UNIT 8 CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE (SOURCES OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE) LESSON 1: INNOVATION LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change; 3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies; and 4. Advocate how human societies should adapt to such changes. LEARNING CONTENT: SOCIAL CHANGE Change is the only permanent thing in the world. “Change is the only constant concept” (Heraclitus). “Change is a means, a process, or an end.” It can be an ideology, or a doctrine, adoption of new objects to attain goals. Social change, in sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems, Theories of Social Change 1. Evolution Theory. a. The unt-linear evolutionary theory views the development of society from a simple to complex form of organization b. The multi--tinear evolutionary theory views the occurrence of change from multiple lines that do not lead toa single result. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 1272. Conflict Theory. It was initially proposed by Marx and Engels and later by Marxist sociologists. It views the inevitability of social change as 2 result of conflict. 3, Cyclical or Rise and Fall Theory. It was proposed by writers Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee Like the theory of gravity, everything that goes up, goes down. This theory describes the rise and fall of societies, cultures, and civilizations in_ cyclical manner. 4. Functionalist Theory It was espoused by Emile Durkheim, Functionalism views society as a social system of interconnected parts, a bit like a human body with each part of the body depending on the other to “function.” Major Factors That Highlight the Causes of Social Change: 1, Inventions produce new products, ideas, and social patterns. It is a new combination or a new use of existing knowledge. Inventions may be classified into material (telephone, aeroplane), and social inventions alphabet, language, government, etc.). Each invention is new in form, function and meaning and has long-term possibilities of impact. 2. Discovery is finding something that has never been found before, or finding something new in something that already exists. A discovery adds something new to the culture and becomes a factor in social change only when it fs put to use. Diffusion is a process of the spreading of ideas, culture and objects to other societies. It operates both within societies and between societies involving trading, migration, and mass communication. It is indeed a two way process: 3. New ideas and modification of old ideas in a new context bring wide-- scale changes in society. For example, Max Weber established that | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 128 POLITICS|rationalization of religious ideas brought about phenomenal change in Protestant world, Demographic change is caused by an increase in birth and decline in (Wie death and migration of populations. Change occurs from the a lemographic transition in society. ee ‘al change is also caused by tension and conflict. Structural strain, wz aipieprivation, cultural revitalisation have been the major causes of conflict. Again social division based on class, caste, gender, ethnicity, estate, etc. have also been important sources of conflict in society. 6. Social movements are organised efforts of groups of people to bring about deliberate change in the values, norms, institutions, culture relationships and traditions of the society. They also generate new identities ar ne\ perspective. Characteristics of Social Change > There are few identifiable characters of socal cl ©)» of them are as follows: a. social change happens XQ. the rate of change varies from place to pla b. social chang: intentional but often unplanned; social c generate controversy; and matter more than others do. = jo change g Theological Explanation states that all social changes come about because of divine intervention in human affairs. 2, Null Explanation is a belief that there is no cause or reason for change. Or if there is, the human mind has no capacity to ‘comprehend such, 3. Geographic Determinism is a belief that social change is caused by the ‘changes in the natural environment. 4, Material Determinism is a belief that social change is brought about by changes in material culture or inventions. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 129Biological Determinism is the belief that social change is caused by the biological evolution of human kind. Cultural Determinism is the belief that social change is brought about by changes in the non-material culture to which an individual is exposed. Sources of Social Change 1. Environmental. The physical environment is considered as one big factor in social change. Natural disasters such as floods, typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and soil erosions are some of the instances that may force the physical environment to change or be altered Population Growth. Changes in the size and structure of the population may also affect many aspects of the society, as in families and schools. Technology is an aspect of material culture that develops in a ‘cumulative way and that sets off a chain of reaction of changes in the non-material culture. For instance, the invention of cellular phone paves that way to easy access and communication between individuals. The invention of the ATM is another technological invention which impacted. the lives of the people in the society Yalues and Beliefs. Although social changes often alter values and beliefs, new values and beliefs as well may also produce changes also can cause resistance to change. Diffusions, The spread of values, ideas, and technology from one society to another is frequently an important source of change. This refers to. the processes that produce cultural similarities in Various societies. This will be discussed further in the succeeding lessons, *PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 130 POLITICSUNIT & CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE (SOURCES OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE) LESSON 2: DIFFUSION LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of Diffusion, considered a major source of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Analyze the processes of cultural diffusion; 3. Evaluates kinds of social, political, and cultural change; and 4. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies LEARNING CONTENT: Cultural Diffusion Cultural Diffusion may be simply defined as the spread of a cultural item from its place of origin to other places. In a more expanded definition diffusion is the process by which discrete culture traits are transferred from one society to another, through migration, trade, war, or other contact. Processes of Cultural Diffusion 1, Primary diffusion is a process brought about by migration, the movement of people from one place to another. Effects of Migration kigration affects bot the area of origin and the area of destination. The effects of migration are social, economic and political. Issues of Economic Migration: Source Country | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 11 POLITICS|Economic costs inciude: The loss of young adult labor force The loss of those with skills and entrepreneurial talents, which may slow economic development Regions where--out migration takes place may suffer from a spiral decline that is difficult to halt The loss of labor may deter inward investment by private organization, increasing dependence on governmental initiatives Economic benefits include: Reduced under--employment in the source country Returning migrants bring new skills to the country, which may help to revitalize the home economy Many migrants send remittances home and much of this money is reinvested in the some economy in projects such as new buildings and services There fs less pressure on resources in the area, including basic supplies such as food essential services such as healthcare Social benefits include: The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases , as tis the younger adults who migrate Remittances sent home by economic migrants can finance improved education and health facilities Returning retired migrants increase social expectations in the community, for example, the demand for better leisure: facilities Political effects include: Policies to encourage natural increase Policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow ‘or to develop resources Requests for international aid Issues of Economic Migration: Destination Country Economic costs inclu | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 132 POLITICS‘The costs of educating the migrants’ children have to be home ‘There is an over--dependence of some industries on migrant labor, e.g. the construction in the UK ‘uch of the money earned, including pension payments, is repatriated to the country of origin Increased numbers of people add to the pressure on resources, such as health services and education Economic benefits include: Economic migrants tend to take up the less desirable jobs ‘The host country gains skilled labor at reduced cost ‘The ‘skills gap” that exists in many host countries is filled by qualified migrants Costs of retirement are transferred back to the source country Social benefits include: Creation of a multi-ethnic society increases understanding of other cultures ‘There is an influx of new and/or revitalized providers of local services - for example, Turkish baths and local corner shops. ‘There is a growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outiets Political effects include: Discrimination against ethnic groups and minorities which may lead to civil unrest and extremism Call for controts on immigration Entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism 2. Secondary diffusion involves the direct transfer of material culture from one society to another. 3. Stimulus diffusion refers to the transfer of ideas. *PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 133UNIT 8 at CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE (ea fel (SOURCES OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL. all WZ CHANGE) SON 3: ACCULTURATION AND ASSIMILATION LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change: Acculturation and Assimilation; 3. Identify new challenges faced by human pi n ‘contemporary societies; and 4. Advocate how human socfeties lapt to such changes. LEARNING CONTENT: ane on are two major concepts in sociology and. deal ) 4. in “ate In simple terms, assimilation is the fe ne or @ group’s language and/or culture become sther culture or language. Acculturation is the exchange of features that results when different groups come into continuous thand contact. ACCULTURATION Acculturation is a process by which a group adopts the dominant culture. However, in this integration the identity of one group remains the same but modified. Example: Chinese who migrated in the Philippines have learned to speak Tagalog, say “po” and “opo” and even “mano po”. ‘Acculturation is the transmission of values and customs from one group to another. Though the two groups exchange cultural features, the groups remain distinct. Though the term, acculturation is generally used to describe | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 134minority groups and immigrants, this process also takes place in major cultural groups as well. Though 2 person belonging to a minority factor begins to speak and act like those of major culture, he may retain some original customs, traditions and beliefs. That is to say, when a Japanese person immigrates to the US, he learns the cultural features of the major culture (American culture) such as English language, behavior patterns, food etc. But, in most instances, some culture features are transferred from the minority culture to the majority culture as well. (For example, Americans learn to eat sushi.) Processes of Acculturation ‘ACCULTURATION PROCESSES DIRECT INDIRECT. METHOD METHOD DIRECT EXPOSURE TO SOCIAL EXTERNAL, INTERACTION CULTURE ASSIMILATION Assimilation refers to the cultural blending of two or more previously different societies. Usually, it is the absorption of a minority group to be part of the majority, where there is an interpenetration of cultural aspects so the groups would join together . Example: the pansit may have originated from the Chinese but the “palabok” and “hab--hab” are true Filipino verston. Assimilation can be defined as the cultural absorption of a minority group into the main cultural body. This term is mostly used in terms of immigrants or minority groups. Here, the minority culture or the group which | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 135was absorbed into the main culture loses characteristics of their culture such as language, traditions and even their self--identity, Assimilation can be a quick process or a gradual change. When a person from the minority group is indistinguishable from others, it is called Full Assimilation. Assimilation could be spontaneous or forced. In assimilation, the original culture is replaced with the new one. ETHNIC ETHICAL Ideology: religion, People: es fi politics, economics Intermarriages CULTURE MATERIAL LINGUISTIC Manufactured Objects Language and symbols “PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 136 POLITICSUNIT 8 CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE (SOURCES OF SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE) LESSON 4: SOCIAL PROBLEMS LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change; and 3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies; and 4. Advocate how human societies should adapt to such changes. LEARNING. CONTENT: SOCIAL PROBLEMS What is a social problem? A social problem is a condition that at least some people ina community view as being undesirable. Characteristics of Social Problems 1, Social problem is relative. This means that a condition may be considered a problem in one society but is not in another society. A problem is on a case to case basis. 2. Social problems are akin to one another. This means that the cause of ‘one social problem could have been the other social problem; problems are interrelated to one another. 3. Social problem is complicated. This means that the extent of a problem 4s not simple but intertwined with other social problems, thus, making it difficult to solve or eradicate it. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 1374, Social problem in time is diverse. A social problem today may no longer be a problem in the future or in the past. Although there are problems which are continual or periodical. Examples of Social Problems: Abortion Alcoholism Birth Control Bullying Campus Crime Child Abuse Child Labor Climate Change Cloning Corporal Punishment Cyber Bullying Domestic Violence Drinking and Driving Drug Abuse / Addiction Environmental Pollution Gang Violence Gay Rights Global Warming Hazing HIV / AIDS Homelessness Human Trafficking Hunger Legalization of Marijuana Legalization of Prostitution Obesity | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Organ and Body Donation Pedophitia Photobombs Police Brutality Police militarization Pollution Pornography Poverty Rape Recycling and Conservation Right to Work Same-Sex Marriage Sex Trade Sexual Harassment Single Parenting ‘Smoking / Tobacco Use Social Networking / Privacy Stereotyping Suicide Teen Pregnancy Terrorism: Texting While Driving Unemployment Violence in Schools Violence in Music Videos Violence in Video Games 138Classification of Problems ‘A. According to Origin a. Physical DE b> Mentat | . Economic d. Cultural We “Fe. Environmental B, According to Condition a. Social Condition and Social Policies b. The Life Cycle ¢. Violations of Social Norms . According to Extension a. World Problem b. Socfetal Problem . Personal Problem \) Explanations on the Causes of Social Prot gd 1. Sociological Explanation. This is anchored belief that the society itself is the culprit- je- for the social problems. This is based on the belief that social 1¢ Of individual differences of the *PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK, | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 140UNIT 9 NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE LESSON 1: GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE LEARNING OUTCOMES: The leamers are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change; 3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies; and 4. Describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the physical, social, and cultural environment LEARNING CONTENT: Global Warming Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. Global Warming: News, Facts, Causes & Effects There is great debate among many people, and sometimes in the news, on whether global warming is real (some call it a hoax). But climate scientists looking at the data and facts agree the planet is warming. While many view the effects of global warming to be more substantial and more rapidly occurring than others do, the scientific consensus on climatic changes related to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has risen between 0.4 and 0.8 ‘Cover the past 100 years. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 141The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and ‘other human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the slobal warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 “C by the year 2100. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels, due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in ‘occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events. ‘The coral reefs of the Philippines ---- the second-largest in Southeast Asia support hundreds of species of corals and fish. Already endangered by direct human activity, these reefs are under additional pressure from global warming. ‘The Philippines lies within the Coral Triangle, which includes more than 75 per cent of all coral species and 35 per cent of the world’s coral reefs. The region's reefs are worth more than U.S. $2 billion annually because of the fishing, tourism, and storm protection they provide. Climate Change The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that 1s unprecedented in the past 1,300 years. Earth--orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate. ‘The heat--trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid--19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 142infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response. Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and Tropical Mountain glaciers show that the Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. They also show that in the past, large changes in climate have happened very quickly, geologically~speaking: in tens of years, not in millions or even thousands. Compelling Evidences for Rapid Climate Change: A. Sea level rise Global sea level rose about 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last century. The rate in the last decade, however, is nearly double that of the last century. B. Global temperature rise All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth hes warmed since 1880.5 Most of this warming has occurred since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest years having occurred since 1981 and with all 10 of the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years.* Even though the 20005 witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum in 2007--2009, surface temperatures continue to increase. C. Warming oceans ‘The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969. D. Shrinking ice sheets The Greentand and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost 150 to 250 cubic kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006, while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic kilometers (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 143Declining Arctic sea ice Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly ‘over the last several decades. Glacial retreat Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa. Extreme events ‘The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.S. has also Witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events Ocean acidification Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent. This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is ‘increasing by about 2 billion tons per year Decreased snow cover Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and that the snow is melting earlier. What are the Causes of Climate Change? A layer of greenhouse gases - primarily water vapor, and including much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide - acts asa thermal blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface to a life-- supporting average of 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius). ‘Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect” — warming that result when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 144Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping. Long-- Aived gases that remain semi~permanently in the atmosphere and do not fe TMMpespond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are described (DE) [as orcinge climate change. Gases, such as water vapor, which respond & q Nils or chemically to changes in temperature, are seen as q feedbacks.” Sees that contribute to the greenhouse effect include: Water vapor. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth’s atmosphere warms, but so does the possibility of sta z precipitation, making these some of the most important ff mechanisms to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide (CO,). A minor but very important atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released irae ces ah as respiration and volcano eruptions and thr jes such as deforestation, land use changes, and bur Humans have increased atmospheric CO; aS a a since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the m oe ng-lived "forcing" of climate change. ethane, Ay “i. iid it wi i a and “ae; iti ou the decomposition of wastes in landfills, s Ch rice cultivation, as well as ruminant d_manure management associated with domestic livestock. uule-for-- molecule basis, methane is a far more active oy se gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide. powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel ‘combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Synthetic compounds entirely of industrial origin used in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and release to the atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 145What are the Effects of Climate Change? On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO,). This happens because the coal or oil buming process combines carbon with ‘oxygen in the air to make COz. Toa lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities have increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict, but certain effects seem likely: On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer temperatures, but others may not. Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and Precipitation overall, but individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer. A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the oceans and partially melt, slaciers and other ice, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will ‘expand if it warms, contributing further to sea level rise. HReanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased atmospheric CO,, growing more vigorously and using water more efficiently. At the same time, higher temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change the areas where crops grow best and affect the makeup of natural plant communities. What are the Solutions to Climate Change? Because we are already committed to some level of climate change, responding to climate change involves a two--pronged approach: 1. Mitigation: Reducing emissions of and stabilizing the levels of heat-- trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; 2. Adaptation: Adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline. Hitigation, reducing climate change, involves reducing the flow of heat-- trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 146these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the “sinks” that accumulate and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil). The goal of mitigation is to avoid dangerous human interference with the climate system, and “stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner”. Adaptation, adapting to life in a changing climate, involves, adjusting to actual or expected future climate. The goal is to reduce our vulnerability to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food insecurity). It also encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities associated with climate change (for example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions). ‘Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped with changes in climate and extremes with varying degrees of success. Climate change (drought in particular) has been at least partly responsible for the rise and fall of civilizations. Earth’s climate has been relatively stable for the past 12,000 years and this stability has been crucial for the development of our modern civilization and life as we know it. Modern life 's tailored to the stable climate we have become accustomed to. As our climate changes, we will have to learn to adapt. The faster the climate changes, the harder it could be. While climate change is a global issue, it is felt on a local scale. Cities and municipalities are therefore at the frontline of adaptation. In the absence of national or international climate policy direction, cities and local communities around the world have been focusing on solving their own climate problems. They are: working to build flood defenses; plan for heat waves and higher temperatures; install water--permeable pavements to better deal with floods and storm water; and improve water storage and use, “PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. 147 | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICSUNIT 9 NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE LESSON 2: TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION AND OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS (OFWs) LEARNING OUTCOMES: The leamers are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change; 3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies; and 4. Describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the physical, social, and cultural environment LEARNING CONTENT: Transnational Migration Transnational migration is the process by which immigrants forge and sustain simultaneous mult--stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement. Transmigrants are immigrants whose daily lives depend on multiple and constant interconnections across international borders and whose public identities are configured in relationship to more than one nation--state. Within the Philippines, there has been much speculation about the costs of migration: the problems borne by migrants, anxieties about the destabilizing impacts of migration on families, apprehensions about materialism, and so forth. Although it is acknowledged that migrants and their families have | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 148 POLITICS|benefited from labor migration, mostly because of remittances, the economic impacts beyond the family level are less tangible. ‘And while it is acknowledged that remittances have buoyed the countrys economy, the development impacts have not been clearly felt. Some question what the country has to show for more than three decades of overseas employment. In a strange twist, the Philippines has become so successful as a labor exporter that it has failed to develop and strengthen development processes. The target to send a million workers every year is a telling indicator that migration will be an important part of the country’s future development plans and prospects. Even without government involvement, labor migration from the Philippines likely will persist thanks to social networks, social capital, and social remittances that have flourished. Filipino society has become migration--savvy, having developed the ability to respond and to adjust to the changing demands of the global labor market. Anticipation of future demand for nurses, for example, has resulted in the proliferation of nursing schools and a remarkable increase in student ‘enrolment in nursing programs in recent years. Even doctors are studying to be nurses to have better chances of working abroad. This is a concrete example of how perceptions of the intemational labor market have also woven their way into the educational and work aspirations of Filipinos. Individuals make decisions based on perceptions of what would be beneficial for them, But those decisions can have a cumulative effect on ‘communities and the country. in the nursing example, the proliferation of nursing programs (which puts into question the quality of training), the spectre of an oversupply of nurses, and the potential mismatch between skills needed and available human resources are some societal-wide concerns that must be considered and must be weighed vis individual aspirations. -vis | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 149While the Philippines cannot stop people from leaving, the country will need to explore how migration can be an instrument for development. Ty, this regard, the Philippines can learn much from international Cit issions and_reflections on migration and development taking place in 1 a countries. é (ly ‘Sea Filipino Workers (OFWs) Overseas Filipinos are known by a variety of terms with slightly different and sometimes overlapping meanings. Overseas Filipino Workers, also known as OFWS, are Filipinos working abroad that are expected to return permanently either upon the expiration of a work contract or upon retirement. Balikbayans are Filipino citizens who have been contintiously the Philippines for a period of at least one year; Fil er jorkers; and former Filipino citizens and family who hi &5 fn RatUralized in a foreign country and come or retum to the Philipp hese are Filipinos Global Filipir fermlf more recent vintage that is less widely In used. Overseas, OF is are those Filipino expatriates who contribute, jomy through remittances, buying properties and T creat . This was coined by former president Gloria Macapagal- helt 4th President of the Philippines. ‘The number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at any time during the period April to September 2015 was estimated at 2.4 million. Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs) or those with existing work contract comprised 97.1 percent of the total OFWs during the period April to September 2015. The rest (2.9 %) worked overseas without contract. “PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 150UNIT 10 RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHANGE LESSON 1: INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP AND PATICIPATORY GOVERNANCE LEARNING OUTCOMES: The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the agents/ institutions, processes, and outcomes of cultural, political, and social change; 2. Evaluates factors causing social, political, and cultural change; 3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in contemporary societies; and 4. Describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the physical, social, and cultural environment LEARNING CONTENT: Inclusive Citizenship Civic Responsibility is defined as the “responsibility of a citizen”. It 8 comprised of actions and attitudes associated with democr: governance and social participation. Civic responsibility can include participation in government, church, volunteers and memberships of voluntary associations. Actions of civic responsibility can be displayed in advecacy for various causes, such as political, economic, civil, and environmental or quality of life issues. Civic means belonging to a city, a citizen, or citizenship, municipal or civil society. Responsibility refers to the state or quality of being responsible or something for which one is responsible such as a duty, obligation or burden. Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship, is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State. [UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 151Citizenship has been defined as membership in a political community which is personal and more or less permanent in character. It is the status or character of being a citizen. And a citizen of a given state or country is one who owes it permanent allegiance and is entitled to its protection on the basis of the legal and political conception of citizenship. 4s citizens we always think of the promotion of the common good ‘or general welfare. A responsible citizen promotes the common good by obeying the law, paying taxes honestly, informing himself about important political issues, volunteering in the community and respecting the rights and opinions of others. A responsible citizen is willing to sacrifice his individual interests for the collective good of the nation, He remembers his civic duties and serves his country despite any discomfort such a course might bring. Citizens should realize that for every right there must be a corresponding duty. If the people are aware not only of their rights but also of their obligations, there will be less misunderstanding and less conflict in the society. One of the reasons for the turmoil and conflict in many countries is the attitude of demanding one’s rights under the law and yet being forgetful of one’s duties as a citizen, Rights become fully available for enjoyment only when all the citizens comply loyally with all their obligations. Hence, the enjoyment of rights becomes sufficient and real to the degree that the citizens willingly carry ‘out their obligations. This has been expressed by no less than US President John F. Kennedy in his inaugural address on January 20, 1961 with the phrase “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country”. ‘According to Hector S. De Leon among the more important duties and obligations of every citizen in a democratic society are as follows: 1. To be loyal to the country. By loyalty, we mean faith and confidence in the republic and devotion to the country. Every citizen must be proud of his country, its customs, traditions, language, and institutions. Every citizen must not commit any act of disloyalty, such as treason, rebellion, sedition, or other similar act. On the contrary, every citizen must be | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 152willing and ready whenever necessary to cast his life and fortunes in defense of his country. 2, To defend the State. Former President Jose P. Laurel once said, “Love of country is not shown by words but by deeds. It is not an occasional Virtue to be exhibited now and then; it is a flame that should be kept constantly aglow in our hearts. It means an unflinching determination to serve and defend one’s country at all times and at all costs.” Citizens receive benefits and protection from the State of which they are part. It is but proper that their primary and honorable duty is to defend it_against any danger, whether from within or from without. 3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. The citizens can contribute to the development and welfare of the State in many ways: by paying taxes willingly and promptly, by cooperating in its activities and projects, by patronizing local products and trades, and by ‘engaging in. productive work. 4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. The Constitution is the expression of the sovereign will of the people. De Leon (2003) said that the Constitution is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. The laws are enacted in accordance with it for the good of all. As such, itis the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the Constitution and obey the laws, 5, To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. Community living imposes obligations and responsibilities upon the individual. It is not enough that a citizen takes care of his own welfare. He must also see to it that laws are being observed by the whole community, that officers attend to their implementation and that they faithfully perform their duties. In fact, indifference and passive inactions are worse than actual and flagrant violation of the law. 6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of ‘others. Common sense dictates that in the exercise of a citizen’s right he should be aware that he will respect the rights of others as well. Rights are not absolute; they correspond to certain responsibilities and obligations. In asserting one’s privilege in the community, he must not step on or infringe on somebody else’s rights. To quote Apolinario Mabini's words, “liberty is freedom | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS 153to do right and never wrong.” Actions must always be guided by reason and upright conscience. 7. To engage in gainful work. Employment is not the obligation solely of the State. Every citizen should realize that it is his responsibility to strive and be a productive member of the society. Laurel emphasized the essence of work when he said that “The essence of life is work.” Every citizen must realize that only by sustained hard work can men and nations live and survive, 8, To register and vote. Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every ‘qualified citizen must perform. It is through suffrage that the will of the people is expressed. This constitutional obligation is not complied simply by registering and casting 2 vote. It carries with it the duty of using mature and independent judgment on the issues presented or the qualifications and fitness of the aspirants for public office. Participative Governance Participatory governance consists of state--sanctioned institutional processes that allow citizens to exercise voice and vote, which then results in the implementation of public policies that produce some sort of changes in citizens’ lives. Citizens are engaged in public venues at a variety of times throughout the year, thus allowing them to be involved in policy formation, selection, and oversight. The inclusion of citizens in state sanctioned Venues means that they are now in constant contact with government officials. These institutions thus generate new forms of interactions among citizens as well as between citizens and government officials, “PLEASE GO TO THE ACTIVITIES PAGES AFTER THE LECTURES AT THE BACK. | UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND 154 POLITICSUNIT 10 Its Presence in Some Transition Countries’ he Focus in South Eastern European “es jiterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Ford, Donna Y., 2014. * and 0 Underrepresentation of Blacks and. Hispar :ducation: Social Inequality and Deficit uulturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and a fork: Teachers College Press. ‘< Andrew., 2013. Politics 4th ed. New York: ”algrave Macmillan. Jackson, Linda A., 2013, and Jin--Liang Wang. "Cultural differences in social networking site use: A comparative study of China and the United States", Computers in Human Behavior. Kalmijn, Wim.2014. “Linear Scale Transformation’, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well--Being Research. Leicht, Kevin T., and J. Craig Jenkins, eds. 2010. Handbook of Politics: ‘State and Society in Global Perspective. New York: Springer, 218.IKigdal, Joel S., 1998. Strong Societies and Weak States: State - Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton University Press, 10--41 Magadia SJ, Jose J., and Edmund Ramos., 2010. “A Second Look at Democracy,” in Philippine Politics: Democratic Ideals and Realities. Ateneo de Manila University Department of Political Science. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Hoten, A., and S. Islam., 2006. Introduction to Political Science, 2nd ed. ‘Malaysia: Thomson Nagelsen, Susan, and Charles Huckelbury. 2016 "The Death Penalty and Human Dignity: An Existential Fallacy’, Laws Ncho, Claudette D., and Susan C.D. Wright 2013.,"Health maintenance and low socio--economic status: A family perspective", Curationis Resolving the Climate Change Crisis, 2016 Rondinelli, D., 1981. Government Decentralization in Comparative Perspective: Theory and Practice in Developing Countries. Intemational Review of Administrative Sciences 47 (1981): 133-- 145, Scott, James C., 1972. Patron--Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review 66: 9 113, Scherer, Lexie.2015., "British ethnic minority children's meaning-- -making of transnational belonging/s in the primary school”, Transnational Social Review Scholte, Jan Aart., 2001. "The Globalization of World Politics", in John Baylis and Steve Smith, eds., The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 13--32.Stewart, Angus., 1995.Two Conceptions of Citizenship. The British Journal of Citizenship: 63-78 ‘The History and Theory of Children’s Citizenship in Contemporary Societies, 2013 Wiebe, G. D., 1952. “Responses to the Televised Kefauver Hearings: Some Social Psychological Implications", Public Opinion Quarterly WEBSITES http:/ /chestofbooks.com/finance/Albert--s--Bolles/Practical-- -Banking/Chapter--- The--Origin--And--Nature--of-- Banking. htmltixzz4Fi6tMNky http://www. 1upinfo.com http: //www.absoluteastronomy.co m_http://www.academon.com htto://vww.adb.org http://www.antiessays.com ‘nttp:/ /www.ask.com http: //www.attac.org http://www. backdoorsurvival.com http://www.batinkbayan.cfo.gov. ph. http://www.bbe.co.uk http: //www.bedford.k12.va.us http:// vwww.bellwetherpress.net http://www. bergsland.org http: //www.berkeleycarroll.org htto://www.becsdto,org http://www. blueant.com.aur http://www. bookrags.com http: //www.bridge?g.eu ittp:/ /www.brightontife.com