WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?

➢ A hypothesis is an educated
guess.
➢ It is a conjecture or proposition
about the solution to the problem,
a tentative relationship between
two or more variables, or the
status of a situation based on the
available facts or information that
the researcher already knows.
➢ It may be verified to be valid or not
through hypothesis testing.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

a kind of statistical
analysis where your
predictions regarding a
population parameter are
tested. It is employed to
gauge the connection
between two statistical
variables.
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. State the problem (RQ), the null, and the alternative
hypotheses.
2. State the Significance Level.
3. Indicate conditions by stating the type of test to be
used.
4. Determine the appropriate statistical tool to be used
and write the formula.
5. Compute for the statistical value. Then compare the
computed value with the critical value (others are
using the p-value instead)
6. Determine the critical value and degrees of freedom
(df).
7. Make the decision rule (Reject the null hypothesis or
accept it).
8. Interpret/implicate.
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. State the problem (RQ),

the null, and the
alternative hypotheses.
 HYPOTHESIS

Types of hypothesis:
▪ Null Hypothesis (H0)
➢ A statistical hypothesis that assumes
that the observation is due to a chance
factor.
➢ This states that there is no difference
between the two population means.
 HYPOTHESIS

Types of hypothesis:
▪ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha or H1)
➢ A statistical hypothesis that assumes
that the observation is due to a real
effect.
➢ This states that there is a difference
between the two population means.
 HYPOTHESIS

Remarks:
➢ The null hypothesis (H0) is a
claim of “no difference in the
population”
➢ The alternative hypothesis (Ha)
claims “H0 is false”. Meaning,
there exists a difference.
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. State the problem (RQ), the null, and the alternative
hypotheses.

EXAMPLE: Research Problem/Question:

Is there a significant relationship between achievement in
mathematics and interest in mathematics of students in
secondary school?
H0: There is no significant relationship between
achievement in mathematics and interest in mathematics
of students in secondary school.
Ha: There is a significant relationship between
achievement in mathematics and interest in mathematics
of students in secondary school.
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
2. State the Significance Level.

• The significance level which is usually denoted by (α)

is related to the degree of certainty we require in
order to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the
alternative hypothesis.
• Very frequently used are the .05 and .01 level of
significance.
Note:
0.05 level of significance implies that we are
willing to commit an error of 5% therefore a
confidence level of 95%.
ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
3. Indicate conditions by stating the type of test to be
used.

Two types test:

▪ One – tailed test (directional)
➢ Shows that the null hypothesis be rejected
when the test value is in the critical region
on one side of the mean.
➢ It may either be a right – tailed test or a left
– tailed test.
▪ Two – tailed test (non - directional)
➢ the null hypothesis must be rejected when
the test value is in the critical region on
either side of the mean.
Examples of Directional Hypotheses:
1. Male students score higher in risk taking than
female students.
2. Single and young teachers tend to be more
innovative in teaching than married and old
teachers.
3. The science achievement of high-ability
students exceeds that of average ability
students.
4. As a teacher’s salary increases, his perception
towards administrative personnel also
improves.
 Examples of Non-directional
Hypotheses:
1. Faculty morale is related to the frequency of
promotions.
2. There is no relationship between attitude towards
science and achievement in science.
3. The mathematics achievement of high-ability
students equals that of average-ability students.
4. There is no change in the pupils’ behaviour before
and after attending the Summer Camp.
5. There is no difference between young and single
teachers and old and married teachers in their
commitment to professional growth.
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
4. Determine the appropriate statistical tool to
be used and write the formula.
5. Compute for the statistical value. Then
compare the computed value with the
critical value (others are using the p-value
instead)
6. Determine the critical value and degrees of
freedom (df).
7. Make the decision rule (Reject the null
hypothesis or accept it).
8. Interpret/implicate.
Summary of Statistical Tools