Chapter 1
The Nature of Science and Technology
What is Science?
- comes from the Latin word scientia,
meaning “knowledge”.
- system of knowledge of the natural
world gained through scientific
method.
- Originally called the “Philosophy of
the natural world”.
- First scientists-“philosophers of
nature”.
Tenets of the Nature of Science
1. Scientific knowledge is tentative.
2. Science is empirically-based.
3. Science is inferential, imaginative
and creative.
4. Science is subjective and theory
laden.
5. Science is socially and culturally
embedded.
What is Technology?
- comes from the Greek words,
techne - “art or craft,” logia- “subject
or interest”.
- “Practical applications of what we
know about nature” using scientific
principles for the betterment of the
human situation.
- A system based on the application of
knowledge, manifested in physical
objects and organizational forms, for
the attainment of specific goals
—Volti
- Cumulative sum of means used to
satisfy human needs and desires
and to solve specific problems
—Markert
- The sum total of systems of
machines and techniques that
underlie a civilization —Nye
Interconnections Between Science and
Technology
- Science explores for the purpose of
knowing.
- Technology explores for the
purpose of making something useful
from that knowledge.
- Science drives technology by
making new technology possible
through scientific breakthroughs.
Chapter 2
Ancient Civilizations
From Villages to Cities
- Development of irrigation led to
farming.
- Created other jobs in the village–
division of labor.
- Leaders began to make decisions
for the village.
Cities lead to Civilization
- Larger and more populated than
villages.
- Diverse people.
- Formal organizations.
- Centers of trade.
Civilization
- a complex, highly organized social
order.
- process by which a society or place
reaches an advanced stage of social
development and organization.
- the society, culture, and way of life of
a particular area.
The First Civilizations
- The first four civilizations surfaced
near river valleys because
conditions favored farming.
- Ur and Uruk near Tigris and
Euphrates rivers, Middle East.
- Memphis on the Nile River, Africa.
- Mohenjo Daro on the Indus River,
India.
- Anyang near the Huange He (Yellow
River), China.
River Valleys Advantages
- Flood waters spread nutrient-rich
silt—favorable for farming.
- Animals converge in riverbanks—
source of food.
- Regular water supply.
- Means of transportation.
River Valleys Disadvantages
- Flooding.
- Building irrigation channels.
- Building dikes and digging canals.
Characteristics of Civilizations
1. Developed Cities
● Early cities arose from
farming settlements:
Near rivers.
 Surrounded by high
walls.
Centers of trade and
commerce.
Central feature of a
civilization.
2. Organized Government
● Organize and regulate
human activities.
● Oversee irrigation projects.
● Ensure a steady food supply.
● Issue laws.
● Organize defense and
military.
● Collect taxes.
3. Formalized Religion
● Gods controlled natural
forces and human activities.
● To ensure good favor with
the gods, temples were built
and sacrifices offered.
● Full-time priests or religious
group.
4. Job Specialization or Division of
Labor
● Increase in population and
increase in tasks leads
people to specialize in
certain jobs: –artisans,
metalworkers, bricklayers,
soldiers/military to defend
city, merchants and traders.
● Specialization made people
dependent on others for
various needs.
5. Social classes
● People were ranked
according to perceived value
of task or role:
+ Priests/nobles
+ Wealthy merchants
(small group)
+ Artisans
+ Peasants/farmers
(majority)
+ Slaves
6. Record keeping and writing
● Originated with the records of
religious offering.
● Trained scribes and
educated them to read and
write.
7. Art and architecture
● Express beliefs and values.
● Architects—built temples and
pyramids for worship or
sacrifice, or for the burial of
kings and other important
people.
● Painters and
sculptors—portrayed stories
of nature and provided
depictions of the rulers and
Gods they worshiped.
Technology in Ancient Civilizations
- Desire to raise the quality of life of
the people.
- Areas of technological development
include:
+ Transportation—to discover,
search and trade.
+ Communication—to facilitate
trade, record-keeping.
+ Weapons and
armors—establishment of
new alliances.
+ Conservation of
life—discovery of cures,
prevention of illnesses.
+ Engineering—build
structures for protection.
+ Architecture—designs,
establish the identity of a
nation.
Technological Advancements in:
I. Sumerian Civilization
● Located on the southernmost
tip of ancient Mesopotamia
(Iraq).
● Known for their high degree
of cooperation with one
another and desire for great
things.
● Major Contributions:
+ Cuneiform—first
writing.
+ Uruk City—first true
city.
+ The Great Ziggurat of
Ur (Mountain of God
Served as the sacred
place of their chief
God).
+ Sailboat—main
mode of transpo.
+ Wheel—made for
farm work and food
processes.
II. Babylonian Civilization
● Emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers.
● Great builders, engineers
and architects.
● Major Contribution:
 + Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of
the seven wonders of the ancient
world).
III. Egyptian Civilization
● Located in North Africa.
● Known for their
infrastructures established by
the pharaohs.
● Built pyramids.
● Major Contributions:
+ Paper or Papyrus
+ Ink
+ Cosmetics—Kohl
+ Wig
IV. Chinese Civilization
● Oldest civilization in Asia.
● Also known as the Middle
Kingdom—.
● Located on the Far east of
Asia.
● Famous for its Silk trade.
● Major Contributions:
+ The Great Wall of
China
+ Silk—produced from
silk worms
V. Other Ancient Civilizations
● Greek
Civilization—birthplace of
Western philosophy.
+ Alarm Clock
+ Water Mill
● Roman Civilization—cradle
of politics and governance.
+ Newspaper
+ Bound Books
+ Roman Numerals
Change in Civilizations
- Environmental influences led to
expansion in trade to get scarce
resources.
- Cultural diffusion – spread of ideas,
beliefs, customs, and technology
from one people to another because
of :
+ Trade
+ Migration
+ Warfare
Chapter 3
Historical Antecedents in which Social
Considerations Changed the Course of
Science and Technology
Science
- concerted human effort to
understand better, the history of the
natural world and how the natural
world works, with observable
physical evidence as the basis of
that understanding.
- done through observation of natural
phenomena, and/or through
experimentation that tries to simulate
natural processes under controlled
conditions.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- Science: knowledge about or
study of the natural world based on
facts learned through experiments
and observation.
- Technology: science or knowledge
put into practical use to solve
problems or invent useful tools.
HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN
TECHNOLOGY?
- Science is the pursuit of knowledge
about the natural world through
systematic observation and
experiments. Through science, we
develop new technologies.
- Technology is the application of
scientifically gained knowledge for
practical purposes.
- Scientists use technology in all their
experiments.
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
1. Alter the way people live, connect,
communicate and transact, with
profound effects on economic
development.
2. Key drivers to development,
because technological and scientific
revolutions underpin economic
advances, improvements in health
systems, education and
infrastructure.
3. The technological revolutions of the
21st century are emerging from
entirely new sectors, based on
micro-processors,
tele-communications, bio-technology
and nano-technology. Products are
 transforming business practices
across the economy, as well as the
lives of all who have access to their
effects. The most remarkable
breakthroughs will come from the
interaction of insights and
applications arising when these
technologies converge.
4. Have the power to better the lives of
poor people in developing countries.
5. Differentiators between countries
that are able to tackle poverty
effectively by growing and
developing their economies, and
those that are not.
6. Engine of growth.
7. Interventions for cognitive
enhancement, proton cancer therapy
and genetic engineering.
SOCIETY
- The sum total of our interactions as
humans, including the interactions
that we engage in to figure things
out and to make things.
- A group of individuals involved in
persistent social interaction, or a
large social group sharing the same
geographical or social territory,
typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural
expectations.
WHAT DOES SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY MEAN?
- is the study of how society, politics,
and culture affect scientific research
and technological innovation, and
how these, in turn, affect society,
politics and culture.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
- STS is a relatively recent discipline,
originating in the 60s and 70s,
following Kuhn’s The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions (1962).
- STS was the result of a “sociological
turn” in science studies.
- STS makes the assumption that
science and technology are
essentially intertwined and that they
are each profoundly social and
profoundly Political Science and
Technology have had a major impact
on society, and their impact is
growing.
HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AFFECT SOCIETY
- By making life easier, science has
given man the chance to pursue
societal concerns such as ethics,
aesthetics, education, and justice; to
create cultures; and to improve
human conditions.
- Science influences society through
its knowledge and world view.
Scientific knowledge and the
procedures used by scientists
influence the way many individuals
in society think about themselves,
others, and the environment. The
effect of science on society is neither
entirely beneficial nor entirely
detrimental.
HOW SCIENCE CAN HAVE AN EFFECT
ON SOCIETY
- Science influences society through
its knowledge and world view.
Scientific knowledge and the
procedures used by scientists
influence the way many individuals
in society think about themselves,
others, and the environment.
- The effect of science on society is
neither entirely beneficial nor entirely
detrimental.
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY?
- The impact of science and
technology on society is evident.
But society also influences science.
- There are social influences on the
direction and emphasis of scientific
and technological development,
through pressure groups on specific
issues, and through generally
accepted social views, values and
priorities.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Science and technology in the
Philippines had experienced periods
of intense growth as well as long
periods of stagnation.
- The main managing agency
responsible for science and
technology is the Department of
Science and Technology.
- Numerous national scientists have
contributed in different fields of
science including Fe del Mundo in
the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo
 Quisumbing in the field of Plant
taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field
of tropical marine Phycology, Maria
Orosa in the field of Food technology
and many more.
PRE-SPANISH ERA
● Even before the colonization by the
Spaniards in the Philippine islands,
the natives of the archipelago
already had practices linked to
science and technology.
● Filipinos were already aware of the
medicinal and therapeutic properties
of plants and the methods of
extracting medicine from herbs.
● They already had an alphabet,
number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in
farming, shipbuilding, mining and
weaving.
● The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the sophisticated products of
engineering by preSpanish era
Filipinos.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
● The colonization of the Philippines
contributed to growth of science and
technology in the archipelago.
● The Spanish introduced formal
education and founded scientific
institutions.
● During the early years of Spanish
rule in the Philippines. Parish
schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic
and music was taught.
● Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was taught to
the natives.
● Later the Spanish established
colleges and universities in the
archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the
University of Santo Tomas.
● The Galleon Trade have accounted
in the Philippine colonial economy.
● Trade was given more focus by the
Spaniard colonial authorities due to
the prospects of big profits.
● Agriculture and industrial
development on the other hand were
relatively neglected.
● The opening of the Suez Canal saw
the influx of European visitors to the
Spanish colony and some,
● Filipinos were able to study in
Europe who were probably
influenced by the rapid development
of scientific ideals brought by the
Age of Enlightenment.
AMERICAN PERIOD
● The progress of science and
technology in the Philippines
continued under American rule of
the islands.
● On July 1, 1901 The Philippine
Commission established the
Bureau of Government Laboratories
which was placed under the
Department of Interior. The Bureau
replaced the Laboratorio
Municipal, which was established
under the Spanish colonial era.
The Bureau dealt with the study of
tropical diseases and laboratory
projects.
● On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of
Government Laboratories was
replaced by the Bureau of Science
and on December 8, 1933, the
National Research Council of the
Philippines was established.
● Science during the American period
was inclined towards agriculture,
food processing, forestry, medicine
and pharmacy. Not much focus was
given on the development of
industrial technology due to free
trade policy with the United States
which nurtured an economy geared
towards agriculture and trade.
● In 1946 the Bureau of Science was
replaced by the Institute of Science.
In a report by the US Economic
Survey to the Philippines in 1950,
there is a lack of basic information
which were necessities to the
country's industries, lack of support
of experimental work and minimal
budget for scientific research and
low salaries of scientists employed
by the government. In 1958, during
the regime of President Carlos P.
Garcia, the Philippine Congress
passed the Science Act of 1958
which established the National
Science Development.
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
● During the 1970s, which was under
the time of Ferdinand Marcos'
presidency, the importance given
to science grew.
● Under the 1973 Philippine
Constitution, Article XV, Section 1,
the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention
was acknowledged.
● In 1974, a science development
program was included in the
government's Four-Year
Development Plan which covers the
years 1974-1978.
● Funding for science was also
increased.[4] The National Science
Development Board was replaced by
the National Science and
Technology Authority under
Executive Order No. 784. A
Scientific Career in the civil service
was introduced in 1983.
● In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's
presidency, the National Science
and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of
Science and Technology, giving
science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
● Under the Medium Term Philippine
Development Plan for the years
1987-1992, science and
technology's role in economic
recovery and sustained economic
growth was highlighted.
● During Corazon Aquino's State of
the Nation Address in 1990, she
said that science and technology
development shall be one of the
top three priorities of the
government towards an economic
recovery.
● In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino
created the Presidential Task Force
for Science and Technology which
came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan or STMP.
The goal of STMP was for the
Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by
the year 2000.
● The Congress did not put much
priority in handling bills related to
science and technology. The Senate
Committee on Science and
Technology was one of the
committees that handles the least
amount of bills for deliberation.
● Former Science and Technology
secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported
that the budget allocation for science
and technology was increased to
1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from
the previous year's 464 million
pesos.
● However, due to the Asian financial
crisis, budget allocation for the years
1990 and 1991 were trimmed
down to 920 and 854 million
pesos respectively. Budget
allocation were increased to 1.7
billion pesos in 1992.
Early Human History and the Rise of
Agriculture
Prehistory - Before the invention of writing
History - Mark the invention of writing
- Have written records to work with
Why Prehistory is Difficult?
● They lack, by definition, any written
accounts to help us understand their
past.
● Much of the human story remains a
mystery because writing has existed
for only about 5,000years.
● Rely on different interpretations of a
prehistoric culture—can be filled with
the biases.
Anthropology—the study of human life and
culture.
Archaeology—the study of past societies
through analysis of what people left behind.
Discoveries related to Human Origins
● Louis & Mary Leakey
(1903-1972)—archaeologists who
began looking for early human
remains in East Africa, where they
found many tools, bones & other
artifacts.
● 1959, East Africa– Mary Leakey
finds skull fragments of a
HOMINID—human-like being that
walked upright
● 1960, Tanzania—Footprints were
found relating to advanced hominids
about 3 to 5 million years ago
● 1974, Ethiopia—Donald Johanson
finds “Lucy” First Australopithecus
afarensis or "Southern Ape”—a
four-foot tall hominid that lived 4 to 5
million years ago
● Homo habilis—“ Handy man”
+ Appeared in Africa about
2.4M years ago
+ Used crude stone tools for
chopping and scraping
+ Brain is half the size of
modern human
 ● Homo erectus—“Upright human”
+ Existed from 1.8 million to
100,000 years ago
+ Arms and legs are of modern
human proportions
+ First hominid to leave Africa
+ First hominid to control fire
● Homo sapiens
+ Emerged around 200, 000
years ago
+ Rapid brain growth
+ Mastered use of fire
+ First to develop language
+ Divided into two:
1. Homo sapiens
neanderthalensis
2. Homo sapiens sapiens
● Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
+ Also called Neanderthals
+ Lived between 100,000 BC
to 30,000 BC
+ Found in Germany, Europe
and Turkey
+ Made use of stone tools
+ Clothes from animal skin
+ First early people to bury
their dead
+ Belief in afterlife
● Homo sapiens sapiens
+ “Wise wise human”
+ Appeared in Africa 150,000
to 200, 000 years ago
+ Spread out of Africa about
100, 000 years ago
+ “Out-of-Africa theory”
+ 30, 000 BC, H. sapiens
sapiens replaced
Neanderthals
+ Better hunters
+ Paintings on cave walls
Spreading Around the World
● The Ice Ages
+ Began 1.6 M years ago with
long periods of freezing
weather cycled with warmer
periods.
+ Asia and North America were
joined at Bering Strait.
● Climate and Migration
+ Hominids started moving out
of Africa, primarily through
the land bridges during the
cold cycles.
+ Homo erectus—first hominid
to migrate, followed by Homo
sapiens.
+ Two groups of Homo sapiens
migrated: Neanderthals and
Cro-Magnons (Upper
Paleolithic Period).
LIFE IN THE STONE AGE
● First humans lived during the Stone
Age , when people made use of
tools mainly from stone.
● Divided into three eras: Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic.
PALEOLITHIC ERA
● Old Stone Age 2.5M years to 10,
000 years ago
● Hunting and Gathering
● Nomadic
● Sheltered under rock overhangs or
in caves.
● Technolgy
+ Tools: crude chipped stones
+ Later tools: wood and bones
+ Spears for hunting
+ Net and traps for fish and
birds
+ Clothing from animal skin
● Art and Religion
+ Societies began to form
+ Common cultures
+ Language
+ Art
+ Religion
+ Animism
+ Belief in afterlife
MESOLITHIC ERA
● Between upper Paleolithic and
Neolithic eras
● 2.5M years to 10, 000 years ago
● Hunting and Gathering
● Nomadic
● Domestication of dogs
NEOLITHIC ERA
● New Stone Age
● Around 10,000 to 4, 000 BC
● Agriculture and Settlement
Communities
● Domestication of livestock
(cattle, goat, sheep, pigs)
● Keeps food supply in one place
Hunter – Gatherers (10,000 BC)
● Obtain food by collecting plants and
hunting wild animals.
● Effects on the environment were
limited.
● Hunting of some animal species.
● Picked up and spread plants/seeds
to new areas.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
● The development of agriculture
(10,000 ya) radically changed how
people live. This shift to farming is
referred to as the Neolithic
Revolution
WHAT CAUSED AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION?
1. Necessity, resource scarcity, climate
change, animal migration.
2. Population pressure supply vs.
numbers.
Agricultural Revolution (7000 – 6000 BC)
● Humans first developed the process
of breeding, growing, and harvesting
plants for food as well as animal
domestication.
● Effects on the environment:
+ Human population grew
more quickly.
+ Natural habitats (grasslands,
forests) replaced by farmland
and villages.
+ New breeds of animals and
plants were created.
Agriculture changes Society
● Agriculture dramatically changed the
Stone Age- more food.
● Some people began to live as
nomadic pastoralist.
● Other gave up the nomadic lifestyle
and formed settlements.
● EARLY FARMING SOCIETY:
+ Small settlements
+ Villages and towns
+ Increase in trade
+ Societies become more
complex
+ Social status/ authority
+ Religion, megaliths
+ Warfare, disease increased
● NEW TECHNOLOGIES:
+ New tools and methods
+ Animal working in fields
+ Grindstones, pestles and
pottery
+ Wool from sheep for yarn
+ Spinning and weaving
Emergence of Agriculture-Based Urban
Societies
● Using domesticated animals to haul
loads and do other tasks increased
average energy use per person.
● Population increased, mostly
because of a larger, more reliable
supply of food.
● People controlled and shaped more
of Earth’s surface to meet their
needs by clearing increasingly larger
areas of land and by building
irrigation systems to transfer water
from one place to another.
● People began accumulating goods.
By necessity, nomadic
hunter-gatherers had to travel with
few possessions, but farmers living
in one place could accumulate as
much as they could afford.
● Urbanization – formation of villages,
towns and cities.
● Specialized occupations and
long-distances trade developed
● Conflict increased as ownership of
land and water became a valuable
economic resource and as human
numbers grew and societies
confronted one another.
● Competition between people for
land, water and power led
male-dominated societies still in
existence today.
● The war against the rest of nature
began.
Industrial Revolution (1800s)
● Shift in the source of energy to fossil
fuels
● Effects on the environment:
+ More efficient farming
+ Faster human population
growth.
+ Increased burning of fossil
fuels.
+ Introduced synthetic plastics,
fertilizers, pesticides.
+ Higher amounts of pollution.
Advanced Industrial Societies
● After World War I (1914-1918).
● Greatly increased production and
consumption of goods, stimulated by
mass advertising to create artificial
wants (consumer society) and
encourage economic growth and the
creation of more jobs.
 ● Greatly increased dependence on
nonrenewable resources (oil, natural
gas, etc).
● Shift from natural materials to
synthetic materials.
● Sharp rise in the amount of energy
used per capita for transportation,
manufacturing, agriculture, lighting
and heating and cooling.
Chapter 4
Middle Ages
● the medieval period of European
history between (500 A.D to 1500
A.D) the fall of the Roman Empire
and the beginning of the
Renaissance a.k.a. Dark Ages or
Age of Faith.
Life in the Middle Ages
● massive invasions and migrations.
● wars were prevalent during this
time—population declined.
● great technology—in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food
and farm production and health.
● trade and commerce among nations
increased—great demands for
transportation technology.
● Great Cathedrals and Castles were
built.
● The Catholic Church became the
most dominant and powerful
institution in Europe.
● Charlemagne—Holy Roman
Emperor in 800 CE.
● maneuvered military expeditions to
Jerusalem—Crusades.
● Feudal System:
+ provided order and stability
+ consisted of kings, lords,
knights, vassals, and
peasants.
+ the king granted vast
lands—fiefs to noblemen and
bishops in return for their
services.
+ landowners needed peasants
to plant and harvest their
lands—allowed to live on the
land with protection from
local lords in case of
invasion.
● Manor
+ a self-sufficient agricultural
estate run by a lord and
worked by peasants and
serfs.
+ consisted of the Castle, the
Church, the Village, and the
surrounding Farm Land
● Vassals
+ tenants who were a higher
class than peasants.
+ required to serve guard duty
and later paid a fee for their
service (soldiers-for-hire).
● Peasants
+ "serfs" or "villeins "
+ provided the Lord with labor
or a share of the livestock
yielded from his lands in
exchange for protection, land
to work and a place to live.
Two Major Events
● The Black Death
+ Between 1347 -1350
+ Bubonic plague— caused by
fleas on rats which killed at
least one third of people in
Europe.
● Hundred Years War
+ 1337-1453
+ conflict between England and
France.
+ King Edward III of England
claimed that he was the
rightful monarch of France.
Population Growth in the Middle Ages
+ 9th century—population
began rising.
+ no plague or significant
famine throughout this
period.
+ a period of warm, dry climate
through much of Europe.
+ Favored agriculture—more
food source.
Technology in the Middle Ages
+ fairly rich in technological
innovation.
+ cereal production
+ clearest indicator of medieval
technology.
+ application and connection to
the population increase.
+ Greater use of horses as
draft animals:
 + Horse collar—allowed more + Environment-friendly light
horse pulling power, such as source that runs on saltwater.
with heavy plows. + Invented by Aisa Mojeno.
+ Horseshoes—adapt to rocky
terrain, mountains and carry GOODLUCK CHINGU!
heavier loads.
+ The Three Field System:
+ method of crop rotation
+ divided into 3 fields: (Fallow
(unplanted) Spring crop
Winter crop).
+ War weapons

Technology in the Late Middle Ages

● The Gutenberg Press by Johannes
Gutenberg.
● Microscope by Zacharias Janssen.
● Telescope by Galileo Galilei.

Chapter 5

Modern Times/Period
● 19th to 20th centuries.
● Booming world
populations—demand more
production of goods at faster rates.
● Efficient means of transportation and
communication.
● Development of industries.

Modern technology
● Pasteurization
+ Process of heating dairy
products to kill the harmful
bacteria that caused
spoilage.
+ Louis Pasteur.
● Telephone
+ Allows faster and easy
communication.
+ Alexander Graham Bell.

Philippine Inventions
● Developing country.
● Contributes to the global
advancement of science and
technology.
● Most vulnerable country in term of
natural disasters.
● Built from indigenous materials.
● Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
+ Can cross flooded streets,
rivers and lakes.
+ Invented by D. Chung, L.
Armada, V. Llave.
● SALt Lamp
+ Sustainable Alternative
Lighting lamp