NAME:

GERPHIS

Based on the Readings stated, please fill up the following boxes with brief descriptions.

1. Pre-Spanish Philippines: This must contain the following elements: The geographical
setting of Pre-Spanish Filipinos; The social structure of Pre-Spanish Society: The
political structure; The economic structure; Pre-Spanish culture of the Filipinos.
Geographical Setting: There were barangays that consisted of hundreds of houses and
sometimes even less than thirty. The lands that were inhabited were divided among the
whole barangay and the lands of the tingues, or mountain ridges, are not divided, but
owned in common by the barangay.

Social Structure : Tribal gatherings that are called barangays are inhabiting each town;
there are three castes : nobles, commoners and slaves. Nobles were free-born whom they
call maharlica. They did not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany him in
war, at their own expense. Commoners are aliping namamahay, they are re-married, and
serve their master, whether he be a dato or not. Lastly the slaves are aliping sa guiguilir,
they serve their master in his house and on his cultivated lands, and may be sold.

Political Structure: Datos rule the barangays, they are also known as chiefs (knights),
chiefs help one another with their respective barangays. They governed and were captains
in wars whom people obeyed and reverenced.

Economic Structure : Commoners pay for taxes in the barangays where Nobles do not,
meanwhile Slaves are sold (slavery).

Culture Structure: The culture of serving datos has been going on for a long time, people
who spoke against them were severely punished. During wars Commoners were tasked to
help the datos. The culture of the three castes also goes back as it is the foundations of
barangays.

2. The Conquista: This must contain the following elements: The meaning/understanding of
Conquista among the Spaniards; The legal foundations of the conquest; The justification
for the conquest of the Philippines; General results.
The understanding of Conquista among Spaniards is centered around the mission of
spreading and converting natives to Christianity. Their legal foundation was the conversion
of people to Christianity (their goal), for the people of the land had to accept the religion.
Converting the Filipinos to Christianity was the justification of the conquest of the
Spaniards, the cross was often used to convert natives to the religion, we can see that it is
still used to this day.

3. Understanding the Reducción: This must contain the following elements: The literal
definition of a Reduccion; the different meanings of Reduccion in the Philippines; the
relationship of Reduccion with the concept of Ginhawa, Pakikipagkapwa, Pag-uwi.

Reduccion is the process of transferring the natives to a particular settlement and was also
used to designate the place where the settlement was established o ang paglilipat ng mga
mamamayan sa isang kaayusang itinakda ng mga batas ng Recopilación.
Ang reduccion ay iniuugnay sa pag- uwi na isang kaisipang may malalim na kahulugan sa
bayan. Sa konsepto ng Reduccion base sa bokabularyo ng mga :
● fraile - ibaba ang kamisa
● Francisco de San Antonio - pagbabalik sa lugar o bahaging nilisan
● uan de Noceda at Pedro de Sanlucar - bumalik sa pinanggalingan
Umiikot ang reducir at ang ibinigay nitong katumbas na uwi/ovy sa konsepto ng
pagbabalik sa pinanggalingan at maihahalintulad sa kasalukuyang pasalubong. Kaugnay
ng uwi ang kaginhawahan ; sa uwian na kung tutuusin ay ang bayan. Naging pag-uwi at
paglikha ng uwian ang pagpasok sa mga reducción, lumikha sila ng isang tahanan/bayang
may kaginhawaan sa kabila ng mga institusyong nagpapahirap ng buhay sa loob nito
upang lamang sila ay may mauwian na maginhawa. Ang ugnayan naman ng reduccion at
pakikipagkapwa, ang reduccion ay ginagamit upang ikumbinsi ang ibang mga Pilipino na
magpasakop at pumasok sa mga pueblo, subalit ang mismong reduccion at ang paghihirap
na nadadanas dito ang naging sanhi ng inde pagsali ng mga Pilipino, ngunit hindi ren sila
ginulo ng mga Espanyol, sila ay nanatili lamang sa kanilang pamayanan upang umiwas sa
kahirapan ng kolonyalismo.

4. The developments of the 19th Century and the Rise of Nationalism: This must contain the
following elements: The Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Developments in the
19th century; the different elements under these developments (e.g. Cultural –
Educational Reform); the difference between bayan and nacion; their different roots.
The Developments of the 19th Century and the Rise of Nationalism

Social development : Pagkakaroon ng pangkat ng bahay/balay (bahayan/balayan)

Political development : Pakikipaglaban ng mga Propagandista para sa reporma sa

pamamahalang España sa Pilipinas at pagwalang bisa ng Konstitusyon ng Cadiz

Economic development: Pagkakaroon ng mga bagong gitnang uri bunga ng pagbabago ng

sistema mula sa encomienda tungong hacienda

Cultural development: Pag-uugnay ng taal na tradisyon ng bayan at ng konserbatibong

kaisipan ng Propaganda na kumalat dahil sa mga produkto ng literatura

Ang nacion ay isang modelo na nagmula sa Ilustrado bunga ng Ilustración o bersyong

Español ng Pranses na Siècle des Lumières, uminog ang konseptong ito mula sa salitang
Latin na Natio na nangangahulugang ipinanganak. Samantala ang bayan ay nagmula sa
kaisipang Austronesyano na siyang kinikilala ngayong ninuno ng mga Pilipino na
tumutukoy sa tao at sa teritoryo.