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 MODULE 2
FLUID STATICS

Lecturer: Joseph Angelo R. Sabio

Chapter Outline
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure
2. Manometer
Objectives
1. Differentiate gage and absolute pressure.
2. Discuss how pressure varies through fluids.
3. Solve manometer problems.
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

PRESSURE
• Defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit
area.
• SI unit for pressure is in Pascals
• Common units and conversions

1𝑃𝑎 = 1𝑁/𝑚2
1𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 100000𝑃𝑎
1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325𝑃𝑎
1𝑃𝑎 = 1𝑁/𝑚2
1𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 = 1𝑝𝑠𝑓
1𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2 = 1𝑝𝑠𝑖
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

PASCAL’S LAW
• in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change
in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion
of the fluid and to the walls of the container.
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure

Absolute Pressure, Pabs
• Actual pressure at a given point
• Measured with respect to the Absolute Vacuum

Gage Pressure, Pgage

• Absolute Pressure subtracted by the Atmospheric
Pressure
• A negative Gage Pressure is also called Vacuum Pressure

𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 − 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎

1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure

1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

For fluids at rest, the pressure gradient along the vertical
direction at any point in a fluid depends only on the
specific weight of the fluid at that point.

𝒅𝒑
= −𝜸
𝒅𝒛
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Incompressible Fluid

𝑝2 = 𝑝1 − 𝛾ℎ

𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝜸𝒉
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Fluid Equilibrium

𝒑 = 𝒑𝟎 + 𝜸𝒉
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Fluid Equilibrium
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

PRESSURE HEAD
• Represents the height of the column of a
homogenous fluid that will produce a given intensity
or pressure.
𝒑 = 𝜸𝒉
𝒑
𝒉=
𝜸
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

US Standard Atmosphere at Sea Level

𝑇 = 15°𝐶 = 288.15𝐾
𝑝 = 101325𝑃𝑎 = 14.696𝑝𝑠𝑖
3 3
𝜌 = 1.225𝑘𝑔/𝑚 = 0.002377𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡
2
𝑔 = 9.807𝑚/𝑠 = 32.174𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Sample Problem 1
Calculate the absolute and gage pressures at 70m below
the surface of a dam. The density of water is 1000kg/m3.
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Sample Problem 1
Calculate the absolute and gage pressures at 70m below
the surface of a dam. The density of water is 1000kg/m3.

Given: Solution:
𝜌 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 *Solve the absolute pressure
ℎ = 70𝑚 𝑝 = 𝑝0 + 𝛾ℎ
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Required: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 , 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 101325 + 1000(9.807)(70)
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟓𝑷𝒂

*Solve the gage pressure

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟎𝑷𝒂
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Sample Problem 2
Given a pressure of magnitude 50kPA, find the pressure
head of water (unit weight 9.81kN/m3) and mercury (unit
weight 133 kN/m3).
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Sample Problem 2
Given a pressure of magnitude 50kPA, find the pressure
head of water (unit weight 9.81kN/m3) and mercury (unit
weight 133 kN/m3).
1. Gage and Absolute Pressure 2

Sample Problem 2
Given a pressure of magnitude 50kPA, find the pressure
head of water (unit weight 9.81kN/m3) and mercury (unit
weight 133 kN/m3).
Given: Solution:
𝒑 50x10 3 N/m2
𝛾𝑤 = 9.81kN/m3 ℎ𝑤 = = = 5.097m
𝛾𝑚 = 133 kN/m 3 𝛾𝑤 9.81x10 3 N/m 3

𝒑 50x103 N/m2
ℎ𝑚 = = = 0.3759m
Required: ℎ
𝑚 133x10 N/m
3 3
1 2. Manometer

MEASUREMENT OF STATIC PRESSURE

Barometer is a device used to measure atmospheric
pressure.
1 2. Manometer

MANOMETER
A device that relies on fluid columns to measure pressure
difference.
1 2. Manometer

Piezometer

𝑷𝑨 = 𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏
1 2. Manometer

Simple U-Tube

𝑷𝑨 = −𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒉𝟐
1 2. Manometer

Differential U-Tube

𝑷𝑨 = −𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑 + 𝑷𝑩
1 2. Manometer

Inclined Tube Manometer

𝑷𝑨 = −𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑 + 𝑷𝑩
1 2. Manometer

Inclined Tube Manometer

𝑷𝑨 = −𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 (𝒍𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑 + 𝑷𝑩

1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 3
Calculate the gage pressure at the tank filled with gas.
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 3
Solution:
Given: For a chamber filled with gas,
the pressure at all points is
considered as constant.

*Solve P
𝑃 = (𝑆𝐺𝛾𝑤 )ℎ
𝑃 = (𝑆𝐺𝜌𝑤 𝑔)ℎ
𝑃 = (0.85)(1000)(9.807)(0.55)

𝑷 = 𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟓𝑷𝒂
Required: P
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 4
Calculate the air gage
pressure in the tank if:

ℎ1 = 0.10𝑚
ℎ2 = 0.20𝑚
ℎ3 = 0.35𝑚
𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 0.85
𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 = 13.6
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 4
Given:
ℎ1 = 0.10𝑚
ℎ2 = 0.20𝑚
ℎ3 = 0.35𝑚
𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 = 0.85
𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 = 13.6

Required: PAir
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 4
 1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 4
Solution:

*Solve Pair

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −𝛾𝑤 ℎ1 − 𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤 ℎ2 + 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 ℎ3

 1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 4
Solution:

*Solve Pair

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −𝛾𝑤 ℎ1 − 𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤 ℎ2 + 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 ℎ3

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ3

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = −(1000)(9.807)(0.10) − 0.85(1000)(9.807)(0.20) +

13.6(1000)(9.807)(0.35)

𝑷𝑨𝒊𝒓 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟒𝒌𝑷𝒂

1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 5
Determine the difference in
pressure between A and B.
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 5
Given:

Required: PA - PB
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 5
Solution:

𝑃𝐴 = −𝛾𝑤 0.6 − 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 0.2 +

𝑆𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐 𝛾𝑤 0.45 − 𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤 0.1 + 𝑃𝐵

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = −𝛾𝑤 0.6 − 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾𝑤 0.2 +

𝑆𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐 𝛾𝑤 0.45 − 𝑆𝐺𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝛾𝑤 0.1

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = −(1000)(9.807) 0.6 −
13.5(1000)(9.807) 0.2 +
1.26(1000)(9.807) 0.45 −
0.88(1000)(9.807) 0.1
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 5

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑩 = −𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑷𝒂
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 6
If the difference in pressure
between tanks A and B is 20kPa,
solve a and θ.

Given: PA – PB = -20kPa

Required: a, θ
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 6

Solution:

*Solve a
𝑃𝐴 = −𝛾𝑎 − 𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾 2𝑎 + 𝛾𝑎 + 𝑃𝐵

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = −𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 𝛾 2𝑎

−20000 = −13.6(1000)(9.807) 2𝑎

𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟔𝒄𝒎
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 6

Solution:

*Solve θ
2𝑎
sin 𝜃 =
26.8

2(7.4976)
sin 𝜃 =
26.8

𝜽 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟎°
1 2. Manometer

Hydraulic Systems

• Function and perform tasks through using

a fluid that is pressurized.
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 7
Consider the hydraulic system shown. Suppose a force of 500N
is applied to piston 1 at the narrow portion. Piston A1 has a
diameter of 0.50cm while piston A2 has a diameter of 2.50cm.
Calculate the magnitude of the force F2 at piston 2.
Determine the pressure acting on the system.

Given: F1 = 500N
diameters of A1,A2

Required: F2, P
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 7
Solution:
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 7
Solution:
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 8
The pressure gage in a given tank reads 115mm Hg.
Calculate the equivalent height of column of oil.

Given: P = 115mm

Required: h oil
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 8
The pressure gage in a given tank reads 115mm Hg.
Calculate the equivalent height of column of oil.

Solution:
101325 𝑃𝑎
P = 115mmHg ( ) = 15332.07237Pa
760𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑃 15332.07237𝑃𝑎
h oil = = 𝑁 = 1.95362798 approx. 1.9536m
𝛾 0.8 (9810 2 )
𝑚
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 9
Evaluate the greatest pressure of water in the tank shown.

Given:
Required:
Solution:
1 2. Manometer

Sample Problem 9
Evaluate the greatest pressure of water in the tank shown.

Solution:
Pbottom = 35000Pa +9810N/m^3(1.90m)
Pbottom = 53639 Pa
1 2. Manometer

Other Mechanical and Electronic

Pressure Measuring Devices
• Bourdon Pressure Gage
• Aneroid Barometer
• Pressure Transducer
1 2. Manometer

Bourdon Pressure Gage

1 2. Manometer

Aneroid Barometer
1 2. Manometer

Pressure Transducer
END