Some Parametric Tests

Tests of Difference

• t-test for dependent samples

(paired)
• t- test for independent samples
• Z-test for one sample
• Z-test for two sample means
• F-test or the Analysis of Variance
t-test for Dependent Samples

• test applied to one group of samples

• used in the evaluation of a certain
program or treatment
When do we use the t-test for dependent
samples?

• “applied when the mean before and

mean after are being compared”

• Pretest → Intervention→ Posttest

Sample Problem Statements

• Is there a significant difference

between the beliefs of the teachers
before and after the training ?

• Is the slimming tea effective in reducing

body weight?
Why do we use the t-test for dependent
samples?
• t-test for dependent samples is used
to find out if difference exists
between the before and after means.

• If there is a difference in favor of

the posttest, then the treatment or
intervention is effective.
Example 1:

An experimental study was conducted

on the effect of programmed materials
in English on the performance of 20
selected college students. Before the
program was implemented the pretest
was administered and after 5 months,
the same instrument was used to get
the posttest result of the experiment.
Test to be used:

•t-test for dependent samples will be

used to determine if a significant
difference exists between the pretest
mean score and the posttest mean
score (that is to test if the program
was effective).
Example 2:

Below are the results of the test before

and after the remedial class is Statistics.
Is there an improvement in the
performances of students after
remediation?
Student A B C D E F G H I
Before 58 63 66 70 63 51 44 58 50
After 66 68 72 76 78 56 69 55 55
 RECALL:
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the problem (RQ), the null, and the alternative
hypotheses.
2. State the Significance Level.
3. Indicate conditions by stating the type of test to be
used.
4. Determine the appropriate statistical tool to be used
and write the formula.
5. Compute for the statistical value. Then compare the
computed value with the critical value (others are using
the p-value instead)
6. Determine the critical value and degrees of freedom
(df).
7. Make the decision rule (Reject the null hypothesis or
accept it).
8. Interpret/implicate.
Example 2:

Solution:
Step 1:
RQ: Did the students perform better after
remediation?
Ho: The students did not perform better
after remediation. 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
Ha: The students performed better after
remediation. 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
Example 2:
Solution:
Step 2:
𝛼 = 0.05
Step 3: one tailed test (directional)
Step 4:
t – test for dependent samples
2 σ𝐷 2
ഥ 𝐷
𝐷−𝜇 σ𝐷 −
t= 𝑠𝐷 , 𝑠𝐷 = 𝑛
𝑛−1
𝑛
σ𝐷 𝑠𝐷
ഥ=
𝐷 , 𝑠𝐷ഥ =
𝑛 𝑛
where 𝑠𝐷 is the standard error of the differences,
D is the difference between the scores
before and after
Example 2:

Solution:
Step 5:
a. Find the means.
σ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥1 = = 58.11
𝑁1
σ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥2 = = 66.11
𝑁2
σ𝐷 −72
ഥ=
𝐷 = = -8
𝑛 9
Example 2:
Solution:
Step 5:
b. Solve for the standard error 𝑠𝐷
2 σ𝐷 2
σ𝐷 −
𝑛
𝑠𝐷 =
𝑛−1

(−72)2
1070−
9
𝑠𝐷 =
9−1

1070−576
𝑠𝐷 =
8
= 61.75 = 7.86
Example 2:
Solution:
Step 5:
c. Solve for the estimated standard
error 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 , 𝑠𝐷ഥ
𝑠𝐷
𝑠𝐷ഥ =
𝑛
7.86
𝑠𝐷ഥ =
9
7.86
𝑠𝐷ഥ =
3
𝑠𝐷ഥ = 2.62
Example 2:
Solution:
Step 5:
d. Solve for the t – value or t – stat
ഥ 𝐷
𝐷−𝜇 −8−0
t= 𝑠𝐷 =
2.62
𝑛
t = −3.05
*Get the absolute value of the t – stat.
→ 𝑡 = −3.05 = 3.05
Step 6:
➢ t – crit = 1.860
➢ df = n – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for
Means

Before After
Mean 58.11111111 66.11111111
Variance 70.86111111 79.36111111
Observations 9 9
Pearson Correlation 0.589887362
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 8
t Stat -3.054166862
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.007860611 0.008 < .05
t Critical one-tail 1.859548038
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.015721223
t Critical two-tail 2.306004135
 Example 2:
Solution:
Step 7:
➢ t-crit = 1.860 < t-stat = 3.05
➢ reject Ho and accept Ha.
Step 8:
This means that the students
performed better after the
remediation. This implies that the
remediation conducted by the
teacher is effective.