IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- Towards Sustainable Public
Solar powered cars - a review Transportation Cost in Malaysia
Rohayu Ab Majid, Rosli Said, Kholim
Sahray et al.
To cite this article: P.O. Babalola and O.E. Atiba 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1107 012058
- Internet of Things and Intelligent
Transportation System
Dandan Zhang and Panjing Tan

- Satisfaction level of intermodal public

View the article online for updates and enhancements. transport passengers at Duri Station,
Jakarta Indonesia
E T Pelangi, R Situmorang, J C Levara et
al.

This content was downloaded from IP address 111.68.97.202 on 04/05/2023 at 10:12

International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

6RODU SRZHUHG FDUV  D UHYLHZ

32 %DEDOROD  2( $WLED
0HFKDQLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW &ROOHJH RI (QJLQHHULQJ &RYHQDQW 8QLYHUVLW\ 2WD 2JXQ6WDWH 1LJHULD


&RUUHVSRQGLQJ $XWKRU SKLOOLSEDEDOROD#FRYHQDQWXQLYHUVLW\HGXQJ

$EVWUDFW
7KH ZRUOG SRSXODWLRQ LV LQFUHDVLQJ DQG VR LV WKH GHPDQG IRU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 7KH
FRPPRQHVW RI WKH PHDQV RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ KDV EHHQ WKH DXWRPRELOH $QG ZKLOH WKH
DXWRPRELOH LQGXVWU\ LV JURZLQJ SURSRUWLRQDOO\ ZLWK SRSXODWLRQ LQFUHDVH WKHUH DUH
VWLOO PDQ\ SUREOHPV ZLWK PDQDJLQJ WKH FDXVHV RI WKH SROOXWLRQ E\ DXWRPRELOHV
+HQFH WR FDWHU IRU WKH QHHGV RI WKH VRFLHW\ DQG VWLOO SURWHFW RXU HQYLURQPHQW
UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH EHHQ VHHNLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH VRXUFHV WR SRZHU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ZLWK
OLWWOH RU QR KDUPIXO HPLVVLRQ 6XJJHVWHG IRUPV RI HQHUJ\ IRU DXWRPRELOHV ZRXOG
EH RQHV WKDW DUH VXVWDLQDEOH RYHU WKH \HDUV 7KHUH DUH YDULRXV DYDLODEOH RSWLRQV RI
VRODUSRZHUHG YHKLFOHV ZKLFK SURGXFHV HOHFWULFLW\ WKURXJK SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV
ZLWKRXW DQ\ IRUP RI KDUPIXO ZDVWH WR WKH DWPRVSKHUH ,Q GHYHORSLQJ VRODU FDUV LQ
SDUWLFXODU VRPH GLVFRYHU\ KDV EHHQ PDGH LQ WKH DVSHFW RI HIIHFWLYHO\ FDSWXULQJ
FRQYHUWLQJ DQG VWRULQJ WKH VRODU HQHUJ\ WR PDNH LW FRPSHWLWLYH ZLWK WKH
FRQYHQWLRQDO IRVVLO IXHO GULYH YHKLFOHV 7KLV UHYLHZ FRYHUV WKH DGYDQFHPHQW DQG
JDSV LQ H[LVWLQJ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH PRGXOXV RSHUDQG RI VRODU FDUV

.H\ZRUGV 6RODU FDU DXWRPRELOH SKRWRYROWDLF FHOO VRODUSRZHUHG

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q OLWHUDWXUH VHYHUDO NLQGV RI UHVHDUFK KDYH EHHQ GRQH RQ VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV WR HQVXUH WKDW
LW LV DQ HFRQRPLFDOO\ YLDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH FDU DQG FRXOG RIIVHW FRQYHQWLRQDO FDUV 2I SUHVHQW
VRODU FDUV DUH \HW WR EH VROG DV SUDFWLFDO GD\WRGD\ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQV XVHG IRU WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
7KH\ KDYH UHPDLQHG SULPDULO\ DV WKH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ YHKLFOHV DQG HQJLQHHULQJ H[SHULPHQWV
GXH WR VWDWHRIWKHDUW WHFKQRORJLHV QHHGHG WR SURGXFH WKHP RQ D ODUJH VFDOH 0RVW WLPHV
VRODU FDU SURMHFWV DUH FRPPLWWHG WR LQVWLWXWLRQV VSRQVRUHG E\ JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV RU
JURXSV WKDW EXLOG WKHP IRU VRODU UDFH FRPSHWLWLRQV >@ 7KH PDMRU OLPLWDWLRQ RI KDYLQJ VRODU
FDUV DV FRPPHUFLDO YHKLFOHV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SRZHU GHQVLW\ FRVW DQG GHVLJQ
FRQVLGHUDWLRQV :KLOH LW PD\ EH LPSRVVLEOH WR GHDO ZLWK WKH GUDZEDFNV RI VRODUSRZHUHG
FDUV VRPH DSSURDFKHV VXFK DV VRODU SDUNV OLJKWZHLJKW SRZHU VWRUDJH DQG LQWHJUDWHG 39¶V
3KRWRYROWDLF KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR LQFUHDVH WKH HQHUJ\ LQSXW WKDW FDQ HQDEOH SURORQJHG
PRELOLW\ RI WKLV DOWHUQDWLYH FDU >@
$Q\ YHKLFOH WKDW LV SURSHOOHG E\ DQ HOHFWULF GULYHWUDLQ WDNLQJ SRZHU IURP D SRUWDEOH VRODU
SKRWRYROWDLF PRGXOH RU UHFKDUJHDEOH EDWWHU\ LV D VRODUSRZHUHG YHKLFOH 6RODU FDU D YDULDQW
RI WKH VRODU YHKLFOH LV SULPDULO\ GHVLJQHG WR ZRUN RQ SRZHU REWDLQHG IURP WKH VXQ $ VRODU
SRZHUHG FDU GHSHQGV RQ SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV WR FRQYHUW VXQOLJKW LQWR HOHFWULFLW\ WR UXQ
HOHFWULF PRWRUV WKDW ODWHU GULYHV WKH FDU ZKHHOV ,Q SUDFWLFDO WHUPV WKH PRGHO IRU WKH VRODU
FDU ZLOO QHHG WR XVH VRODU SDQHOV WR KDUYHVW VRODU HQHUJ\ DQG VWRUH LW LQ D UHFKDUJHDEOH
EDWWHU\ RU DX[LOLDU\ V\VWHP WKDW FRPSOHPHQWV WKH SRZHULQJ RI WKH PRWRU WKDW ZLOO SURSHO WKH
ZKHHOV RI WKH FDU $VLGH IURP PRWRU YHKLFOHV 39 VRODU HQHUJ\ KDV EHHQ XVHG WR SRZHU
EDUELQJ VDORRQ >@ IXUQDFH EORZHU >@ UHVLGHQWLDO DSDUWPHQW JUHHQKRXVH IDQ ZDVWHZDWHU
WUHDWPHQW ZDWHU SXPSV DQG VR RQ

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

 +LVWRU\ RI VRODU FDUV

7KH KLVWRU\ RI VRODU FDU GDWHV WR D WLQ\ LQFK YHKLFOH PRGHO FUHDWHG E\ *HQHUDO 0RWRUV
VWDII :LOOLDP * &REEV LQ  ZKLFK ZDV VKRZFDVHG DW WKH 3RZHUDPD FRQYHQWLRQ LQ
&KLFDJR 7KH FDU ZDV QDPHG 6XQ PRELOH PDGH RI  VHOHQLXP SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV DQG
VPDOO 3RROH\ HOHFWULF PRWRU GULYLQJ D SXOOH\ ZKLFK URWDWHV WKH VKDIW RI WKH UHDU ZKHHO >@
7KLV ILUVW VRODU FDU E\ :LOOLDP * &REEV LQ  ZDV WRR VPDOO WR GULYH DV VXFK
GHYHORSPHQW PHW WKH SUHPLHU YHKLFOH ,Q  7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HFWLILHU &RPSDQ\ PDGH
WKH SUHPLHU VRODU FDU WKDW KXPDQV FRXOG GULYH 7KRXJK WKLV FRQYHUWHG YLQWDJH PRGHO 
%DNHU HOHFWULF FDU LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  ZDV UHGHVLJQHG WR KDYH DERXW  LGHQWLFDO VRODU
FHOOV DWWDFKHG WR WKH URRIWRS WR SURSHO LW ,W KDG WR ZDLW XQWLO  \HDUV ODWHU LQ  WR H[KLELW
WKH LQYHQWLRQ ,Q  3URIHVVRU (G 3DVVHUHQL IURP $ODEDPD 8QLYHUVLW\ SXW WRJHWKHU WKH
%OXHELUG VRODU FDU DV D SURWRW\SH IXOOVFDOH YHKLFOH 7KH %OXHELUG ZDV LQWHQGHG WR ZRUN
IURP WKH SRZHU RI WKH SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV RQO\ ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG IRU D EDWWHU\ %OXHELUG ZDV
ODWHU H[KLELWHG LQ .QR[YLOOH DW 71  :RUOG
V )DLU
%HWZHHQ  DQG  RWKHU LPSURYHPHQWV KDG EHHQ PDGH WR WKH VRODUSRZHUHG $W
7RN\R 'HQNL 8QLYHUVLW\ 3URIHVVRU 0DVDKDUX )XMLWD ILUVW FUHDWHG D VRODU ELF\FOH DV D 
ZKHHO VRODU FDU ZKLFK ZDV PDGH IURP WZR VRODU ELF\FOHV %\ WKH VDPH WRNHQ LQ 
(QJOLVKPDQ $ODLQ )UHHPDQ LQYHQWHG WKH ZKHHOHU VRODUSRZHUHG FDU ZLWK D VRODU SDQHO RQ
WKH URRI )LJ  ,Q  $U\H %UDXQVWHLQ DQG KLV HQJLQHHULQJ FROOHDJXHV DW 7HO $YLY
8QLYHUVLW\ LQ ,VUDHO FUHDWHG D VRODU FDU 7KLV VRODU FDU LQFRUSRUDWHG VRODU SDQHOV ORFDWHG RQ
WKH KRRG DQG RQ WKH URRI RI D &LWLFDU KDYLQJ  FHOOV WKDW FUHDWHG  ZDWWV PD[LPXP
SRZHU 7KH FDU DOVR XVHG HLJKW  EDWWHULHV RI  YROWV HDFK WR VWRUH WKH SKRWRYROWDLF HQHUJ\

)LJXUH  7KH SLFWXUH RI WKH VHFRQG VRODU FDU EXLOW )LJXUH  )UHHPDQ¶V VRODU FDU EXLOW LQ  6RXUFH
LQ  6RXUFH $XWRPR 6WRU\  $XWRPR 6WRU\ 

7KH SDUWQHUVKLS EHWZHHQ +DQV 7KROVWUXS DQG /DUU\ 3HUNLQV LQ  UHVXOWHG LQ D VRODU
SRZHUHG UDFHFDU WKDW UHFRUGHG WKH ILUVW SHUVRQ WR XQGHUJR LQWHUFRQWLQHQWDO WUDYHO LQ D VRODU
SRZHUHG FDU IURP 3HUWK WR 6\GQH\ $XVWUDOLD 7KROVWUXS ODWHU ZHQW RQ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH
:RUOG 6RODU &KDOOHQJH LQ $XVWUDOLD ,Q  *UHJ -RKDQVRQ DQG -RHO 'DYLGVRQ EXLOW WKH
6XQUXQQHU VRODU UDFH FDU 7KH 6XQUXQQHU VHW DQ RIILFLDO UHFRUG LQ %HOOIORZHU &DOLIRUQLD RI
 PSK ZLWK D EDWWHU\ :KLOH LQ  DW WKH 0RMDYH 'HVHUW RI &DOLIRUQLD 6ROHO\ 6RODU
3RZHUHG 9HKLFOH UHDFKHG D ILQDO WRS VSHHG RI  PSK ZLWKRXW XVLQJ D EDWWHU\ DQG VHWWLQJ

2
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

DQRWKHU *XLQQHVV %RRN RI :RUOG 5HFRUGV /DWHU WKH *0 6XQUD\FHU LQ  FRPSOHWHG D
 PLOH  NP WULS ZLWK D UHJXODU VSHHG RI  PSK 6LQFH  WR GDWH PDQ\ VRODU
FDUV KDYH EHHQ LQYHQWHG DW XQLYHUVLWLHV IRU FRPSHWLWLRQV VXFK DV WKH 6KHOO (FR0DUDWKRQ
ZKLOH WKHUH DUH DOVR D IHZ FRPPHUFLDOO\ DYDLODEOH VRODU FDUV VXFK DV WKH 9HQWXUL $VWURODE

 VW &HQWXU\ VRODU FDUV

7KH DGYRFDF\ IRU VRODU FDUV SDUWLFXODUO\ WKH FRPPHUFLDO RQHV DUH GULYHQ E\ IRXU PDLQ
IDFWRUV VXVWDLQDELOLW\ HIILFLHQF\ FRQYHQLHQFH DQG HFRQRP\ >@ $ IHZ SURWRW\SHV RI VRODU
FDUV GULYHQ VROHO\ E\ SKRWRHQHUJ\ RI WKH VXQ KDYH EHHQ LQYHQWHG DQG WHVWHG VLQFH WKH
V WR V 1RQH RI WKHVH VRODU YHKLFOHV ZHUH LQWHQGHG IRU GD\WRGD\ WUDQVSRUW EXW IRU
YHKLFOH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ DQG HQJLQHHULQJ H[HUFLVHV WKHUHE\ HQDEOLQJ VWXGHQWV DQG
LQYHVWLJDWRUV WR LPSURYH RQ HQHUJ\ LQSXW VDYLQJ DQG DXWRPRWLYH DSSOLFDWLRQV >@±>@

7HFKQRORJLFDO HIIRUWV KDYH PDGH VLJQLILFDQW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ DGYDQFHG FDUV DQG

FRPSHWLWLRQV KDYH IXUWKHU SXVKHG WKH DGYDQFHPHQW RI VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV OLNH 6XQVZLIW ,
9 DQG 1XQD  >@ 1HZ VRODU FDUV KDYH EHHQ EXLOW WR KDYH LPSURYHG W\UH WKUHDG WKDQ
QRUPDO FDUV WR DOORZ IRU UHGXFHG UROOLQJ IULFWLRQ 6RODU UDFH FRPSHWLWLRQV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG
KDYH DOORZHG IRU KLJK FRVW ZLWK QHHGV WR PLQLPL]H ZHLJKW FXW GRZQ RQ IULFWLRQ DQG
DHURG\QDPLF ORVVHV DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSURYH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ IRU UHJXODU RSHUDWLRQ
7KH XOWLPDWH FRPSDUDWLYH DGYDQWDJH RI VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV KDV EHHQ HOHFWULILFDWLRQ )OHHW
HOHFWULILFDWLRQ KDV EHHQ DGGHG WR VW GULYHQ VRODU FDUV ZLWK WKH LQWHQW RI DXJPHQWLQJ WRUTXH
WR DQG IURP WKH SRZHUWUDLQ +HQFH VRODU FDUV EXLOW IRU FRPPHUFLDO SXUSRVHV DUH XVXDOO\
PDGH DV D K\EULG YHKLFOH WKDW XVHV V\QHUJHWLF SRZHU IURP RWKHU VRXUFHV VXFK DV LQWHUQDO
FRPEXVWLRQ HQJLQHV >@

)RUG DQG 0D]GD KDYH H[WHQVLYHO\ H[SORUHG WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RI KDYLQJ VRODU K\EULG YHKLFOHV
RQ WKH FRPPHUFLDO VFDOH UDWKHU WKDQ DV FRQFHSW FDUV 7KH )RUG 5HIOH[ LQ  KDV VRODU
SDQHOV EXLOW LQWR WKH KHDGOLJKWV ZKLOH VRODU SDQHOV ZHUH PRXQWHG LQ WKH 0D]GD 6HQNX 
SODWIRUP WR VXSSRUW WKH HOHFWULF EDWWHU\  &DGLOODF 3URYRT XWLOLVHV VRODU SDQHOV IRU
SRZHU VXSSOLHV VXFK DV LQGRRU OLJKWLQJ DQG DXGLR $OWKRXJK WKH 5HIOH[ 3URYRT DQG 6HQNX
DUH GHVLJQ YHKLFOHV FDUV ILWWHG ZLWK VRODU SDQHOV FRXOG EH SDFLQJ WKHLU HQWU\ WKURXJK WKH
YHKLFOH DXWRPRWLYH PDUNHW ZKLOH FRPSDQLHV DUH ORRNLQJ WR ILQG LQQRYDWLYH ZD\V WR UHGXFH
GHSHQGHQFH RQ IRVVLO IXHO DXWRPRELOHV 9HQWXUL D )UHQFK DXWRPRELOH PDNHU GHFODUHG WKH
XQYHLOLQJ DW WKH 3DULV $XWR 6KRZ  RI WKH FRQFHSW (FOHFWLF SODWIRUP 7KH +\EULG EOHQGV
VXQ ZLQG DQG EDWWHU\ UHVRXUFHV WR GULYH D WKUHHSHUVRQ YHKLFOH IRU XUEDQ GULYLQJ SXUSRVHV
6RODU SDQHOV SURWHFW WKHLU URRIV ZLWK D ZLQG JHQHUDWRU FROOHFWLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ RQ EXEEOLQJ
GD\V +RZHYHU WKH 9HQWXU\ HFOHFWLF )LJXUH  LV QRW OLPLWHG WR  PLOHV  NPK RI URDG

3
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

WUDQVSRUW ,W EHJV WKH TXHVWLRQ RI KRZ FRQYHQLHQW VRODUSRZHUHG YHKLFOHV

DUH
)LJXUH  9HQWXUL (FOHFWLF &RQFHSW &DU )LJXUH  $OO 6RODU 3RZHUHG &DU >@
>@

 'HVLJQ &RQFHSW RI 6RODU %DVHG $XWRPRELOH

 2SHUDWLRQ SULQFLSOH RI VRODU FDUV

$ VRODU FDU LV PDGH ZLWK OHVV FRPSOH[ V\VWHPV WKDQ FRQYHQWLRQDO FDUV 7KH VRODUSRZHUHG
FDU KDV HOHFWULFDO V\VWHPV PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHPV VRODU DUUD\ DQG DHURG\QDPLFV V\VWHPV 7KH
FRQFHSWXDO GHVLJQ RI D VRODUSRZHUHG YHKLFOH LV PXFK GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH GLPHQVLRQ DQG
SURILOH RI WKH PHFKDQLFDO DQG HOHFWULFDO FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH FDU GHVLJQ 7KH JHQHUDO GHVLJQ
RI WKH VRODU FDU KDV WKH FKDVVLV RQ WKH EDVH GHVLJQHG WR FDWHU WR WKH ORDG HOHFWULFDO
PHFKDQLFDO DQG RFFXSDQW DQG WRS DUHD RI WKH YHKLFOH WR DFFXPXODWH VRODU SDQHOV >@

 6RODU DUUD\ DQG SRZHU WUDFNHUV

7KH VRODU DUUD\ FUHDWHG E\ HDFK FHOO WR IRUP D IDEULFDWHG VRODU SDQHO SURGXFHV D UDQJH RI
PLOOLYROWV WR D IHZ YROWV RI FXUUHQWV DERYH  DPSV DW SHDN VXQOLJKW 7KH QXPEHU RI FHOOV
XVHG LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH VRODU FDU VL]H DQG WKH DOORZDEOH VRODU FHOOV SHU :LQVWRQ UXOHV 7KH
JURXS RI VRODU FHOOV DUH WKHQ ZLUHG LQ VHULHV RQ D SRZHU WUDFNHU SDQHO DQG VXEGLYLGHG LQWR
VHYHUDO ]RQHV LQ WKH FDU >@

 %DWWHULHV
7KH EDWWHULHV RI VRODU FDUV KHOS LQ VWRULQJ VRODU HQHUJ\ IURP WKH VRODU DUUD\ DQG GHOLYHU
WKHP WR WKH HOHFWULF PRWRUV WR XVH 6WRUDJH EDWWHU\ VL]H LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH PRWRU V\VWHP
SRZHU HIILFLHQF\ GULYH F\FOH DQG YHKLFOH ZHLJKW 0RVW RI WKH VRODU FDUV XVH DONDOLLRQ
UHFKDUJHDEOH EDWWHULHV VXFK DV OLWKLXPLRQ RU QLFNHOLRQ FDGPLXP $OVR EDVHG RQ ZHLJKW RU
ZDWWKRXU UHTXLUHPHQW WKH YROWDJH RI WKH VRODU FDU FDQ EH FRPSXWHG IRU D V\VWHP RI 
YROWV WKH VRODU FDU ZRXOG QHHG IRXU  YROWV EDWWHULHV >@

 0RWRUV DQG FRQWUROOHU

'XH WR WKH KLJK PD[LPXP HIILFLHQF\ RI  WKH '& EUXVK SHUPDQHQW PDJQHW PRWRU LV
WKH FRPPRQ SULPDU\ GULYHU IRU VRODU FDUV &RQWUROOHUV DUH ZKDW GULYHV D PRWRU DQG YHQGRUV
RI VRODU FDUV KDYH DVVRFLDWHG FRQWUROOHU IRU HDFK PRWRU

4
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

 ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
$OO VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG WR FRQWURO WKH VRODUSRZHUHG FDU LV GHULYHG IRU WKH
HOHFWURQLF FRQWURO XQLW (&8 ZKLFK LV WKH HQJLQH FRQWURO ER[ PRGXOH WKDW DFFRXQWV IRU WKH
RUGHU RI DOO HOHFWULFDO SDUW FRQWURO EDWWHU\ SDFN PRWRUV DQG VRODU SDQHOV DQG PHFKDQLFDO
DFWXDWLRQ ZKHHOV >@ >@ 7KHVH RQERDUG GLDJQRVWLFV 2%' GDWD JRWWHQ IURP WKH
GLIIHUHQW V\VWHP RI WKH VRODU FDU LV HYDOXDWHG WR RSWLPL]H WKH RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
VRODU YHKLFOH V\VWHP >@ >@

 6WHHULQJ DQG VXVSHQVLRQ

)URQWZKHHO VWHHULQJ JHWV D ORW RI SULRULW\ IRU VRODU FDUV DV VWDELOLW\ DQG RYHUDOO VDIHW\ DUH
SURYLGHG RQ WKH DQWHULRU SDUW RI WKH YHKLFOH $OVR VXVSHQVLRQV RI WKH VRODUSRZHUHG YHKLFOH
DUH GHVLJQHG WR EH VRIW DQG ULJLG LQ RUGHU WR SURWHFW WKH FDU SDUWV DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ NHHS VRODU
39 DUUD\ IURP MROWLQJ RXW GXULQJ ZDYHULQJ PRWLRQ >@

 7\UHV DQG KXEV

7KH ULJKW W\UH VXVSHQVLRQ FDQQRW EH WDNHQ IRU JUDQWHG DV WKH HIIHFW RI UROOLQJ UHVLVWDQFH WKDW
FDQ LPSDFW WKH DYDLODEOH HQHUJ\ QHHG IRU WUDYHOLQJ 7KH ULJKW W\UHV IRU VRODU FDUV KDSSHQ WR
EH WKH RQHV ZLWK KLJK SUHVVXUHV DQG WKLQ EXW OHVV VXVFHSWLEOH WR JRLQJ IODW %ULGJHVWRQH
(FRSLD W\UH LV PDGH IRU VRODU FDUV RI WKH PRGHUQ DJH FDXVH WKH WHVW UXOHV KDYH FHUWLILHG
WKHP WR RIIHU WKH OHDVW UHVLVWDQFH DQG PLQLPDO OXEULFDWLRQ WR VRODU YHKLFOHV >@

 6RODU &DU 0RGHO

 6RODU FDUV SRZHUWUDLQ

7KH SRZHUWUDLQ RI VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV LQFOXGHV HOHFWULFDO VXEV\VWHPV VXFK DV WKH HPEHGGHG
SRZHUWUDLQ FRQWUROOHUV VWRUDJH V\VWHPV SRZHU HOHFWURQLFV DQG HOHFWURQLF FRQWLQXRXVO\
YDULDEOH WUDQVPLVVLRQV >@ 7KH DLP RI WKH SRZHUWUDLQ LV WR HQDEOH HQHUJ\ WUDQVIHU IURP WKH
VRXUFH RI WKH SRZHU EDWWHU\ RU VRODU 39 SDQHO WR WKH GULYLQJ ORDGV ZKHHOV ZLWK WKH OHDVW
ORVV RI HQHUJ\ QHHGHG IRU WKH GULYLQJ F\FOH 7KH SRZHUWUDLQ FRQILJXUDWLRQ LV GHSHQGHQW RQ
WKH VRODU YHKLFOH PRGXOH ZKLFK HVVHQWLDOO\ GHWHUPLQHV WKH ZHOOWRZKHHO HIILFLHQF\ 7KH
JRDO RI WKH SRZHUWUDLQ FRQWURO LV WR KDYH DQ HIILFLHQW VRODU FDU ZLWK D JRRG GULYLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFH DW PD[LPXP IXHO HFRQRP\ PLQLPXP HPLVVLRQV DQG OHDVW V\VWHP FRVW 7KH
HOHFWURQLF FRQWURO XQLW (&8 LV WKH LQWHOOLJHQW HOHFWULF PRGXOH WKDW FRQWUROV WKH IORZ RI
HOHFWULFDO FXUUHQW IURP ERWK WKH UHFWLILHU WKDW QRUPDOLVHV WKH PHFKDQLFDO SRZHU IURP
WUDQVPLVVLRQ ZKHHO DQG EDWWHU\ 7KH (&8 FRPSRVH RI HOHFWURQLF PHPRU\ XQLWV IRU VWRULQJ
GDWD FRPSXWLQJ XQLWV FRQWURO ZLUHV IRU GDWD H[FKDQJH DQG VHQVLQJ XQLWV IRU VLJQDO
DFTXLVLWLRQ (OHFWULF PRWRUV LQ VRODU FDUV DUH SRZHUHG WKURXJK D VRODU SKRWRYROWDLF VRODU
SDQHO WKDW FKDUJHV WKH EDWWHU\ 7KH HOHFWULF PRWRU LV FRXSOHG WR WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ 7KH GULYH
WUDLQ LV WKH HOHFWULF PRWRU V\VWHP WKDW UHFHLYHV WKH PHFKDQLFDO SRZHU RI WKH ZKHHO WRUTXH
DQG UHJXODWHV WKH PHFKDQLFDO SRZHU IRU ZKHHO FRQWUROOHU DQG WUDQVPLVVLRQ 6XEVHTXHQWO\
WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH SRZHUWUDLQ FRQILJXUDWLRQ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  WKH IORZ RI SRZHU
GHSHQGLQJ RQ DQ\ GULYLQJ SDUDPHWHUV

5
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

)LJXUH  %DVLF SRZHUWUDLQ FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV

)LJXUH  %ORFN GLDJUDP LQGLFDWLQJ WKH GULYLQJ FRQWURO V\VWHP RI VRODU FDUV

 'ULYLQJ SDUDPHWHUV

7KH VRODU FDU FRQWURO PRGXOH GHWHUPLQHV WKH HQJLQH FOXWFK SXPS ILQDO FRQWURO DQG
ZKHHOV URWDWLRQDO G\QDPLFV ZKLOH RIIHULQJ UROO DQG DHURG\QDPLF SRZHU >@
%UDNLQJ
6RODU FDUV KDYH ,Q :KHHO HOHFWULF 0RWRUV ,:0 RQ WKH ZKHHOV IRU UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ
$V LQ WKH FDVH RI K\EULG HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV VRODU FDUV KDYH WRUTXH VSOLW V\VWHPV IURP WKH
GULYHOLQH WKXV PDNLQJ WKH HQJLQH FRQWURO PRGXOH HPSOR\ WKH ,:0 WRUTXH WR FKDUJH WKH
VWRUDJH EDWWHU\ RI WKH FDU 7KLV RFFXUV ZKHQ ZKHHOPRWRUV UHWDLQV D QHJDWLYH WRUTXH
UHODWLYH WR WKH QRUPDO EUDNLQJ LQWHQVLW\ WKHUHE\ WR FRQYHUWLQJ SDUW RI WKH YHKLFOH NLQHWLF
HQHUJ\ LQWR FKHPLFDO HQHUJ\ LQ WKH EDWWHU\ 7KH LQLWLDWLRQ RI WKLV GULYLQJ PRGH LV VXEMHFW RQ
WKH FXUUHQW EDWWHU\ 6WDWHRI&KDUJH WR SUHYHQW EDWWHU\ RYHUFKDUJH >@
&UXLVLQJ FRDVWLQJ

6
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

,Q WKH FRQGLWLRQ ZKHUH VRODU YHKLFOHV DUH RSHUDWLQJ ZLWK WKH WKURWWOH SHGDO RII WKH ZKHHO
PRWRUV DUH VLPXODWHG WR EH VRPHWLPHV UHGXQGDQW RU RSHUDWH LQ RUGHU WR UHWDLQ VPDOO
QHJDWLYH WRUTXH WR EH DEVRUEHG E\ WKH EDWWHU\ >@
%DFNLQJ PRWLRQ
%DFNLQJ PRWLRQ PRGH LV LPSRUWDQW IRU ,:0 WR GHWHFW WKH ZURQJ RSHUDWLRQ DQG PDNH
HIIHFWLYH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ E\ NHHSLQJ WKH FDU RSHUDWLQJ RQ HLWKHU WKH VRODU 39 PRGXOH RU
FDU EDWWHU\ >@
%HQGLQJ
6HQVRUV RI VRODU FDUV DUH XVXDOO\ DFWXDWHG WR GHWHFW EHQGV E\ SURSHU GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI ULJKW
WR OHIW ZKHHO UHDU ZKHHO WXUQV ZKHQ VXSSO\LQJ HLWKHU SRVLWLYH RU QHJDWLYH WRUTXH 7KLV
VHQVRU DOVR SURYLGHV WKH VWHHULQJ DQJOH QHHGHG IRU WKH FDU >@
&DU VWRS
7KH IXOO LQWHJUDWLRQ RI YHKLFOH VWRS LQ VRODU FDUV LV QRW DV LPSRUWDQW DV LW PD\ EH ZLWK RWKHU
K\EULG HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV WKDW SHUPLW QXOO QHXWUDO JHDU GXULQJ FDVHV RI WUDIILF 1HYHUWKHOHVV
VRODU FDUV KDYH ERWK GULYHOLQH HOHFWULF PRWRU QRW GHOLYHULQJ SRVLWLYH RU QHJDWLYH WRUTXH LQ
VWDQGLQJ FRQGLWLRQV >@

%$77(5< %$77(5<

39 (/(&75,& 39 (/(&75,&
02'8/( 02'8/( 02'8/( 02'8/(

32:(5 32:(5
75$,1 75$,1

)LJXUH  3RZHUWUDLQ RSHUDWLRQ PRGHV IRU VWDUWLQJ DQG FUXLVLQJ RI VRODU FDUV

7
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

%$77(5< %$77(5<

39 (/(&75,& 39 (/(&75,&
02'8/( 02725 02'8/( 02725

32:(5 32:(5
75$,1 75$,1

)LJXUH  3RZHUWUDLQ RSHUDWLRQ IRU EUDNLQJ DQG VWRSSHG PRGHV RI VRODU FDUV

)LJXUH  3U,68P 6RODU &DU >@

)LJXUH  $ UHQGHUHG LPDJH RI VRODU HQHUJ\ WUHH >@

8
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

 0RUH OLQHDJH
,QFUHDVLQJ VRODU FDU OLQHDJH PD\ LQYROYH XVLQJ OLJKWZHLJKW PDWHULDOV >@ DV H[KLELWHG LQ
3U,68P 6RODU &DU )LJXUH  $OVR XVLQJ DQ DHURG\QDPLFDOO\ VKDSHG ERG\ WR UHGXFH DLU
GUDJ DQG HIILFLHQWO\ FRRO VRODU SDQHO RI WKH YHKLFOH >@ LV QHFHVVDU\ ,QVWDOODWLRQ RI SRZHU
HIILFLHQW EDWWHU\ ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO VRODU WUDLOHU >@ ZLOO EH KHOSIXO )XUWKHUPRUH HQHUJ\ WUHHV
)LJXUH  PD\ EH SURYLGHG DW DQ LQWHUYDO WKDW LV OHVV WKDQ  NP IRU FKDUJLQJ VRODU
SRZHUHG FDUV DQG WUDGLWLRQDO HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV 7KHVH ZRXOG EH XVHIXO IRU SHDN XVDJH IHZ
FORXG\ GD\V DQG QLJKW WULSV ([FHVV SRZHU IURP WKH HQHUJ\ WUHHV FRXOG EH XVHG IRU
FKDUJLQJ FHOO SKRQHV VWUHHW OLJKW QHLJKERXULQJ KRXVH RU FRQQHFWHG LQWR WKH QDWLRQDO JULG
DV LW LV GRQH HOVHZKHUH ,Q 1LJHULD FRQWH[W WKH IROORZLQJ FLWLHV PD\ VHUYH DV ORFDWLRQV IRU
HQHUJ\ WUHHV /DJRV $EXMD ,EDGDQ .DQR 2QLWVKD 3RUW +DUFRXUW ,ORULQ /DILDJL %LGD -RV
%DXFKL /DILD 0DNXUGL $]DUH 3RWLVNXP 0DLGXJXUL 0LQQD .DGXQD =DULD )XQWXD
*XVDX 0DUDID 6RNRWR .DWVLQD .DIDQFKDQ ,MHEX2GH 2UH 2QGR 2ZR /RNRMD %HQLQ
&LW\ 6DSHOH :DUUL 8\R &DODEDU (QXJX $EDNDOLNL $ED 2ZHUUL $NXUH $EHRNXWD DQG
*ERNR :LWK WKH DOJRULWKP SURSRVHG E\ +DVLFLF HW DO >@ GLVWDQFH URXWH HVWLPDWLRQ RI
VRODU YHKLFOH YLVjYLV VRODU LUUDGLDWLRQ GDWD LV QRZ SRVVLEOH

 &RQFOXVLRQ
7KH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU VRODUSRZHUHG FDUV FDQ EH SUDFWLFDO LV JHWWLQJ EHWWHU DQVZHUV
6RODU FDUV SRZHUHG RQO\ E\ VXQOLJKW DQG DWWDLQLQJ DYHUDJH VSHHGV RI  NPK KDYH EHHQ LQ
H[LVWHQFH IRU RYHU D GHFDGH 6R LW ZRXOG EH D TXHVWLRQ RI ZK\ RQH QHHGV D  NJ
PDFKLQH GULYHQ E\ SROOXWLQJ IXHOV WR JHW WR ZRUN DQG UHWXUQ HDFK GD\ 7KH UHDO GHDO ZLWK
WKH VRODU FDU WKHQ LV KRZ WR DFKLHYH ERWK KLJK PRWRU RXWSXW DQG KLJK DHURG\QDPLF
HIILFLHQF\ ZLWK KLJKHIILFLHQF\ 39 FHOOV RQ D FDU WKDW ZHLJKV OHVV WKDQ  NJ :LWK
HIILFLHQW EDWWHULHV DQG HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJLHV VRODU FDUV ZRXOG VRRQ EH
FRPPRQSODFH $Q LQFUHDVH LQ IXHO FRVWV DQG DGYDQFHV WR SKRWRYROWDLF WHFKQRORJ\ PD\
FRQWULEXWH WR WKH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP SURWRW\SLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQ WR FRPPHUFLDO WUDQVSRUW XVH RI
VRODU YHKLFOHV 0RUHRYHU WKH XVH RI VRODU FDUV ZRXOG EH D XQLYHUVDO DXWRPRELOH VROXWLRQ
MXVW DV WKH VXQ LV

$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
7KH DXWKRUV ZLVK WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH ILQDQFLDO VXSSRUW RIIHUHG E\ &RYHQDQW 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ
WKH DFWXDOL]DWLRQ RI WKLV UHVHDUFK ZRUN IRU SXEOLFDWLRQ

5HIHUHQFH
>@ 3XGQH\ 3 DQG +RZOHWW 3  ³&ULWLFDO 6SHHG &RQWURO RI D 6RODU &DU´ 2SWLP
(QJ YRO  QR  SS ± GRL $
>@ -DIIHU\ 6+,  ³7KH SRWHQWLDO RI VRODU SRZHUHG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ DQG WKH FDVH
IRU VRODU SRZHUHG UDLOZD\ LQ 3DNLVWDQ´ 5HQHZDEOH DQG 6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HYLHZV
YRO  (OVHYLHU /WG SS ± 1RY  GRL MUVHU
>@ (GHJKH 0% DQG %DEDOROD 32  ³ :DWWV 3RUWDEOH 6RODU *HQHUDWRU IRU D
7\SLFDO %DUELQJ 6DORQ´ ,23 &RQI 6HU 0DWHU 6FL (QJ YRO  QR  GRL
;

9
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

>@ %DEDOROD 32 %ROX &$ ,QHJEHQHERU $2 2\HGHSR 62 .LODQNR 2 DQG
$GH\HPL *$  ³$SSOLFDWLRQ RI VRODU SKRWRYROWDLF V\VWHP WR SRZHU DLU
EORZHU DQG PL[LQJ PHFKDQLVP LQ D WLOWLQJ IXUQDFH´ :RUOG 5HY 6FL 7HFKQRO
6XVWDLQ 'HY YRO  QR  SS ± GRL :5676'
>@ *XSWD $.  ³7RGD\ ¶ V 1HHG ,PSRUWDQFH 5ROH RI 6RODU EDVHG
$XWRPRELOH 6\VWHP´ YRO  QR  SS ±
>@ %HWDQFXU ( 2VRULR*yPH] * DQG 5LYHUD -& ³+HXULVWLF RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU
WKH HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW DQG UDFH VWUDWHJ\ RI D VRODU FDU´ 6XVWDLQ YRO  QR  SS
± GRL VX
>@ :HOOLQJWRQ 53  ³0RGHO VRODU YHKLFOHV SURYLGH PRWLYDWLRQ IRU VFKRRO
VWXGHQWV´ LQ 6RODU (QHUJ\ YRO  QR ± SS ± GRL 
;
>@ 5L]]R * ³$XWRPRWLYH DSSOLFDWLRQV RI VRODU HQHUJ\´ LQ ,)$& 3URFHHGLQJV
9ROXPHV ,)$&3DSHUV2QOLQH YRO  QR  SS ± GRL 
'(
>@ 'H 6LOYD - * DQG 6YHQVRQ 5 ³7RQDWLXK WKH 0H[LFDQ VRODU UDFH FDU $
YHKLFOH IRU WHFKQRORJ\ WUDQVIHU´ LQ 6$( 7HFKQLFDO 3DSHUV GRL 
>@ 6LPSVRQ $ * :DONHU *5 *UHDYHV 0 & )LQQ ' $ DQG *X\PHU % '
 ³7KH 8OWUD&RPPXWHUௗ D YLDEOH DQG GHVLUDEOH VRODUSRZHUHG FRPPXWHU
YHKLFOH´ $XVWUDODV 8QLY 3RZHU (QJ &RQI $83(&¶
>@ *X]]HOOD / DQG 6FLDUUHWWD $  9HKLFOH 3URSXOVLRQ 6\VWHPV ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR
PRGHOLQJ DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ 6SULQJHU %HUOLQ +HLGHOEHUJ
>@ $UVLH , 'L 0DUWLQR 5 5L]]R * DQG 6RUUHQWLQR 0  ³(QHUJ\
0DQDJHPHQW IRU D +\EULG 6RODU 9HKLFOH ZLWK 6HULHV 6WUXFWXUH´ ,)$& 3URF 9RO
YRO  QR  SS ± GRL NU
>@ 0DUDQR 9 0HGLQD + 6RUUHQWLQR 0 DQG 5L]]R * ³$ 0RGHO WR $VVHVV
WKH %HQHILWV RI DQ $IWHU0DUNHW +\EULGL]DWLRQ .LW EDVHG RQ 5HDOLVWLF 'ULYLQJ +DELWV
DQG &KDUJLQJ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH´ 6RXUFH 6$( ,QW - $OWHUQ 3RZHUWUDLQV YRO  QR 
SS ± GRL 
>@ 5L]]R *  ³$XWRPRWLYH $SSOLFDWLRQV RI 6RODU (QHUJ\´ GRL
'(
>@ '¶$JRVWLQR 0 1DGGHR 0 DQG 5L]]R *  ³'HYHORSPHQW DQG YDOLGDWLRQ RI
D PRGHO WR GHWHFW DFWLYH JHDU YLD 2%' GDWD IRU D 7KURXJK7KH5RDG +\EULG (OHFWULF
9HKLFOH´ LQ ,)$& 3URFHHGLQJV 9ROXPHV ,)$&3DSHUV2QOLQH YRO  QR  SS
± GRL ]D
>@ 6KDUPD $ . * <DGDY $EKLQDY 6 DQG 6DKDU\DU 0  ³7RGD\¶V 1HHG
,PSRUWDQFH 5ROH RI 6RODU EDVHG $XWRPRELOH 6\VWHP´ ,-,567,QWHUQDWLRQDO - ,QQRY
5HV 6FL 7HFKQRO YRO  $YDLODEOH ZZZLMLUVWRUJ
>@ .DWUDãQLN 7  ³$QDO\WLFDO IUDPHZRUN IRU DQDO\]LQJ WKH HQHUJ\ FRQYHUVLRQ
HIILFLHQF\ RI GLIIHUHQW K\EULG HOHFWULF YHKLFOH WRSRORJLHV´ (QHUJ\ &RQYHUV 0DQDJ
YRO  QR  SS ± GRL MHQFRQPDQ
>@ $UVLH , 'L 0DUWLQR 5 5L]]R * DQG 6RUUHQWLQR 0  (QHUJ\ 0DQDJHPHQW
IRU D +\EULG 6RODU 9HKLFOH ZLWK 6HULHV 6WUXFWXUH YRO  QR  ,)$&
>@ 0DLD 5 6LOYD 0 $UD~MR 5 DQG 1XQHV 8 ³(OHFWULFDO YHKLFOH PRGHOLQJ
$ IX]]\ ORJLF PRGHO IRU UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ´ ([SHUW 6\VW $SSO YRO  QR 
SS ± GRL MHVZD
>@ $UVLH , '¶$JRVWLQR 0 1DGGHR 0 5L]]R * DQG 6RUUHQWLQR 0 
³7RZDUG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D WKURXJKWKHURDG VRODU K\EULGL]HG YHKLFOH´ LQ ,)$&
3URFHHGLQJV 9ROXPHV ,)$&3DSHUV2QOLQH YRO  QR  3$57  SS ±
GRL -3

10
International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/012058

>@ +DVLFLF 0 %LOLF ' DQG 6LOMDN+  ³&ULWHULD IRU 6RODU &DU 2SWLPL]HG 5RXWH
(VWLPDWLRQ´ 0LFURSURFHVV 0LFURV\VW YRO  SS ± GRL
MPLFSUR

>@ +RZHOO ( 1HDO ' .LHIIHU '  &KDQJLQJ WKH SDUDGLJP RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
/LJKWZHLJKW FRPSRVLWHV XVHG LQ VRODU FDU LQ LQWHUFROOHJLDWH FRPSHWLWLRQ 5HLQIRUFHG
3ODVWLFV 9ROXPH  1XPEHU 

>@ 9LQQLFKHQNR 1 $ 8YDURY $9 =QDPHQVND\D ,$ $\ + :DQJ 7 
6RODU FDU DHURG\QDPLF GHVLJQ IRU RSWLPDO FRROLQJ DQG KLJK HIILFLHQF\ 6RODU (QHUJ\
 ±

>@ .DVWL 1$  5DQJHV RI DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI D VRODUEDWWHU\ FDU ZLWK VLQJOH DQG
GRXEOH VRODUWUDLOHUV 6RODU (QHUJ\  ±

>@ 'H\ 6 /DNVKPDQDQ 0. 3HVDOD %  2SWLPDO VRODU WUHH GHVLJQ IRU
LQFUHDVHG IOH[LELOLW\ LQ VHDVRQDO HQHUJ\ H[WUDFWLRQ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\  


11