mathematics
Review
Mathematical Models for Typhoid Disease Transmission:
A Systematic Literature Review
Sanubari Tansah Tresna 1 , Subiyanto 2
Citation: Tresna, S.T.; Subiyanto;
Supian, S. Mathematical Models for
Typhoid Disease Transmission: A
Systematic Literature Review.
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506. https://
doi.org/10.3390/math10142506
Academic Editors: Sophia Jang and
Giancarlo Consolo
Received: 13 June 2022
Accepted: 18 July 2022
Published: 19 July 2022
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Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10142506
and Sudradjat Supian 3, *
1 Magister Program of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Jawa Barat 45363, Indonesia; sanubari18001@mail.unpad.ac.id
2 Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Jawa Barat 45363, Indonesia; subiyanto@unpad.ac.id
3 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Jawa Barat 45363, Indonesia
* Correspondence: sudradjat@unpad.ac.id
Abstract: Explaining all published articles on the typhoid disease transmission model was carried
out. It has been conducted to understand how Salmonella is transmitted among humans and vectors
with variation interventions to control the spread of the typhoid disease. Specific objectives were to
(1) identify the model developed, (2) describe the studies, and (3) identify the interventions of the
model. It systemically searched and reviewed Dimension, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases from
2013 through to 2022 for articles that studied the spread of typhoid fever through a compartmental
mathematical model. This study obtained 111 unique articles from three databases, resulting in
23 articles corresponding to the created terms. All the articles were elaborated on to identify their
identities for more explanation. Various interventions were considered in the model of each article,
are identified, and then summarized to find out the opportunities for model development in future
works. The whole article’s content was identified and outlined regarding how mathematics plays a
role in model analysis and study of typhoid disease spread with various interventions. The study of
mathematical modeling for typhoid disease transmission can be developed on analysis and creating
the model with direct and indirect interventions to the human population for further work.
Keywords: infectious disease; transmission model; Salmonella Typhi; systematics review; typhoid fever
MSC: 92B10; 92-10
1. Introduction
Typhoid disease is a fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica, serotype Typhi
(Salmonella Typhi), which may be transmitted systematically through water or food contam-
inated by predominantly infected human feces [1,2]. Typhoid fever is endemic in many
developing countries, and despite recent interventions in sanitation coverage, the disease
remains a significant public health problem [3]. The disease is estimated to cause between
9.9 and 14.7 million infection cases and between 75,000 and 208,000 deaths annually [4].
In developing countries, the public health goal of preventing and controlling typhoid
disease through sanitation and adequate medical care is challenging. Besides that, delays in
diagnosis and treatment occur due to barriers to medical care, such as difficulty accessing
medical facilities caused by delayed referral, the distance to hospital, and the cost of getting
healthcare [5–7].
Studies of typhoid disease transmission are important because a public health emer-
gency occurs frequently. Therefore, this topic should be attracted by the researchers to
control and prevent the endemic of the disease. Disease transmission is a phenomenon
in which the virus or bacteria that causes disease is transmitted or spread from infected
individuals to susceptible individuals. In the case of typhoid, the disease is caused by
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 2 of 12

the transmission of the bacteria Salmonella Typhi to susceptible humans through direct
transmission (human to human) and indirect transmission (environment to human) [8].
The accurate diagnosis at the right time and treatment of typhoid disease in the com-
munity is needed to prevent hospitalization complications [9]. Prevention of this disease
through improving sanitation and accessibility to safe water and food remains critical but
requires significant things for a long time [1,10]. Health education is an alternative way
to increase public awareness and induce healthy behavioral changes [3]. To reduce the
risk of typhoid disease, the vaccine is an effort to prevent the infection of typhoid disease,
but this remains a contemporary policy problem for public health stakeholders who may
be considered a counterpart to other anti-typhoid measures such as improvements to
sanitation and health education [11].
A mathematical model is a powerful approach to learning how the disease spreads
among humans. This approach may test and compare different disease interventions as a
strategy to prevent and control the disease. This capability is critical for conducting field
trials in a world of limited resources, such as logistics and finances [12]. Mathematical
models help us to understand the transmission dynamics quantitatively and allow us to
check hypotheses to understand their importance [13]. Interpreting a mathematical model
for an infectious disease requires some assumptions about the spreading infection mecha-
nism [14]. The basic compartmental mathematical models to describe the spread of disease
are introduced [15–17]. The latest mathematical models have involved some factors in the
typhoid disease spread, such as treatment in an effort on the infected population [18,19]
and the existence of flies as a disease carrier vector that spreads the bacteria Salmonella
on food [20]. Moreover, some researchers developed a non-autonomous mathematical
model [8,21] to study typhoid transmission by considering the effect of seasonal conditions
and some time-dependent parameters.
The origin of a mathematical model for typhoid disease could be related to Branko
Cvjetanović, an assistant professor at the Zagreb School of Medicine, who implemented the
medical trial of the first typhoid vaccine that was funded by the US Public Health Service
and WHO in the 1950s [22]. He was involved in research about the vaccines for diphtheria,
pertussis, tetanus, cholera, and typhoid. In the 1973s, Cvjetanović noted that no controlled
trials had been run to demonstrate the extent to which typhoid transmission can control
the spread through various sanitation strategies. However, testing the impact of sanitation
in preventing cholera can be done by interpolation. It can be used to estimate the effect of
sanitation in the control of the enteric disease [22]. Then, Cvjetanović, Grab, and Uemura
published the first mathematical model for typhoid transmission in the 1971s.
The typhoid disease transmission models from articles are studied in this review paper.
We process the dataset of articles collected using the PRISMA method to select the suitable
article for each step. We recap and gain meaningful insights about the disease spread, factors
to be considered, and the result. The development of the typhoid disease transmission
model focuses on assumptions and lessons that may be learned and considered for future
work. Then, bibliometric analysis was performed to show how a word connected to the
other and represents the level of relevance of words. Finally, a conclusion is carried out to
explain the complete result of the articles conducted on the development of the typhoid
disease transmission model.

2. Materials and Methods

This section describes the process of this research: namely, the PRISMA method and
bibliometric analysis.

2.1. The PRISMA Method

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analyses or PRISMA
method is a procedure for resulting articles that need to study through some selection
process. This method is an analysis carried out to identify article elements contained in a
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 3 of 12

database [23,24]. It reviews straightforward research questions used to gain insight into the
research topic by identifying, selecting, and critically assessing relevant research.
Articles were searched on Dimensions.ai, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases by
using the Publish or Perish software. In the search of Dimensions.ai, ScienceDirect, and
Scopus data sources, the keywords entered were the same, in the form of “Mathematical
Model” AND (“Typhoid” OR “Typhoid Fever”). The maximum number of results selected
was 1,000 and the publishing year ranged from 2013 to 2022. By using references from the
last 10 years, we go an overview of the latest research developments in this field. We also
limited our research to only articles in the form of journals and proceedings. Besides that,
only articles in English and published as final peer-reviews were considered in the analysis.
We got 21 articles from Dimensions.ai, 49 articles from Science Direct, and 59 articles
from Scopus.
The selection process was divided into two-steps, which was a semi-automatic and
manual selection. First, the semi-automatic selection was processed to check if there
were duplicate articles on the ScienceDirect and Dimension databases to Scopus. This
process aimed to remove the same articles. We used the JabRef application to check
duplicate documents. The Scopus database was referenced to examine duplicates in
Dimensions.ai and ScienceDirect databases. Through this process, 4 ScienceDirect articles
and 14 Dimensions articles were found as a duplicate of Scopus articles. We obtained
111 unique articles after combining the results from three databases without redundant
articles. Next, the manual selection was a process to result in the possible articles for
comprehensive understanding. This process was divided into three steps that examined the
relevance of the abstract, title, and keywords. Then, the accessibility of the article through
the internet and the relevance of the whole article to our research goal were checked.
The selection of the abstract, title, and keywords articles that are relevant to the
terms we set resulted in 51 out of 111 articles. Next, we performed manual filtering
by reading the full text. We comprehensively studied all the 51 articles to understand
and select the relevant paper with our criterion. Articles were included as compatible
papers for massive understanding if they contained a compartmental model, especially
deterministic approaches using ordinary differential equations system to represent the
spread of the typhoid disease. A compartmental is a technique used to divide a population
into subpopulations denoted by a symbol that usually means the definition of the group
Mathematics 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 13
condition. We obtained 23 articles that fitted the terms for massive understanding. The
selection process is shown in Figure 1.

Figure1.1. The
Figure The flowchart
flowchartof
ofthe
theselection
selectionprocess.
process.

Figure 1 shows that some articles were excluded due to relevance to title and abstract.
In case the papers have the relevance to title and abstract selection, we explain more in-
formation about why that article was excluded. First, the whole articles that passed the
relevance on title and abstract selection were read thoroughly to determine the relevance
of the paper content to the core topic to be discussed. In this selection process, we found
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 4 of 12

Figure 1 shows that some articles were excluded due to relevance to title and abstract.
In case the papers have the relevance to title and abstract selection, we explain more
information about why that article was excluded. First, the whole articles that passed the
relevance on title and abstract selection were read thoroughly to determine the relevance
of the paper content to the core topic to be discussed. In this selection process, we found
that some articles did not contain the content that we were looking for. The references
in [25–28] study typhoid disease using the fractional differential system to represent the
transmission of the disease. Another article in [29] studies typhoid disease transmission by
considering the spatial data factor in the model. Article in [30] studies the typhoid disease
case based on data with machine learning and does not explain a model that represents the
transmission of the disease. The other articles were excluded caused by studying the data
and did not contain the transmission model as a core topic is in [31,32]. Articles in [31–34]
explained the case of typhoid disease using more statistical method approaches and did
not develop a transmission model to study the pattern of the disease spread. Although
some articles in [35–38] contained a differential equation system or transmission model, it
remains excluded because the authors do not discuss the typhoid disease phenomenon.
Finally, we obtained a total of 23 articles after the selection process.
In the 23 articles passed, all the selection processes obtained are explored to elaborate
on the authors, years of studies, the model structure, the model histories, and the result of
the research. First, we track the model history to gain insights into the development of the
model. Next, we explain the model structure to inform factors involved in the model and
the author’s perspective concerning the health sciences. Finally, we summarize the results
of the articles to share the findings and prospective model for future work.

2.2. Bibliometric Analsysis

The bibliometric analysis is performed for 111 articles in the dataset. This analysis
technique is frequently used for literature analysis to obtain bibliographic views of the
published scientific reports. The analysis can cover a list of authors, keywords, national or
subject bibliographies, or other specialized subject patterns [39]. We obtained the result
of bibliometric analysis using the VOSViewer application. The VOSviewer is a computer
program that can be used to get the map of bibliometric analysis results [40].

3. Results and Discussion

In this section, we performed the result of the bibliometric analysis by the network
visualization and the systematic literature review using the PRISMA method.

3.1. Bibliometric Analysis Results

The results of the bibliometric analysis were performed for two datasets, namely
Dataset 1 and Dataset 2. Dataset 1 contained the whole article selected due to a duplicate
selection process, while Dataset 2 contained the article that passed the relevance on abstract
and keywords selection.

3.1.1. Visualization of the Occurrence–Word Relation in Dataset 1

We searched for the frequent words that appeared in all articles to obtain an occurrence–
word analysis in Dataset 1. This dataset contains the whole article collected based on the
title, keywords, and abstract only. The VOSviewer application has a support feature to
conduct an appraisal of the occurrence–word relation from the menu. We set the minimum
number of occurrences of a word in an article at eight times. Hence, VOSviewer resulted in
32 words, and only 19 words passed the threshold, which is selected as the word that has
60% most relevant terms. The words that passed the threshold are divided into two clusters
representing the relevance group between the words collected. The results show that
the most frequent words appearing in Dataset 1 are “disease”, “case”, and “vaccine”,
which appeared 30, 22, and 20 times, respectively, while the “salmonella” only occurred
eight times in the dataset. Then, the most relevant words to the Dataset 1 were “basic
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 5 of 12

reproduction number”, “spread”, and “year”, which have scores of 3.36, 1.65, and 1.59,
respectively, while the “salmonella” is only in rank eight with a relevance score at 1.07. The
occurrence–word network visualization is shown in Figure 2. For example, we observe
the line with one color that linked two words representing a connection in one cluster.
In contrast, the line with gradation color that related two words represents a connection
Mathematics 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13
between words in a different cluster. In case the words “basic reproduction number” and
“vaccine” are in other clusters, they describe an indirect connection between them.

Figure 2.
Figure 2. Network
Network visualization
visualization of
of the
the occurrence–word
occurrence–word relation
relationfor
forDataset
Dataset1.1.

3.1.2.
3.1.2. Visualization
Visualization of of the
the Occurrence–Word
Occurrence–WordRelation Relationin inDataset
Dataset22
We
Wesearched
searchedforforthe
thefrequent
frequentwords
wordsthatthat
appeared
appeared in all
inarticles to obtain
all articles an occurrence–
to obtain an occur-
word analysis in Dataset 2. This dataset contains the whole article
rence–word analysis in Dataset 2. This dataset contains the whole article collected collected based on the
based
title, keywords, and abstract only. The VOSviewer application has a
on the title, keywords, and abstract only. The VOSviewer application has a support featuresupport feature to
conduct an appraisal of the occurrence–word relation from the menu.
to conduct an appraisal of the occurrence–word relation from the menu. We set the mini-We set the minimum
number
mum number of occurrences of a word
of occurrences of a in an article
word at eight
in an article attimes. VOSviewer
Hence,Hence,
eight times. resulted
VOSviewer re-
in eight words, and only five words passed the threshold, which is selected
sulted in eight words, and only five words passed the threshold, which is selected as the as the word
that
wordhas 60%
that hasmost relevant
60% most terms.
relevant The words
terms. The wordsthat that
passed the the
passed threshold areare
threshold clustered
clusteredat
one. It represents that the whole words that passed the threshold have a
at one. It represents that the whole words that passed the threshold have a strong connec- strong connection
between
tion betweenthem. TheThe
them. results show
results showthat thethe
that words
wordsappearing
appearingininDataset
Dataset22 are
are “model”,
“model”,
“study”, “mathematical model”, “typhoid fever”, and “salmonella”,
“study”, “mathematical model”, “typhoid fever”, and “salmonella”, which appeared which appeared 26, 26,
20,
18, 15, and 8 times. Then, the relevant word to Dataset 2 is “salmonella”, “mathematical
20, 18, 15, and 8 times. Then, the relevant word to Dataset 2 is “salmonella”, “mathematical
model”, “model”, “study”, and “typhoid fever”, which has a score of 1.46, 1.10, 0.91, 0.88,
model”, “model”, “study”, and “typhoid fever”, which has a score of 1.46, 1.10, 0.91, 0.88,
and 0.64, respectively. The occurrence–word network visualization is shown in Figure 3.
and 0.64, respectively. The occurrence–word network visualization is shown in Figure 3.
Here, we observe that the bold color line represents the level of connection between
Here, we observe that the bold color line represents the level of connection between two
two words.
words.
Mathematics 2022,
Mathematics 10,10,
2022, 2506
x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 613of 12

Figure3.3.Network
Figure Networkvisualization
visualization of the
the occurrence-word
occurrence-wordrelation
relationfor
forDataset
Dataset2. 2.

3.2.
3.2.Systematic
SystematicLiterature
Literature Review Results
Review Results
The
Thefirst
firstarticle
articlefor
forthe
thetyphoid
typhoidtransmission
transmissionmodelmodeldivided
dividedthethehuman
humanpopulation
populationinto
nine
intogroups and considered
nine groups and considered twenty-three factors
twenty-three in theinspread
factors of theofdisease
the spread [41]. [41].
the disease Hence,
nine compartments
Hence, were developed
nine compartments using ausing
were developed differential equation
a differential system
equation with twenty-
system with
three parameters.
twenty-three The first
parameters. Thecontrol parameter
first control of this
parameter model
of this was
model thethe
was force
forceofofinfection,
infec-
which represents
tion, which several
represents epidemiological
several parameters
epidemiological parameters[13].[13].
In addition,
In addition, thisthis
model
model uses
uses anti-typhoid
anti-typhoid immunization
immunization and and sanitation
sanitation programs
programs to to controlthe
control thepotential
potential spread
spread of
of disease.
the the disease. Besides
Besides that,
that, thetheauthors
authorshave
have used
used the
the model
modeltotoevaluate
evaluate the impact
the impactof the
of the
intervention and its cost-effectiveness.
intervention and its cost-effectiveness.
Thefourteen
The fourteen articles
articles were more more explained
explainedbecause
becausetheytheycontained
contained a compartmental
a compartmental
model developed in a differential equations system. We explore
model developed in a differential equations system. We explore all the papers all the papers identified,
identified,
includingthe
including theauthors,
authors, published
published year,year,cited
citedby,
by,compartment
compartment notation,
notation,typetypeof data used,
of data used,
andwhether
and whether they
they were
wereanalyzed
analyzed mathematically
mathematically (see(see
TableTable
1). The
1).notation for eachfor
The notation com-each
partment is explained
compartment is explainedin Table 2. The2.aim
in Table Theisaim
to introduce the whole
is to introduce thearticle
wholeand gainand
article some gain
basic information for further exploration.
some basic information for further exploration.
Table 1. Identification on Articles.
Table 1. Identification on Articles.
Analyzed
(Name, Year) Cited Compartments Data Type Citation Number
Analyzed Citation Interventions
(Name, Year) Cited Compartments Mathematically
Data Type Interventions
Mathematically Number
Clean Water,
Clean Water,
Sanitation
(Edward, 2017) 7 𝑆, 𝐼, 𝐼 , 𝐵, 𝑅, 𝑁 Secondary Yes [3] Sanitation
(Edward, 2017) 7 S, I, Ic , B, R, N Secondary Yes [3] Vaccination, and and
Vaccination,
Treatment.
Treatment.
(Karunditu
(Karunditu et al.,
et al., 2019)
2019) 12 12 𝑆, S,
𝐸,E, 𝐼, 𝑅
I, R Secondary
Secondary Yes Yes [42] [42] - -
(Mushanyu et al., 2018) 12 𝑆, 𝐼, 𝐶, 𝑇, 𝑅, 𝐵 Secondary Yes [43] Treatment.
(Mushanyu et al., 2018) 12 S, I, C, T, R, B Secondary Yes [43] Treatment.
(Mushayabasa et al., 2013) 4 𝑆, 𝐼 , 𝐼, 𝐼 , 𝐼 Secondary Yes [44] -
(Mushayabasa
(Nyaberi andetMusaili,
al., 2013)2021) 4 3 S, I , I, I
𝑆, 𝐼,c 𝑅, 𝐵cr r , I Secondary
Secondary Yes Yes [18] [44] Treatment. -
(Nyaberi and Musaili, 2021) 3 𝑆 , 𝐼 , 𝐼S, I,, 𝐼R,,B𝐼 , 𝐼 Secondary Yes [18] Treatment.
(Oluwafemi et al., 2020) 1 Secondary Yes [45] -
𝐼 , 𝑅, 𝑆 , 𝐼
S ,I ,I ,I ,I ,I ,I , , 𝐼 , 𝑊
h hm hd ht md mt dt
(Oluwafemi et al., 2020) 1 Secondary Yes [45] -
Imdt , R, Sv , Ivm , Ivd , W
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 7 of 12

Table 1. Cont.

Analyzed Citation
(Name, Year) Cited Compartments Data Type Interventions
Mathematically Number
(Peter et al., 2020) 5 S, Ic , I, R Secondary Yes [46] -
Treatment, and
(Mondal, 2018) - S, I, C, R, M Secondary Yes [47] Media
Awareness.
Educational
Campaign,
Sanitation, and
(Peter et al., 2021) 4 S, Ic , I, R, W Secondary Yes [19]
Combined
Educational and
Sanitation.
Primer and
(Pitzer et al., 2014) 103 S1 , S2 , I1 , I2 , C, R, W No [48] Vaccination.
Secondary
Primer and
(Pitzer et al., 2015) 55 S1 , S2 , I1 , I2 , C, R, W, X No [10] -
Secondary
(Shukla et al., 2014) 7 X, Y, R, Ci , C, B Secondary Yes [49] -
(Side et al., 2021) 1 S h , Eh , Ih , R h , S F , I F , S L , I L Secondary Yes [20] Screening.
Prevention,
(Tilahun et al., 2017) 70 S, C, I, R, Bc Secondary Yes [50] Screening, and
Treatment.
(Irena et al., 2021) - S, IH , IT , IHT , I A , I AT , R, B Secondary Yes [51] Vaccination.
(Akinyi et al., 2015) 8 S H , I M , IT , Id, I MT , IC , S V , IV Secondary Yes [52] -
Prevention,
Treatment, and
(Tilahun et al., 2018) 39 S, IP , IT , ITP , R P , R T , R TP , B Secondary Yes [53]
Mass Cleaning of
Environments.
(Musa et al., 2021) 1 S, I, C, R, B, A Secondary Yes [54] Education.
(Matsebula et al., 2021) - S, I, R, B Secondary Yes [8] -
Vaccination,
(Abboubakar et al., 2021) 6 S, V, E, C, I, R Secondary Yes [55] Sanitation, and
Treatment.
(Mutua et al., 2015) 52 S, I, C, R, B Secondary Yes [56] -
Detection and
(Mushayabasa, 2016) 22 S, E, I, Ic , Q, R Secondary Yes [57]
Treatment.
(Irena et al., 2021) 2 S, I1 , I2 , C1 , C2 , B1 , B2 Secondary Yes [21] -

Table 2. Notations Description.

Notations Description Additional

X, S Susceptible population. -
Sh , S H Susceptible human. -
S v SV Susceptible vector. -
SF Susceptible food. -
SL Susceptible flies. -
Fully susceptible is a subpopulation that has never gotten
S1 Fully susceptible.
infected yet.
Partially susceptible is a subpopulation that is possible to get
S2 Partially susceptible.
reinfection.
E or Eh Exposed population. Infected but not yet infectious.
I Infected population. -
Asymptotically infected is a subpopulation that has no
Ic Asymptomatically infected.
symptoms despite being infected.
Icr Carrier infected.
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 8 of 12

Table 2. Cont.

Notations Description Additional

Drug-resistant infection is a subpopulation that cannot be
Ir Drug-resistant infected.
cured through drug consumption.
Carriers of the typhoid bacteria who do not show the typhoid
IC -
symptoms.
Id Infected with typhoid but are misdiagnosed for malaria. -
Ihm , I M Malaria-infected human. -
Ihd Dengue-infected human. -
Iht , IT Human-typhoid infected. -
Imd Malaria and dengue-infected human. -
Imt , I MT Malaria and typhoid-infected human. -
Idt Dengue and typhoid-infected human. -
Imdt Malaria, dengue, and typhoid-infected human. -
IH HIV-infected human. -
IHT HIV and typhoid-infected human. -
IA AIDS-infected human. -
I AT AIDS and typhoid-infected human. -
IP Pneumonia-infected human. -
ITP Typhoid and pneumonia-infected human. -
Ivm Malaria-infected vector. -
Ivd Dengue-infected vector. -
IF Infected food. -
IL Infected flies. -
Primary infected is a subpopulation that is infected for the
I1 Primary infected.
first.
Short-term infected whose infectivity is not as long as the
I2 Partially infected.
infection period.
C Carrier population. -
C1 Asymptomatic infectious carriers with a sensitive strain. -
C2 Asymptomatic infectious carriers with a resistant strain -
Fraction of carrier is a subpopulation of carrier population
Ci Fraction of carrier.
that has some special characteristics.
R Recovered. -
The population that recovered from pneumonia but still
RP Recovered from pneumonia.
infected by the typhoid.
The population that recovered from typhoid but still infected
RT Recovered from typhoid.
by pneumonia.
R PT Recovered from pneumonia and typhoid. -
W, B; Bc , B1 , B2 Bacteria. -
V Vaccinated population. -
A Density of public health education. -
The population of humans, bacteria, and food/water,
N Total of each population.
respectively.

The identities of 23 articles have been elaborated on, and the information needed for
further work has been obtained. The work published by [48] is the most referenced article,
with 103 times cited, while the research done by [8,47,51] is an article that has not been
used as a reference at all. The report by [45] developed a mathematical model describing
the phenomenon of three contagious diseases, including dengue, malaria, and typhoid,
resulting in 13 compartments. It is the article that has the most compartments and looks so
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 9 of 12

complicated. In the last ten years, authors in [10,48] have been the most active researchers
who focused on developing a mathematical model for typhoid disease.
A mathematical model in every article was analyzed and simulated by some math-
ematical theory. After reading all the selected entries, we found 21 of 23 pieces were
analyzed mathematically. The analysis of the model aims to obtain the positivity and
boundedness of the solution, the disease-free equilibrium point, the disease equilibrium
point, and their local stability, as well as global stability [46]. The other analysis, such
as backward bifurcation [43,45,51–53] and forward trans-critical bifurcation in [50] was
carried out in their articles. The optimal control theory was used to analyze the optimal
control condition considering the control cost [19,50,55,57]. Although the model in [10,48]
is not analyzed mathematically, this article has an advantage: using primer data to obtain
the numerical result and simulate it through graphical population dynamics. While the
other article only uses secondary data to get a population dynamics simulation.
The mathematical model for typhoid disease was developed by considering various
interventions to control the disease and reduce infection risk. The intervention used most
in controlling the disease is treatment [3,18,43,47,50,53,55,57]. Based on some research,
treatment is confirmed as the best intervention in controlling the spread of typhoid disease.
The focus of this intervention is to treat the infected population to stop the spread of
the disease directly. However, treatment cannot prevent the spread of the disease, while
preventive action is more critical to reduce the risk of infection. Some published articles
by [3,19,50,55] use sanitation as an intervention to prevent outbreaks of typhoid disease. It
is an act to suppress the population of vectors, both insects and bacteria, through concern
for the cleanliness of the environment, food, and water.
The safety of the human population is the highest concern in studying the phenomenon
of typhoid disease. It has caused some researchers to focus on developing a model that
directly considers the preventive action on the human population. Vaccination is an
action of planting weakened germs into a human’s body through scratching or injecting a
needle so that the person becomes immune to the disease infection. This preventive action
effectively reduces the risk of being infected in the human population [3,48]. Moreover,
the authors [48] confirmed that an aggressive vaccination in 9-month, 6-year, and 12-year
olds could reduce >85% the cases of typhoid by an 80% coverage. However, it is still
not able to eliminate the disease. The other preventive action that some researchers have
considered is an educational campaign [19] and media coverage [47]. This is deemed able to
help increase public awareness to keep the environment, food, and water clean to prevent
typhoid infection. The health check-up and screening is one of the actions that should not
be ignored in the early detection of typhoid infection [20,50,57].
All the articles were elaborated on to get the articles’ identities and explained to
understand the studies better. Based on 103 times cited, several articles with more cita-
tions than others confirmed that the findings of its investigations were helpful for further
works or even applying to the actual condition. The model in each article was studied
mathematically to obtain its behavior analytically and numerically. Various interventions
were considered in the model to control the disease and analyze the system’s behavior. It
includes controlling and preventing human and vector infection in the system both directly
and indirectly.

4. Conclusions
In this article, a systematic literature review to study the development of a mathemati-
cal model for typhoid disease transmission has been carried out. We accessed Dimensions,
ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases to collect the articles, resulting in 111 unique articles.
There are 23 selected papers that correspond to the terms in this research, such as those
published articles between 2013 and 2022 and studies with a compartmental-based de-
terministic model for spreading typhoid disease. Mostly, the collected articles contained
a mathematical analysis, including the model’s stability and optimal control theory, and
used secondary data to simulate the scenarios of population dynamics. The interventions
Mathematics 2022, 10, 2506 10 of 12

that considered the model of each article were elaborated in Table 1. The study of mathe-
matical models for typhoid disease transmission can be developed for further work based
on the exploration and explanation. Further research can be developed by considering
other analyses such as a sensitivity analysis to determine the most influential parameters,
more global stability, more bifurcation methods, more applied optimal control theories, etc.
Moreover, the isolation for an infected human, limiting the contact rate between infected
humans and susceptible humans, ensured the health of the food and water consumed, and
other interventions can be considered in the model in future studies.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.T.T.; methodology, S.T.T. and S.; software, S.T.T. and
S.; formal analysis, S.T.T.; investigation, S.T.T.; resources, S.T.T.; writing—original draft preparation,
S.T.T. and S.S.; writing—review and editing, S.T.T., S. and S.S.; visualization, S.T.T.; supervision, S.
and S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The author would like to thank the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran and the Directorate of Research and Community Service
(DRPM), Universitas Padjadjaran.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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