BICOL UNIVERSITY

Psychology
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

BSED MATHEMATICS 1: GROUP 2

 BICOL UNIVERSITY

Introduction
The study of the cognitive or affective representation of one's identity is known as
"psychology of the self." It focuses on the representation of an individual on his or
her experiences. The first definition of the self in modern psychology emerged from
the dichotomy between the self as "I," the subjective knower, and the self as "me,"
the known object. In the oxfordbibliographies.com (2-3) it is stated there that,
there is little doubt that the numerous phenomena for which the self serves as a
predicate—self-knowledge, self-awareness, self-esteem, self-enhancement, self-
regulation, self-deception, and self-presentation, to name a few—are crucial
research topics, regardless of one's position on the ontological status of the self.

BSED MATHEMATICS 1: GROUP 2

PSYCHOLOGY: The Self as a Cognitive Page 03

Construction of William James

Wilhelm Wundt William James
• “Father of Scientific • An American
Psychology” Philosopher •Historian
• Took the initiative to • Psychologist
stimulate interest in • The first educator to
future research on offer a psychology
the self and its course in the United
importance in human States
behavior. • "Father of American
Wilhelm Wundt William James
Psychology"
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PSYCHOLOGY: The Self as a Cognitive

Construction of William James
William James describes the self as a Cognitive Construction. It is a
cognitive approach that focuses on the mental process or the mind
rather than the observable behavior or the actions created by a person.
This approach will help individuals to integrate new information to their
existing knowledge and modify their existing intellectual framework to
create room for the new information.

BSED MATHEMATICS 1: GROUP 2

 William James and Page 05

the Me-Self
W. James suggested that “the total self ‘Me’, being as it were duplex” is composed

BSED MATHEMATICS 1: GROUP 2

of “partly object and partly subject”. He divided the Self into two parts:
1. The Self as " Me" or as known (Empirical Self), things that you may be conscious
of. The parts of empirical self are the Material Self, the Social Self and the Spiritual
Self.
• The Material Self The Social Self o relates to our perception of oneself
comprises items that we in relation to others. It entails developing
own, such as our body, relationships, empathizing, and communicating. A
money, family, and healthy or unhealthy social self will have an influence
clothing. on your overall mental health and capacity to fulfill
life goals.
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William James and
the Me-Self

The Spiritual Self

The spiritual self is more solid or long-lasting than the other two selves. It is our
most subjective and personal self. Aspects of an individual's spiritual self include
factors like personality, basic values, and conscience, which do not alter over
time.
2. The Self as " I" or as knower (pure ego) which refers to the mind and this
component is consciousness itself. The Two Self provides a useful scheme
within which to view the multitudinous aspect of self- functioning
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Global Versus Differentiated Models

There had been a postulation that a person's identify may be divided into
several parts and selves may be odds with one another. Although W. James
provided a very insightful viewpoint on the self and was perhaps one of the
first authors to use the phrase "self-esteem", various theories have since
developed to investigate the selfhood as an integral aspect of one's
psychology. Self-esteem has become firmly integrated in popular culture
during the past 30 years (Brown & Marchall 2006). It is a person's general
opinion of themselves or sense of worth.
Global self-esteem, also known as trait self-esteem, is a personality trait that
describes how people generally feel about themselves. It holds up well over
time and in many circumstances.
Global Versus Page 08

Differentiated Models

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According to experts (e.g. Crocker & Park, 2004; Crocker & Wolfe, 2001),
Global self-esteem is a judgment that people make about their value as
individuals. State self-esteem, also known as feelings of self-worth, refers
to temporary emotions or brief emotional responses to both positive and
negative occurrences where we feel either good or awful about ourselves
at the time.

Domain-specific self-esteem, also known as self-evaluations, are

concerned with how individuals assess their varied skills and qualities.
Making distinctions or differentiations about how excellent or awful people
are based on particular physical traits, skills, and personality traits
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Real and Ideal Self Concept

The discovery of the self as the controlling core of one's personality and self-
processes under the guise of id, ego, and superego functioning transformed
psychology as the largest step forward in comprehending the psychological self.
According to Karen Horney (a German psychoanalist),a person has an ideal self
and real self. Ideal self is who we want to be. It seems like an imaginary picture of
ourselves who possessed power and all the beautiful aspects everyone's been
dreaming of. When a person feels inferior, an idealized self-image is developed.
On the other hand, the real self is who we really are. It is how we think, look and
act together with our idealized selself-image.
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Page 10 Real and Ideal
Self Concept
Karen Horney further discussed this concept wherein according to her, sometimes
our real self is revealed only as we begin to shed various techniques to cope up with
basic anxiety or to resolve a particular conflict. According to Carl Rogers (a
humanistic psychologist), the personality is made up of the Real Self and the Ideal
Self. The real self is the actual self that reflects the true qualities, aptitudes,
inclinations, and characteristics of an individual. It is intrinsically who a person
actually is. It is the way one thinks, feels, looks, and behaves. One's real self,
however, is defined by their self-image because they have no way of knowing how
others view them. On the other hand, the ideal self is defined by the characteristics
to which the individual aspires. It is the self that one believes they want to be, strives
to be, and believes they should be as a result of what they have learned and
experienced.
 MULTIPLE VS. Page 11

UNIFIED SELVES
— Theorists believed MULTIPLE UNIFIED

that a person can

SELF
undergo several —Subselves that form — the integration of
different persona in

one's subselves into

transitions in his life different situations or

one
and create multiple social contexts ( at
compose
— "composite" persona,
home, in school, or to the "self" that
versions of himself. church and etc)
of various contains all of the
subselves other personas that
Hence, there is no —not discovered but
exist within a person's
created
single unified self. interactional style.
(AlleyDog, 2022)
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True Self VS. False Self

True self refers to the self that is within us. It is the self that
is vulnerable yet maintains integrity because it is being
kept. On the other hand, False self is the self we create so
that we can meet the norms that society has imposed on
its members. This self has sense of awareness in their
surroundings and would succumb to others just to
maintain the relationship.
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Social Cognitive
Theory by
Albert Bandura:

Agentic
Perspective
 Page 14 Agentic View
humans have the capacity to
exercise control over their own lives

- To purposefully affect one's functioning and circumstances is to act

as an agent.
- According to this perspective, humans are proactive, self-organizing,
self-regulating, and self-reflective. Not only are they products of their
life circumstances, but also contributors to them.
- The procedures by which people are able to lead morally justifiable
lifestyles.
- Self-regulatory mechanisms based on moral norms and self-
sanctions are used to translate moral reasoning into actions.
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Theory of
Personality by
Gordon Allport:
Proactive Behavior
 Proactive conduct is a trait of psychologically developed
people; in other words, they not only respond to external
Page 16
stimuli but are also able to deliberately act on their
surroundings in innovative and creative ways, which in turn
causes their surroundings to respond to them.

Agent Self
- referred to as the executive function that permits action
- How a person makes decisions and exercises control over
circumstances and actions
- oversees all activities involving judgment, restraint, taking initiative in
challenging circumstances, and active response.
Ex. Although a person may harbor a desire to consume unhealthy
foods, it is their agent self that provides them the choice to choose out
from doing so and consume healthier foods instead.
 HUMAN AGENCY
Page 17
It is not a thing but an active process of
exploring, manipulating, and influencing the
SELF-EFFICACY THEORY
environment in order to attain desired outcomes.
(SET) subset of bandura's
(1986) social cognitive According to Bandura the core

theory features of human agency are:

Intentionality, forethought, self
According to this approach, the two key determinants ofreactiveness, and self
reflectiveness.
behavior are perceived self-efficacy and outcome
expectancies.
•Self-efficacy represents the personal perception of
external social factors.
•According to Bandura's theory, people with high self-
efficacy are; those who believe they can perform well and
more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be
mastered rather than something to be avoided.
BSED MATHEMATICS 1
Riza Mae Arango Alyssa Nicole Gosim
Sandra Argete Jasmin Lopez
Jay Mar Barcenas Marjorie Luseriaga
Lerra Mae Biñas Gwenn Mariz Malle
Sophia Mae Bredes Maria Jovelle Nocomora
Patricia Clavero Michael Angelo Ortega
Babyrose Dollaga Melissa Perez
Loui Funtanar Mia Torres
Angelyn Gnilo
Genevieve Ondiz, RPm
Subject Professor