Cu8QeOQ) “Pelee at odade . = (At anode + Oxidation 0 Court 20) —9 Oa +4 NG s4e, e-bay [SPIE] 22089.) —9 8,.O8Ge Te 5 6-205 [DP =4205V] Therein , dua to Lower OPand bughet OT, 40 fe oxidtgod) ob amide and 0; ic relerend, @At cottrede.: — Anducten OCturd. Giggs tae > Can, Crosty [DF = 0-7] 20a) tae— +20H 295 (b'2-0-84V Jeet Sea | 7th Therefore , dus toLourer AP. ated Arsatvet or Acduced to Cu ot cadtrodle- - Culdg AoLutton OE pr he. wl (Roe Ackatta one elt aba awa Cu fe dh cadtode- schangesd at coded - Scanned with CamScannerElect, ate o reous Cx$0, ca o ae te ej aie Cu8O4. (a9 Electrodyste “ep a Cue) (a. Copper electrode Gini, lution’) (at: cattvode ) Oat awode :- OxidaHoen octeurt Giapy —? DOW py t 22 B= 208 vO Pesasy| 20) —— 9 O34 + AN by t4€, 6°=-1-2av, [OP 241-22 Cue) ——> Cue 428,00 Wy [OP= tou OTherelee durto Lower BP and drghoek, DT. , copper te oxidised to Culepy ok awode- @At cotode: ~ Aeducton Occur’ “Cakes 4 2€ _—> Cugey , GS OB4V, [AP = Oat oH,0u) +22 Hegrt 2 Ong» = -08av [BP= 0-624 DO Theretae, du toLowe O° and dy OT, Cugg.y Le Oe te Cuca at catrade- ge - tence, Hho product: ttre electroLysie 4 a4. a Aglution wang actwe (Copper) electrode Ove CuXeg in Abe Adluaton Ona Cum) oc Codthode- © Electro Lysis oL molten sodium clLovide (Nac) —> 0 rae NOC crmatieny Le > Ch a «© a at anode. carta. @Ab anode '- OxidaHon ICtucs gO ——9 40bhq +& AL conde: — Aediuchon OCciurs Nae? 4e@ —> Naw) fortence He duck y elect fh Of moldeniodium dloude are Dat an mien it Cathnodle . Scanned with CamScanner© Electrodyate of aapeoes Aodiumn hLorerda (Nac 2Macl ps Clecroly's ty) Ch egy 4-2 NaOH or praia g 69 atamnds — in pluton. BAL cathode AedieHon Ocewet De +10U) —> bq) + 2015 6 '=-0-83V, BP =r043v MD Therefore, durto Lower OP. ard dugher 4-7, +O fe a Arduced +o Hy. @MAt anode: — oxtdaten oceurt 21a) —_ Cheat 26. 6°=-).80V, QP. atl 20V 204) —> Oagy+4epy-+4e, e=-1-22v,[OP=4122V] @4n olution : — 3 DN, + 2 OMG, —? 2 Na0H(ag,> dat elect sy Ud sum Hence He ecto Lyst aod chLowde ee 7 th Ok, clnd NaOHes.) in Har 4Olution due do Ldtuch tthe AQLution becomes basic and pH Of Hae AOLGHn becomes MOLtron F - Qoeciol Nore: — 7 ; es a Froduetion o Ch is more than Ante 4 productton oF Oa gos at ancde dun “the electrolyte o Ogueors Nacl 4oludion duoto acdwadion ones barnrret oO cttfon, 2 ‘ idadi Wadden; eto moease te Ante Y Ox ape a rol. Because Y Hrke, oxidatern or OveL a Over vol a blo anol “hd takes place 7 bos i ‘ O tt Anode. AR A 4 set. on tO oxictortton Of 68 ; Scanned with CamScanner@ElectrolyHe Conductance ov Conductance In Blectyalyte AOlutions—> TReartamee (B)—7 Metallic and electushytie condoctnes wey Orme LAL O¢cordins +o buch reas pecttre AacHo Gy Hee appled poterdiod erence conbustor Une chet - \ “He iw) to thet 4 current {low i @) NV [==] ip ohm. Doni Apanchamee Hf Comducter fe eR mee Ce) > The Conduuctames 0 (2) Card! cal op fre Apartam equal at Fo Hae Alt pyo) Sho ot WC ot Siemens ® Unie Conductance oy AaistVe Scanned with CamScannerOTs, The Apedpce Adsirtenee OL Acaehv ajc eg defined 04 Hrs Anatrtames Of 0. concductet and UnUer ceca ef the Cr0s4-00 CHon. 5 eel Apee Ageetance ow Acatehvity te Glem-ona” PQpeciple conductance (K) Gt te the Aecsprocal. o ihe Apeci ae Agaretan te: ae ae Unit 4 dpecific Conductance it Sat! cn oe Samat OL Aor! WApectal Note:-hathe (ace e olution of ie ACEMHUnce Hered ne Hee AdLution oan funy Sire proportional tothe Lictamce betsean tre electrodes Ral a &> Lrventely a tothe arene, of the electrodes So, en Combinivg ee TE get (FAL of \ a \ aA Therefore, couse wi ht maecton a v ofa a “- y r 7 each OS ete ond Fatemtacthen [REE] & Scanned with CamScanner@® Hence Apecipic Concluctyvty Q Adlon ic ed as tthe Urmductamen 0f One contitreterr a 04 the electrolgte - *s “ee % fee aston Lee A = cell Constant Celt constant fs & cel amd 10 clafined at : electrodes o a cell cvided eqns areon Of the electrodes. a) pond lao feel Catone ote KR \ceu omitent = apecipie csr x AeA Sta mee Ge ies ws ame AQlution, GEL dane a4 He tanascanse GO ae electrolyte @) The nota oonductance 4 an elect je ACLuHon Aon Unit: Aung of elect a eee chrode te di ae ele ts eh fon POI One male ° wredional +o the VOluume OY the electrolpte oy elect fe diecalved. dam Nn) “Oo wre Ino thak ™M = _ “1090 Yom © me) M2 1000. Verac) £0, |e) cae L i & Scanned with CamScannerRenna necting Hue wale Of \ent) In § 4 . On patieg pees we gett My Ot aleo be prec 24 Hae -frroduct- pe te OF comeee and’ He volume) mot On aa z : ae ca a cannon > Oost 7 f deg. Eau tvatlent cusrductomce (A eq or Conductance of One moemol Adlution of the o Se enpvolant, carclikctam % OlucHion. an Te ilned asthe reduce 4 eres Soa eh See cay cmtnin owe Gun equON dey = IC X Ven) WD mn Fee: 000 We know rok Noemabty (N) Geb: x! 2 loo 7 24. 21) 3 WCU) ¢ ¢ i) Prerep sre > env) x | thes Hee value 4 Vet) mm equation 7 we get oP ey \eX 1900 eqpnalork Conductomee te ‘alynait gran ef emt ane horweon em OW conductance And O euale valium conductance —> meter csndurctance , don = ie #1090 - Ca svodont Csnductamee, ep. = Kx1000-—S) N Scanned with CamScanner &®On dna equation 1 by 2 we gee dm = \CX10900 x N Acs. M™ kx 1000 sa wr | -@ pre nur Hock Noemabty = Malar KValonce, Jaco N= Mm On sting the valine § Nim a4pracHon 3. we ek " xO .? re. XO =n re. = Am req. = EYSpecsal Notes adam electrolphic am AomLvelume o4 a0 eer te me tbe ad Hho Apecipic Cera ee > ¥ ise | weatire the Conducta 2 SA os Bee Ween oulle catty the Ce iepeciuire. Hoe coneluctarnce Of ele chrome fn decreases: cae Lilutton on molar esnductamnce , eq uvolent omb urd Apecifle comductomnce a a ion), With the invecase inthe calution the A 4 Ne cre towicacon ay wreade ele pe i peaaace 06 ob yeah of Jons nvegaaee There . Scanned with CamScannerA) LOM the Mmuteaae Inthe dilution Y-+he AolieHon, Hae ce af ccbivaction be-hseon Hr dppoat od jonas clecredacd Quad betsrnea weal. ie mobility Incecaacs. Therekte, tre miar A equivalent csncluctance 4 loath wreatle amd Abeond electrolytes imoeeaacs colth cliluton. But, cttrorg electediptes, HAL OL eQuivadent O encrdnce inuttaaes very alowly en clutton the Atlution. ® hie. feu weak, electrolytes, moatat of eguvatent conductance Inveraaed very Aba pley on Luton % she AdliHon. WHd the Inveaas inte Lilihen of tte Adlutten, cHhe Apecitic tsnductemec clecredeed she mumbo lena preaert Im tom vole ofthe aolecton decreases on Ulution 0.0 the Apecifie Cmductanez a . lovgod Busten the isis of He electrolupee han lovisod , ex addition Wwoter brt Q krrdll Pate vole Yn OL 29py esnductance . Ves te called a Infinite ALiluten. &) Ae Inpinite cLiluttion , the M&A OA ep ivalont Cmnductamae 64 an electrlplie Agtution te amaximnum iSloch i called as Lira iting velar osnductance Qn) ob Leiting eqpiolire Conductance 4 ) © Scanned with CamScannerONaviosion Y Apecific concluctanee, wolas anol equtvalont Conduictomes_ Lath esncanbration—> @Apecritie asnductance always deverases With the cleeeazae fn she Contenbraction both “ype trea and ele @Gers dustothe rose tho the number a for per uni volume ‘Hrd Ree eee te oe en decrenass nr dilution ov deveoaae nthe cmerntroton. @& Metar or eqpivolont csrcluctane deveoaars vith the inceeaae in the Umcembroction the electvo. Adluchien because He total volume Ww e Adlon Eaten ene vwaate of elechraiyfe aloo decraaset anol Alan, the “foxee 3 otiacken bet seon the oppositely ehorget fond Inceoaaes dag fy udhich Hele femte mObibty de : eaiey Electrolaptes 7 a electto. rmSlor OL iodant 2 Oe ks C ecenoe in ‘tu ldoncinitraction ar ft Cambe 4034 ronblat o1 equvolont conductamaz jruea2es Aboty with inoeaaag inthe S0LudHton- | @sH anbe Aepree ted ay the punoty egpastion. CmeantroHon Where Yo. 2 mndlar Conductaner oct on) 5 Lemity Mas Malar conclu clamee ot infinite A mnt Camductomnek Ce Comconpration of te clectrolyGe AYLI. Ae constant : (©The value or the Csnujaut > ie a Dven Advent and derperoitiure en the ecto. te-the. cham onthe ee Damion eases on cthe coatsaciation mye etectrohf In dhe Aolitten. Scanned with CamScannerWeak Cleotrohyjes—> powe Weal electy: ke QceHte acto Lowrey ie ee ee ero her Concarthratton andl a o Auch electyolyti tthe Cn iy -fhe milal OL egpuvatarct Cmduictunes tt die tothe ineregae tnithe mrunnloes Of honk ona total Volume Of the AOLutton that Contains domote the dlectvolyte: ®weaker the electrolyte, mmo chore will be (noeeaae tn “Tho matas ob eaNtclorct camductamee On dilution. At inpinite dilution te.When Concenbratton lotsmes ~ +o zero, electro, dicsocate Camp! put ak Auch Low Csncanbroton Hw 4 ped fc cham ok the Adlictton te Ap L0v9 Hho tte Caumnrt ba measured accu 4 The rmmplar Conductamer versus Usncarbrodton CMatouty) . aceke adel ( weak electrolyte) ound JCCf c etectvoltr) to agyeous olutfon canbe ald cH,cool (WE) ey CSE) £ ) Tee ® ee ala eien Cegcranca oct penite AOCucHON Com r eda! Jv elec dptec exp entapeladivg “tne {tp arog ecto ty ®& ut, WE, xen E be determined ently because the qh Osos Aun porrallet +o yranele. @ Scanned with CamScanner© Kohbouuchts baw > According ty Hare Nau, "At inpinite dilution, Shen the dewoctodt “4 am electro. fe Complititc}, each jon mokes & dofinite contribution towareds Ca pavodanct conductamer Otro cleetral ite Irrespective o the naive of tee len vaith Which its asrocioscd anol re vole egy inolont conductamee He in Finite dcletHon fer oe one ectyo, ig quod +o the Aum Nodak conductamee ok inginite dcluaton o Ys Caton, aro Anions respectively My = Xen + Xe 4g On @ 40 Shere, Xen. = Equivolack Corcluctamce 4 electrolate ot inbjnite culuson Xen 2 Ca nalont conductance 0} coation ok inpinite dulution Neyo Epo erdnctarce ofan a nine ULation: Livnd conductance act Inpraite dilution 4 am electva Jaw, Where XSne Matar Conductanee of ebech at mbintte dilHon s ‘s Y Xemoe 4 . u COHen « « Xmes « : , anon « « & ye = No. 4 coHons fy ne pom want 4 Cleetralyic Yes uy Owens 4 4 « * ay @ 4pectad. Note: - !) ter omy ton, Charge onHrr jon, Scanned with CamScanner3 x “den 7 Ter) - “a x RY. CAHon = Xn cation charge om cation Xeq. anion 2 Xe anton Chore mM anion eet [Xa cats) = Neca a eye [eer @r)= OP) Lu BS) 4pr ony Chectrotgte [XQo5 = Xm csbere , X85. = Aquat Cmductames at Inpinite clluHon Of am elect : Mv e MBL concluctames ack bofinite dulatton on elechroLits: sR electyo we votel ve ch on woHens * Ife ponte cane : Total ~ active dnawge on antent of electro Lyfe . eK any £ ALGog),. At(604), —> DAT 428057 Ao n26 pea ee Xe, M60), = Arm, Abd, @ Scanned with CamScannerDThe eqpivalent Comductamee at Inptoite duluton a Qn electyo Com be ex presaesf nterm Of MOOL Corductomas ak wel dilutton % aa Ax by Cheeta, Ay y —> Ad 4 yo So, Mer CAxBy) S xm card) 4 x (8*) 7 = OShere n= Aetatehange preaout ontte ton * Clect rebyte: Dyrecampe 7 A Gos), Nez, AL, = AMES, Xin Goi") 6 Se) Kceording to Hus othe itteren eo jndhewmclar © epuvolls Concluctamee Of two cect volts ct Infinite dalton Aon! either Commer caHen a1 Commen anion Agence’ constrxE because tre wel or ea pulvolont Conductames 4 On ton 4 an eleatvolife at Intinite torn 4 the ecty : @© or elect Anoning Common anjon—> : Biterence eI Nn of KChomd Nac -bi ce | Nm Y KNO,Omd NoNOg electro. dani _Lbseremen casion —> ie No By : C2 Hf Nem Of Noe} Our TH Both ane dove : Dijperence 4 Non Of KCC ar Kr iz Bath are sane Scanned with CamScanner| ICocHont GF Katlyausch’s bas —> | TD Caleetatton aj maton Csrcluctamee ot infinite Ailton it > Weak elect (The mola Conductance Of Weak electro lite ak Inpinite | dulution canbe eaai Ineol bythe addition | malar Comcluctames at inpinite cUluHen of imdividual ion | Of the Clechrolyte Gren: ushode Valued COmbe Atermined by te help of molar Concluctamce oct infinite Laken % eree elect . —(he ho elechaletes nrnwat Arawve ether Comma caodtin OL commen anon WIL the fre ectraipe dane nd jes Covmmen Lott “tha a4 tthe Given Se XD, weaute Cheated te PTY -2 Where, x= Of Clectralite. Anawing Commen cotten ae : “ Ounion ra ow “ “ Ma CSNMEN fen. forge Deteumbroctton 4 Men 94 CH, C00H Xen CH,coot’) =m eHcoor., + Xm Her — Xn Nace Mim onycoor =[ Kin eyycos® + np +X ny +507] — Kmnia® 4 Xa 2 Xmerycag? + Mocie + my +e ve eo Xereuycoon) = Me, CHyco® + Ben yO > Detepmunoton of digiee % dUsoctation({) aud dbecociaton Contrast (Kc) a neal electrolyte Scanned with CamScanner&) hr O Wek clectadyte , Ms dagiee of dao cotton (x’) fe rehadio) Lolth the mar cmductamee ot! concomnpraHon amd mA Or Conductamee at imgpintte aL ton the posing “preeen = “4 ae Where, 4 = depee 4 disco diaHory Cae Mila Condtickamee as Osreamtrater, Des 2 4 2 tapinite oblution. oie weade ele otra tte Canbe Aclabid wrth dofree LeepciaHon an i puss — pee q-x) sheve, @® Orecortoction comstant (Id) C = UM cenpraton ah weal elecdvo Lyle Ac 2 & ALecoctotion QU The molar Conductance ot infinite lution a Nad Nady, HU amel Cry coona are 126-444-259 and QO Somme’ cH Eten Calculate +Hre X2, 49e CHycOoH#. Sa” Xero (Nacs) — 126-4 =z Xn (Hu) = 4254— 4 ee (Crycoona) = 904 x Rem erycoow) = oC+Y~ % 310 +4959 1964 = Si6-9-(96.4 on (coo A= 390-5 Sem?moi! 6D Scanned with CamScanner22. Me eA Nyoleact Umeluatames Of O77 04 ws AD LicHon 10292 X10"9.e4. Acetre Acse bur Litre {e 4815 $ om? ertod 250: Me InkmitecUltion Value te 3go-F Sent eg? CoJeutate Har dogtee % jontaHon nal lovttation Csrurtamt Of Hae act ef Gyr dutiee of jowatton (4) = Ne. = 41S 201232 Ney, 290-4 Damnation Contant |e = oa () lee b0283%18" x(01222)” [k= 1 Fex107 | Scanned with CamScanner