“Sh Aumroop umn ‘oures—p ‘01 Ai Jo senem sein69 uo suowebysanul Kiojes0qe] wos BIep UO Paseq—€ ‘odojs ey) sayseoidde YEnoH eAeM ev UOyN Ing ‘eweS—z ‘sen Je Tenpwypur jo uonesBeluisip soye abies eos 1 (p-€ 01 I-£ “y-ZO -Z P-L 0 L-1 SuTeASeIp) suUioIs seuyy BuUNp syueUie;NseOU ferIoe UO Pas} we Sy UM yh OF YO Tequoy ywua senem PUB nop Jo Buippeq snonuguco uo sieke} Buyenco oj s9j91 sweiBeIp UAAIS ayy “eouePpesdxe Jo Auuaeqord %t I {ym Suo}s BuLinp s1eKe} Buuence @y210U09 Peoiojules snonuqUCD Uo PEO} WIN Je}O} Jo ueUOdWIOD TWeUAP Bu) Jo Sure x340 bedding and frontal approach of the wave systems: a1 ~(0.29 — 0.31)-1hyq, Tax= (0.6 — 0.64)yh. Under the aforementioned conditions, the maximum ordinates with respect to the static water level lie at the depth given below: Zy, = (0. | 21m, = (0.95-1.15)h. For slopes with the commonly encountered inverse gradient of 3.0-3.5 and wave approach angle of 30-90°, the expressions given below are used to determine the relative distance along the slope between the waterline and the point of application of maximum instantaneous dynamic component of the total uplift load on the continuous covering layer: big = h/ yy, = 1.44 big = h/h = 3-4, where /, is the absolute length with probability ‘of exceedance approxi- mately 1%. When frontal irregular waves impinge on a slope with inverse gradient m= 2.5-4.0 during storms, the ratio between the lengths of the upper and lower branches k = b/I, of the diagram of dynamic uplift load lies in the range k = 1.1-0.9 with a probability of exceedance of about 1%. ‘Actual data on the distribution of dynamic instantaneous uplift load on continuous covering layers during storms with frontal waves accords well with experimental results of laboratory studies in which steep waves are produced so that their deciivity is of the order of 8-9, which is the typical _ limit for regular wave forms. It can be seen from the experimental results that in the case of relatively steep waves (m, = 8-9) and slopes with.con- tinuous covering layers and inverse gradient of m = 25-45, the relative wave recoil after disintegration on a slope or lowering of water level when a wave trough approaches a slope lie between Emin ANd Emax. Their aver- aged values lie between 0.28-0.32 and 0.32-0.42 respectively, wherefrom E = Myy/h = 0.33. According to actual observations (eqn 7.39), the relative value E19, = Mew 1¢/1y = 0.29-0.31, which when recomputed in terms of mean wave height can be written as Ey, = Migyiy,/h = 0.6-0.64. If the sim- ulated test values of f,, are also recomputed in terms of mean wave height, it is found that € = f/f = 0.69. Hence, during storms occurring under the aforementioned conditions with an overload factor of 1.05-1.1, it is possible to take £9, = Dioysye/h = 0.64-0.69, (7.39) or (7.40) or - (7.41) of thy aco tions dyna layer than simil (7.36 tthe s onth due appt dyne istab fully desi abo sent and ing leng tion this 7u The ist der inst rat oft ciet ) pro of) — wh bef 76 Laboratory studies established that ior: SSeS En SRE Te ea341 of the upper branch of the diagram representing dynamic uplift pressure on covering layer lies in the range tp = |,/h = 1.6-2.0. From actual observa- 7.39) tions and in accordance with (7.41), +},, = 1.4-1.9. Hence diagrams of the dynamic component of instantaneous uplift load on a continuous covering layer during a storm with 1% probability of exceedance do not differ by more than 10% from the diagrams obtained in the laboratory under test conditions similar to those existing in nature. 7.40) In the case of irregular wave systems with an oblique approach, relations (7.39) and (7.40) are valid for an approach angle of 30-90° measured from the slope front. The insignificant influence of the approach angle of the waves | on the dynamic component of the uplift load in the aforementioned range is ara due to the effect of several compensating factors. When the wave systems ent of ' approach the slope at an angle less than 30°, the reduction in the area of | dynamic uplift load diagram is more distinct. However, while studying the stability of continuous covering layers these factors that have not yet been i fully investigated should be ignored. with (7-41) Until the various aspects of this complicated problem are resolved, the design values given in Tables 7.7-7.9 (with probability of exceedance of proxi- about 1%) may be used to determine the parameters of the diagrams repre- i senting distribution of the dynamic component of total uplift load under frontal adient and oblique wave approach with respect to slopes with continuous cover- ar and ing layers on detrital soil bedding. From the data of Table 7.7, the relative in the length of the upper branch of the diagram may be determined by the func- | tion /,/hygc = f(m,, m). From the analysis of empirical relations it follows that ad on this function increases proportionately with wave declivity (declivity of about s well 7 under irregular wave conditions) and inverse gradient of slope (Table 7.7). 1s are The length of the lower branch of the dynamic uplift oad diagram b = kf, ypice" is found from experimental values of the coefficient k = f(iwsy/ iy, M). esult. r depending on the inverse gradient of the slope (Table 7.8) and the relative ycon- instantaneous lowering of water level on the slope that is determined by the alative ratio Mowise/hg,. Further, the relative lowering of water level is a function when of two arguments hj.,,/h = f(m,,m), as is evident from Table 7.9. Coeffi- red cient k and relative lowering of water level Aigy%,/hig, are both inversely ‘efron. | proportional to the inverse gradient of the slope, though they differ in effect dative \ of wave declivity. With an increase in wave declivity My x,/hyg, increases, 7 ne ct | whereas k decreases due to the asymmetrical trough profile of long waves os | before they crash on the slope. reight, | ler the | issible 7.6 Dynamic Uplift Storm Loads on Continuous Covering Layers of Slabs under Irregular Disturbances Bynamic-toads-exerted-on-the sides-of stabs bythe base depend otf length | storm energy (See Secs. 7.1-7.5), phase of the storm acting on the external342 Table 7.7: Analytical values of parameter = yimp for diagrams of dynamic | uplift load (values: Th rounded off) the coy a m b= h/ tng at My under Gorresponding to re= instant ular wave conditions 10 18 uniforr ee strip 0 225 0:75 12 18 27 338 022 16 22 33 and th 45 028 19 28 42 at diffe ae lar wa Mt pa Analytical values of parameter kfor diagrams of dynamic uplift load (values rounded che cc ‘ protec m K= b/h at = Piows%/ tay, (as per Table 7.9) result OE" duce 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 below ee ee 2 12 12 1.2 1 08 0.6 04 u storr 253 4 14 1 08 08 04 02 repre 35 09 09 08 08 04 02 = for st 4 08 07 08 05 03 = = 5 05 04 02 - _ seve S88 ORE repre diagt ‘Table 7.9: Analytical values of parameter for diagrams of dynamic uplift load (values rounded | load off) \ mea: \ 55° m & = Powis [fie at My a Corresponding to iregular ~ impe wave conditions 10 6 lieb 2 04 05 08 -1 253 03 05 o7 38 93 oa 06 erin °. . os. 5 0.2 03 04 exe SR way ‘the surface of the protection and structural and technical characteristics of the and protection measure in general. © logt Random storm loads that act on opposite sides of the elements of contin- rec uous covering layers change incessantly over time with an undefined phase ete shift. The loads acting on the lower sides of the elements of a covering layer bel undergo changes of amplitude and phase owing to the damping effect of the ' holes (or open joints), difference in velocities of propagation of elastic impact { cor suscindissinila i istance of bedding pores filled with of a343 (values The moving alternating dynamic storm load on individual segments of the covering layer varies due to change in local pressure as well as the areas under load on opposite sides of the elements. Given this, the distribution of — instantaneous uplift load on the discontinuous covering layer is highly non- 15 uniform and acts either over limited segments or within the limits of a wide a strip on the slope. The non-uniformity of dissimilarly directed dynamic loads ee and their resultants on individual sides of the elements of the covering layer 42 at different points of the protection can be attributed to propagation of irregu- lar wave systems on the slope and also sometimes to their oblique approach. At particular instants of time, the resultant load on a limited segment of ‘ounded the covering layer may be directed towards the base, thereby pressing the protection measure against the slope. At other moments the instantaneous resultant load on the same segment may rapidly change direction and pro- duce an uplifting effect on elements of the covering layer if the load from below exceeds that from above. Some results of actual observations of such storm loads are described below. In accordance with (7.18), the loads are represented by diagrams of instantaneous resultant load (Fig. 7.37) plotted for such instants of time at which the dynamic uplift load attains maximum level during the periods of successive individual waves. These diagrams represent projections of the corresponding actual spatial instantaneous load diagrams on the vertical plane normal to the slope. Typical instantaneous ‘ounded load diagrams are non-uniform along the slope front and are obtained by \ measuring dynamic pressure during storms due to waves of approach angle \ 55° impinging on a covering layer with uniformly distributed drainage holes and open joints. These diagrams are plotted for the segments that are most important from the viewpoint of loads acting on the protection measure and 18 lie between the relative static level markings on the slope z/hys, in the range oF = 1.510 1.0 or z/h = -3.2 to 2.2. o. The overall distribution of total dynamic pressure on continuous cov- aa { ering layers of slabs under uplift load of approximately 1% probability of on | exceedance during storms is presented in Fig. 7.38 for different directions of —— wave approach. These diagrams, which represent the instantaneous load on | the protection measure, are valid for slopes with inverse gradient of 3.0-3.5 of the and beddings prepared from detrital soils. They were obtained from oscil- | lographs of a large number of severe storms with waves up to 2.4 m high 7 ontin- . recorded by transducers over a span of several years. The important param- shase eters of the diagrams of limiting and mean instantaneous loads are given layer below together with a brief analysis of the results. of the \ While processing the results of observations taken under real storm npact i conditions it was established that the empirical relations describing the effect with 4 ft SFA TES aU la hee content ais whan aseFig. 7.37: Projections on vertical plane of diagrams of resultant dynamic storm load acting on the discontinuous covering layer of slabs when uplt load was maximum during the period of individual waves of a system of irregular waves with wave height up to 1.6 m and approach angle to the slope equal to 55°. 1-79: load due to successive waves. waves, but by the systems of waves and also by the effect of the general hydrometeorological conditions prevailing during the storm on the irregularity of waves and coastal hydrodynamic phenomena. When elements of slope protection measures are easily eroded by aerated flow, the effect of uplift loads on discontinuous covering layers can be theoretically explained by their resultant, which depends on random combinations of the variables but mainly the parameters that define storm energy. The results obtained accord well with the fundamental postulates of the spectral theory of wind waves, according to which the net energy of the’system is found from the following well-known relation [95]: he = For instance, for a system consisting of nine components [138], E, is determined by the following formula: E, = 9p. vs (7.42) a8345 —jfa4 A at NO \ ri AN A ive dynami ‘mean height of the wave syste .grams of resultant relat 19 t0 1% probability of exceedance.346 | Irrespective of approach angle, a common feature of most of the dia~ | cover! grams of Fig. 7.38 is that at any given instant of time they contain two | has a ‘segments representing build-up of dynamic uplift force or reduction of net ) To itt load on the protection measure. When the dynamic uplift load acting on \ (Fig, the discontinuous covering layer is maximum for a wave period, one of the | layer segments lies in the zone adjacent to the static water level while the other the Ic lies under the trough of the successive wave approaching the slope. In the 8 zone of the first segment of the dynamic uplift load diagram intense outflow with » of water through holes in the covering layer is clearly visible (see Fig. 5.2). mum, This segment occurs for all probabilities of exceedance of wave height. The 0.2 second segment appears only when parameters of adjacent waves occur { ment in particular combinations. For example, if two adjacent waves of low prob- and ability of exceedance approach the slope or if a wave of large probability limits of exceedance is followed by a high wave, the second segment usually appears in the dynamic uplift load diagram. When adjacent waves of large 1 probability of exceedance strike the slope, the second segment does not corre ar on the uplift load diagram; there is only a reduction in the magnitude larly, okthe positive resultant load acting outwards on the external surface of the and protection measure. inth Judging by the shape of the diagrams of total dynamic load on the the covering layer, the maximum uplift load almost always coincides with the wav approach of the wave trough to the slope when the steepness of the wave of crest increases before its integration on the slope. In this phase, as well as the during other stages of wave restructuring, the pressure on the lower face L/h of the discontinuous covering layer is given-by (7.17) and is a function not app only of seepage in the bedding, but also of the loads on the outer face of the protection measure. These loads depend on the instantaneous position | of the wave surface, velocity head of the wave system acting on the given segment of the slope, wind and wave flows and other hydrodynamic phe- nomena in accordance with (7.4)-(7.13). During some waves the maximum uplift load on the covering layer coincides with the impact of the wave crest on the slope. Under these conditions storm pressure at the outer surface of the protection measure is transmitted through open joints to the lower faces of the covering layer slabs and spreads in the bedding upwards along the slope towards the segment that lies above the point of impact of the wave | crest. | By analysing the profiles of the diagrams of net instantaneous dynamic loads in the positive section that lies above the slope line, it is possible to draw the profile of wave surface when maximum uplift pressure acts on the covering layer. At this instant a considerable portion of the outer half of the \ ————sraving-wave-crastelther overhangs-above-the-slope-or-tises-at-a-smaller———— the-diagram-for wave-5 (Fig.7.37).It is noteworthy that the segment ofdia two net on the ther the i). The sour rob- silty sally, arge not ude the y the vave amic ‘le to vthe ifthe 347 Covering layer continuous with the waterline that is subjected to uplift loads has a width inversely proportional to the maximum ordinate of the diagram, To illustrate this point, the diagrams for waves 3, 31, 52, 53, 58, and 63 (Fig. 7.37) are plotted at two different times: 1) when the zone of covering layer subjected to dynamic uplift load has maximum expanse, and 2) when the local uplift load is maximum, By analysing some typical oscillograms of pressure, say during storms with wave approach angle 8 = 35,55 and 90°, it was found that for maxi- mum relative ordinates lying in the ranges r,(t)/-)h < ~0.25 and r,(t)/h > 0.26, the relative widths of the uplift force diagrams for the slope seg- ments closest to the waterline are /,/h = 4 and 4.4, 4.5 and 4.5, and 4.7 and 5 for wave approach angles 35, 55 and 90° respectively. The respective limits of variation of relative widths of the diagrams are /,/h = 1.9-6.2 and 2.8-6.0; 2.7-6.4 and 2.7-6.5 and 2.8-6.6 and 2.5-7.6. It is thus seen that at 8 = 35,55 and 90° the relative ordinates of uplift pressure r,(t)/~jh < —0.25 correspond to maximum ratios /,/h = 6.2,6.4 and 6.6 tespectively. Simi- larly, the ordinates r,(t)/-h > 0.26 correspond to the ratios ,/h = 6,6.5 and 7.6. Here r,(t) represents maximum ordinates of dynamic uplift loads in the first segment of the diagram (near the waterline); f(t) the same, in the second segment of the diagram (under the trough of the successive wave). The trough of the successive wave coincides in time with the action of maximum dynamic uplift load in the first segment. Therefore, the width of the second segment of the uplift load diagram generally does not exceed b/h = 2.0-2.6, irrespective of the maximum ordinate 15(t)/7h and the wave approach angle. The upper boundary of limiting instantaneous dynamic uplift pressure on a discontinuous covering layer during a storm lies below the static water level. Its position partially depends on the angle of wave approach with Tespect to the slope. For the discontinuous covering layers investigated almost all the parameters of the diagrams of instantaneous maximum dynamic uplift load were affected by the wave approach angle to some extent or the other. However, this relation is not always distinctly clear. For example, when the wave approach angles lie in the ranges 90-70, 69-50, 49-30 and 29-0° (see Fig. 7.38), the topmost point of the zero ordinate point of the diagram of dynamic uplift load with probability of exceedance of about 1% lies above the static water level at a relative elevated height of 2)/h = 1.8-2.3. The lower boundary of the second branch of the diagram of maximum uplift pressure with probability of exceedance 1% lies below the trough of the adjacent wave and for the given ranges. of wave approach angle lies at a relative depth of z/h = -2.3,-2.7,-27348 branch, vary within narrow limits. The lower boundary of the upper branch passes at a mean depth z,/h = — (1.5-2.0) and the upper boundary of the lower branch at mean relative depth z,/h = — (1.5-2.8), where z, represents the depth of zero ordinate point, corresponding to the lower boundary of the dynamic uplift load diagram in the zone of the slope that is contiguous with the waterline, and z, and z, represent the depth of the upper and lower boundaries of the diagram respectively under the trough of the successive wave. ‘As mentioned before, the maximum uplift load on a discontinuous cov- ering layer during a storm occurs in-the zone of static water-level line. The maximum ordinates r,(t) act on the lower forces of the covering layer at points with relative level marking z,,/h = —(0.4-0.7), but sometimes also at 2,/h = 0.2 — (~1.2), where z,, is the depth (—) or elevation (+) with respect tothe static water level of the points on the lower face of the discontinuous covering layer which experience maximum instantaneous pressure under dynamic uplift storm load with 1% probability of exceedance for the wave approach angles in the ranges mentioned before. The points of application of maximum dynamic uplift pressure in the segment under the trough of the successive wave lie at a relative depth of z,./h = — (1.8-3.0) when the load on the lower face of the covering layer is maximum. Here Z, is the depth relative to the static water level at which the ordinate f(t) is maximum. The distance between the points of application of loads corresponding to maximum ordinates of the diagrams of uplift storm loads near the waterline and under the trough of the successive wave significantly depend on wave- length of the waves approaching the slope at decreasing depth. It has been observed that on slopes of inverse gradient 2.5-4.0 impinged upon by waves approaching them at various angles, the aforementioned distance during the highest waves of a particular storm varies in the vertical direction in the range (21 — Za/h = 1-3 with an average of 1.5-2.0. In the horizontal direction, the corresponding values are (z,1 — Z,2)/htan.a = 3.5-10 and 5-8 respectively. If the horizontal distance between the points is expressed through the height of curves with probability of exceedance 1%, ie., (2,1 — Z2)/hyg, tana, then the respective values under the same conditions are found to be 1.7-5.0 and 2.4-4.0, This data indirectly points to the very small declivity \/h of the highest among the irregular waves formed on the reservoir and undergoing partial restructuring on the slope. To define the relative steepness of the front slope of the wave crest under maximum dynamic uplift pressure, it is important to know the lim- its of variation of the relative distance between the points of application of loads corresponding to maximum ordinates of the diagram of instantaneous presse e ° ering Ia all. asthe slop four 17 the of tr the heig four 09, mus with inst: sigr exa abo with dist inst exe sun tou 859 ang the a(t ‘the bet red toc inc pro ing cov 2n upl ne: waves of prob: a zi wer ability of exceedance of about 1% approach the Jine. When349 slope at 35, 55 and 90°, the maximum limits of the relative distance are Ah | found to be (z,, ~ z,)/h tana = 6,5.4 and 5.1 and the minimum limits 1.8, the 1.7 and 1.6, where z,, is the distance with respect to the static waterline of ants the point of application of the load corresponding to the maximum ordinate the | of the diagram of instantaneous pressure acting on the external surface of with | the covering layer. When this relative distance is defined in terms of the wer | height of waves of 1% probability of exceedance, the maximum limits are sive | found as (z,, ~ 2,)/hys, tana = 3,2.7 and 2.5 and the minimum limits as | 0.9, 0.8 and 0.75 based on observations for a large number of storms. 30v- | Before attempting a theoretical analysis of the dynamic uplift loads it The | must be noted that according to experimental data recorded during storms rat with waves of various heights, the maximum ordinates of the diagrams of net oat instantaneous load acting on the lower face of the covering layer depend rect significantly on the approach angle of the wave systems (Fig. 7.39). For ous example, the maximum relative ordinates with probability of exceedance of der \ about 1% were found to be 4(t)/-yh = — (0.6, 0.6 and 0.68) during storms ave with wave approach angles 35, 55 and 90° respectively. For the same tion | disturbance conditions, the maximum relative ordinates of the diagrams of the | instantaneous uplift load under the troughs of successive waves did not oad exceed 15(t)/-h = — (0.33, 0.39 and 0.57) respectively. It may be thus be 2pth ‘summarised that the maximum ordinates in the second segment subjected i to uplift forces (under the trough of the adjacent wave) comprise 55, 65 and gto 85% of the corresponding ordinates in the first segment at wave approach fine | angles 35, 55 and 90° respectively. Ne- On the diagrams of maximum dynamic uplift load (see Fig. 7.38), eeu | the maximum relative ordinates during frontal storms sometimes reach ves 14()/1h = — (0.85-0.7). When the wave approach angle is less (69-50°), ee | the ordinates are of the order of —(0.5-0.6). At a wave approach angie between 49 and 30° the ordinates continue to remain —(0.5-0.6), but the b reduce to —(0.4-0.5) when the wave approach angle decreases to 29-0°. ely. As the foregoing data fails to establish a clear relation, it is not possible ight | to consider the effect of wave approach angle on the local uplift pressure hen in discontinuous slab-type covering layers until new light is thrown on the 0) problem by additional investigations. ie Relative net uplift loads F,(t)/h with probability of exceedance 1% act- - ving ing on equivalent areas in the maximum loaded regions of discontinuous covering layers are also almost independent of the angle of approach of rest wave systems with respect to the slope. For instance, when waves up to Pal 2 m in height approach a slope at angles of 35, 55 and 90°, the relative oa uplift load with probability of exceedance 1-2% acting, 2-m wide strip ine li = —(0-75-0,85) near the static water-level line lies in the range Ry(t}- : ‘7 (Fig- 7-40) The dynamic uplift loadis-with probability of excesdance———— ring layers due to frontal and oblique350 | F(t) - | Rw), wh —" t o2 | -----«3 | j | 1 5 10 30. ~~«50SC0 90 95 PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE, % Integral function depicting variation of maximum instantaneous values of relative dynamic uplift pressure r(t)/-1h acting on a discontinuous covering layer. ‘Storm energy esti- Fig. — tated by mean height of system of irregular waves. Data refers to slopes with inverse gradient ult “of 8.0-8.5 and wave approach angles as folows: 190°; 265°, 385°. toe ofs appl (at 35°) wave systems differ by a mere 2-3%, The close values of uplift ace of the covering layer by means of water seeping fromthe Top -surtace351 Ry, tes ho m2 — 0-8} ee 93 0-6 0-4 Ni 0.2 Es 7 a, TE ut 1 10 a a a a ry PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE,352 | oblique approach. The relative increase in pressure from below in the case e of irregular wave systems with an oblique approach occurs fortwo reasons: tee, Firstly, because troughs of successive waves approach the slope at the ' lesstt same time as the wave flow runs up the slope. This produces large pressure of dis gradients between adjacent regions and seepage flow under the covering featur layer, thereby resulting in a local increase in uplift load. Secondly, the reac~ tive pressure created by crashing wave crests of several oblique waves on ao the adjacent segment significantly increases the force acting on the covering ey layer from below in the zone near the static water-level line. Concurrently, i pressure produced by other auxiliary hydrodynamic processes on the slopes spreads on the surface of the covering layer in all directions, including the These segment which is being approached at the given instant by the trough of the ' result adjacent wave. \ T ‘Comparison of the diagrams of instantaneous pressure acting on the the re covering layer during maximum uplift load generated by wave systems | date approaching the slope from different directions gives an insight into the A distribution of load and the corresponding wave phases. For instance, in type Fig. 7.37, diagram 57 represents the load consisting of pressure transmitted uo to a particular set of transducers from the impact of an oblique wave crest joints on the adjoining segment of the, covering layer and the pressure of moving 1 uous water body on the given zone of the slope during the storm. i Place ‘An extremely important fact established by investigation of actual loads | sand | on slab-type discontinuous covering layers concems the absence of a strict | net | correlation between maximum load on the external surface of the protection } raat | measure during a storm and the resultant dynamic uplift pressure on the fl covering layer. It was found that if the probability of exceedance of the load | ry \ on a slope before and after crashing of individual frontat waves was 4 and | thoalt | 2.5%, the dynamic uplift load on a slab of rib length 2 m had a probability i mea: | ‘of exceedance of 2.0 and 0.9% respectively. Discrepancies between local cont loads on the external surface of the protection measure due to the largest j 1 | waves in a particular storm and the corresponding dynamic uplift loads on | ae | slab-type covering layers are also observed under non-frontal waves. For | ear | example, for a system of irregular waves approaching a slope at an angle uri of 55°, the local pressure on the surface of the covering layer under waves j and \ 1 and 32 (see Fig. 7.37) had a probability of exceedance of 25 and 8% ' flow | respectively. The uplift load on the stab of rib length 2 m correspondingly the — had a probabilty of exceedance of 6.0 and 0.88%. Contrarily, the uplift load view ‘on the slab under waves 52 and 75 attained a probability of exceedance of take 4-8%, although local forces on the external surface of the protection measure had a probability exceedance of more than 8%. imilar results are obtained when the angle of approach of the wave =systems sted 35°=Forinstal fiagrams-of-dynamig—uplit pressure on slabs-of the-aforementioned-di jensions had-a-probability-ot +} SS| 353 case exceedance of 1.4 and 4.4% respectively. However, the limiting pressure on sons: the extemal surface of the covering layer had a probability of exceedance of ut the less than 3%. The discrepancies between loads acting on various surfaces ssure of discontinuous slab-type covering layers constitute one of the important ‘ering features of the loading pattern under real storms, reac- ecu 7.7 Results of Additional Investigations into Storm Loads on External rering Surfaces of Concrete Covering Layers of Slope Protection ‘ony, Measures under Irregular Disturbance gthe These new investigations are a continuation of the earlier studies whose of the results have been discussed in Sec. 7.4. The aim of these investigations was to obtain new data and to generalise as | the results available conceming this extremely important problem, which to ae | date has not been analysed scientifically with sufficient precision. oie | Automatic measurements were carried out on plane slopes with slab- " | type continuous covering layers with closed joints as well as on discontin- baaeh | uous covering layers of slabs 2m x 2m in plan with 2-3-cm wide open mitted joints that produced a discontinuity of up to 6% compared with the contin- verest uous covering layer. Reinforced concrete slabs 25 and 40 cm thick were roving placed on single-layer beddings as well as layered beddings of gravel and sand-cum-gravel of 20 and 60 cm thickness respectively. loads | The slopes investigated had an inverse gradient between 2.5 and 4.0. a strict i During the experiments wave height reached 2.4-2.8 m, mean wave period zetion was 3.0-3.5 and wind velocity up to 25 mis. on the Results of wave pressure revealed no significant departure for slabs and eiload beddings from those mentioned above. Both measured and the stochas- 4 and tically generalised results for loads were within the permissible limits of rability measuring accuracy, irrespective of slab dimensions and extent of its dis- 1 loc. | continuity in the investigated limits. largest Here it is relevant to emphasise what has already been mentioned in ads on an earlier work [189], namely the need to consider the forces acting on the 38. For structures for the full duration of the design storm and not just the forces bangle during an isolated wave. Systems of irregular waves interact with each other wave and the results of this interaction are reflected in the changes in water level, nd 8% flow behaviour, wind effect, aeration and other phenomena that depend on 7 ndingly the constructional details of the barriers besides several other factors. In lift load | view of the foregoing, the estimated hydrodynamic load during storm was ance of taken in the present work to be the same as in the general process. easure | During the experiments the first step was to establish the number of observations required to study the process as a quasi-static phenomenon. 2 wave ae reference records during ipa) storms es orvations-taker-at in354 stable recording of the readings with a deviation of + 1-2% was achieved if the statistical series included data of 150-200 successive waves. Wave parameters and the overall hydrometeorological conditions at the site were studied using the primary and secondary recording devices dis- cussed in Chapter 3. ‘Additional investigations of storm loads on slab-type protective covers were carried out under frontal waves, i.e., when the line of propagation of wave and the waterline lie in the range 70-90°. While conducting the additional investigations the authors took note of the fact that all new standards in civil engineering use SI units. This was particularly important as the authors planned to compare the results of stud- ies conducted on actual structures (processed by probabilistic technics) with the standard monochromatic representation of wave effect adopted in the standards. Keeping the foregoing in mind, further generalisation of the results of forces acting on slopes recorded under irregular disturbance during storms is given in SI units. The. generalised results pertaining to frontal waves are presented in Fig. 7.41. The generalised results show that the relative non-dimensional wave pressure p;/pgh,y, at the characteristic points of the slope defined by rela- five level marking +z/hyg, is @ function of storm intensity, ie., when the wave height h,y, in a given storm or a given wave system increases, the relative pressure may either increase or decrease. Here p; is absolute wave pres- sure (kPa) with probability of exceedance j%; p the density of water (vm°), g the gravitational acceleration (m/s2), yy, wave height with probability of exceedance 1% and z the absolute variable depth (rm). By analysing a large set of observations it was found possible to classify storms based on relative wave pressure into two groups: his, < 1.0 m and hy, > 1.5 m. This classification is accurate within the limits of permissible deviation not exceeding 3%. For intermediate values of hyy, between 1.0 ahd 1.5 m, relative wave pressure on the slope varies linearly between the extreme values characteristic of the two groups mentioned above. It can be seen from Fig. 7.41 that at the characteristic point ‘c’ of the slope, the extreme values of relative wave pressure during the storms of group hyy, > 1.5 mare less than during relatively moderate storms with hyy, > 1.0m. On the other hand, the opposite is observed at points a, b, d and e where the pressure on the slope owing to disintegration of waves is several times less than the extreme. The second feature of relative non-dimensional wave pressure at the ups of storms is that these values cwitt ror oF tes: Jor slopes with inverse. gradient 2.5-4.0 and continuous as well as discontinuous-covering Tayers RELATIVE PRESSURE AT POINT ‘c’ Fig. and tain wax witdif the tis- ‘ers vot vith the 3 of ms din ave ela- ave tive 355 WL ee RELATIVE PRESSURE AT POINT ‘c’ RELATIVE PRESSURE AT POINTS a,b,d and e os 1 5 10 30° 5070 90 PROBABILTY OF EXCEEDANCE j, ‘% Fig. 7.41: Relative preséure at characteristic points of slope with inverse gradient 2.5-4.0 {and continuous or discontinuous covering layers of stabs. Discontinuous covering layers con tain holes that occupy up to 6% of the surface area of the slope. Curves refer 10 frontal waves (approach angle 70-90*) with probability of exceedance 19% during storms described by: thy, 2 1.5 m; 2h < 1.0m, with holes occupying up to 6% of the area of the slab-type protection mea- sure in the latter. It is noteworthy that the absolute values of total wave load depend not only on wave height and its probability of exceedance during a/ WITH RESPECT TO WATER LEVEL MARKERS OF POINTS ‘a, b, c,d, @” -0-8-7 y li a db c d e CHARACTERISTIC POINTS ON SLOPE Fig. 7.42: Relative markings of points of wave pressure with probabilty or exceedance /% for slope with inverse gradient 2.5-4.0 and slab-type continuous or discontinuous covering layers with holes ocoupying 6% of the slope surface ofthe latter. Markings are measured from the slope surface. Curves refer to frontal waves (approach angle 70-80°) of height fig, with probability of exceedance 1%. 1—J = 05-80%, hig > 1.5m; 2—j = 0.5-30%, hag, < 1m; GJ = 50% hyy, > 1.5m, 4—j = 0%, My < 1.0 m, SJ = 70-90%, hig, > 1.5 m, 6] = 70-80%, hyg, < 1m. vary, depending on the inverse gradient of the slope (Fig. 7.42). The quantity z/hyy, Varies simultaneously, depending on the probability of exceedance of wave pressure. The relations of relative wave pressure at the characteristic points of slope shown in Fig. 7.41 may be approximated by the following general wher ih () base terist slope pres fanantity ance its of neral | 357 where x is a variable that depends on hig, and probability of exceedance J% (ftom 1 to 10%) of wave pressure in a quasi-stationary storm; e is the base of natural logarithm. According to (7.44), the absolute wave pressure (kPa) at the charac- teristics points a, b, o, d and e for a somewhat enlarged range of inverse slope gradients (2.0-4.5) and wave systems described by hy, < 1.0 m may be determined by the following relation: — with an error up to 7% at x, = —1.2 - 0.0218) + 1.09 x 10-42 Pain = pgye-*; (7.45) — with an error up to 6% at x, = 0.702 — 0.0197) +0.92 x 10-42 Preys, = Paty, 8%; ++ (7.46) — with an error up to 7% at x, = 0.803 — 0.0218) + 1.06 x 10-42 Pein = pang es (7.47) — with an error up to 8% at xy = —1.06 — 0.0228) + 1.28 x 10-4 Pan = panies vs (7.48) — with an error up to 10% at x, = —1.69 — 0.0287) + 1.65 x 10-4j2 Paix = pghge*. = (7.49) When the height of waves of the wave system is hy, > 1.5 the absolute Pressure (kPa) may be determined from the following relations: — with an error up to 6% at x, = —1.12 — 0.0231) + 1.15 x 10-47 Paine = POM ge"; — with an error up to 8% at x, = —0.614 — 0.02j + 0.924 x 10-4; (7.50) Poyx, = pahy.e*; ... (751) — with an error up to 7% at x, = 0.559 ~ 0.0252/ + 1.43 x 10~ Paw, = PgN ye"; ++ (7.52) — with an error up to 8% at xq = 0.934 — 0.0252) + 1.38 x 10-42 Pay, = Pghy,6%4; +++ (7.53) — with an error up to 10% at x, = —1.59 — 0.0287) + 1.75 x 10-472 Pain, = PGI ge". ++ (7.54)358 ry B 4007] j=1% ab i the jz2% wit | Fiy z —-——; _— it 2 300 | a eS wi \ Tr a | st S Z of z 200) m 6 ot a { tr | < v } °o | S | w 100} > = j=1% | | INVERSE GRADIENT OF SLOPE m=cot Fig. 7.43: Total instantaneous load on slopes with various values of inverse gradient. i 1—with probabilty of exceedance J% on slopes with continuous or discontinuous coveiing | layers with holes occupying up to 6% of the slope area in the case of the latter. Curves: refer to. 1 irregular waves of 4 m height with probablity of exceedance 1%; 2—~same, for wave height 1m; | 3—for slab type protective cover; values calculated according to SNIP under regular waves of ! dclivty 10 and height 4 m; 4—same, for wave height 1 m. | and hy, = 1 mare shown in Fig. 7.43 for slopes with inverse gradient in the investigated range. The load was calculated in kN from the following relation: 7 B . Pin = Taine l(Pas + Pr) (2oj — 2a) + (Pry + Pa) 2ej~ 214) + (Pay + Pag) 2g — 2j) + (Pay + Pop)(Zej - Za) KN, (7.85) i Iou- rated from expressions (7.45-7.54) at the appropriate characteristic points- ef the slope with given probability of exceedan i =‘h 1% i% oO” int, >veting ‘efer to htt m; aves of inthe ation: 359 B the width of the slope segment along the waterline equal to 1 m; z the absolute distance of the markings of the characteristic point with respect to the water level considered in design calculations; p the angle of the slope with respect to the horizontal (deg). The results obtained on the basis of SNiP [242] are also shown in Fig. 7.43 for purposes of comparison. These results refer to waves of decliv- ity 10 and height 4 and 1m. It can be seen from this comparison that as distinct from the regular wave load, the irregular wave load depends on the steepness of the slope. This effect is stronger on relatively gentle slopes and tends to weaken on steep slopes, resulting in smaller loads. In conclusion, it may be mentioned that the results of observations of imregular wave pressure and total load.on the slopes during storms may be employed at various water areas, because the integral functions of the distribution of wave elements of representative. wave systems ‘in the present investigations closely resemble the corresponding functions for various reservoirs.8 Design of Continuous Reinforced Concrete Protective Covers 8.1 Computations Involved in Design of Continuous Reinforced Concrete Covering Layers In accordance with the requirements laid down in SNIP IFA.10-62, 1H.14-69 and other standards, hydraulic structures of reinforced concrete are designed: a) for load bearing capacity on the basis of strength with a check of stability of the shape and for endurance when the structure is subjected to the action of repeated load; b) deformation (displacement) when the magnitude of the deformation is such as to restrict the operation of the structure; and c) crack resistance or crack opening when working conditions and durability of the structure dictate inclusion of this criterion in the specifications. Taking into consideration the operational significance of the continuous reinforced concrete covering layers and the nature of the loads acting on them, all the design criteria listed above form part of the design calculations for these structures, Based on the instructions contained in the standards, the design of con- tinuous reinforced concrete covering layers on the basis of load bearing capacity consists of the following steps that are implemented in the given sequence: a) Design of the structure enclosed between the upper and lower boundaries of the main protection for overall stability under quasi-static uplift load, assuming the covering layer to be a single sufficiently rigid spatial system. b) Design for strength of the main protection under hydrostatic and moving dynamic uplift load that produces a progressive wave of bending strain in the structure. c) Design for strength of the structure under dynamic (impact) storm load in the zone where irregular waves crash on the slope; this design is carried our by assuming the continuous covering layer to be resting on an elastic b e) dei ») g res 2 on ing m de ' ch ing sti lay fo! ice loads (as discussed in Chapter 6).|-conditi —— normal 361 e) Design for strength of the structure under ice loads (as discussed in Chapter 6). f) Design for endurance of the structure when it is subjected to the action of repeated load during prolonged storms (as dealt with in SNIP 2.06.08-87 ‘Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures of Hydrotechnical Works’ Moscow, 1988). The design of continuous reinforced concrete covering layers based on deformation includes the following checks: @) Displacement of the main protection above the base under hydrostatic and moving dynamic uplift load that produces a progressive wave of bending strain. b) Displacement of the structure under dynamic (impact) storm load in the Zone where irregular waves crash on the slope; this design is carried out by assuming the continuous covering layer to be resting on an elastic base (by the existing methods of design of structure on an elastic base). The design of continuous reinforced concrete covering layers for crack resistance is based on crack opening and is carried out according to SNIP 2.06.08-87 depending on the operating conditions. According to these rec- ommendations, in individual cases the design of reinforced concrete cover- ing layers may include the effect of temperature and moisture. Continuous covering layers of equivalent strength from grouted precast ‘members are designed for load-bearing capacity by the same methods as described above with reference to cast-in-place continuous protective errors, In addition to the above, precast members of grouted covering layers are checked for strength under the assembly and transportation loads accord- ing to the method described in Chapter 9 and in conformity with existing standards. While designing continuous cast-in-place and precast grouted covering layers as detailed above, care is taken to use the proper rated coefficients for material inhomogeneity and working conditions of the given structure, 8.2 Design of Continuous Protective Covering Layer for Overall Stability under Hydrodynamic Uplift Loads 'n accordance with the design strategy, the check for overall stability of cast‘in-place and precast grouted structures is carried out for sufficiently rigid continuous covering layers of the main protection. Under the action of design forces, most of the covering layer above the water level is loaded by hydrodynamic uplift pressure which is distributed in the manner similar to that shown in Figs. 7.34a and 7.35. The width of the dynamic component of the uplift force diagram corresponding to the protection profilé is, under it -gradient-of-siope-between-2-5-and-—z AS TIMES-Greaterthanthe-height-o . ~exceedance about 1%, provided the362 slope does not exceed eight times the height of the design wave of the same probability of exceedance. While selecting the analytical scheme it is kept in mind that modern reinforced concrete structures are provided with continu- ‘ous reinforcement across and along the slope, wherein the bars of the grid pass through joints between the slabs. In covering layers of precast mem- bers the joints between the members are grouted to provide equal strength to the structure in all sections. Taking into account the fundamental prin ples applied while developing the analytical model of continuous covering layers, it becomes meaningless to check the overall stability of individual members under the action of the uplift load. A continuous covering layer should be treated as a single spatial structure in which mutual interaction between adjacent members ensures that they perform jointly in the protec- tion measure. Further, it is necessary to keep in mind that storm loads and movements of water body on the slope along and across its surface are extremely non-uniform. The adopted analytical model is based on the assumption that a rigid continuous covering layer may be lifted {60] and in the case of insufficient mass instantaneously separated from the base as the dynamic uplift pres- sure reaches a certain limit. If the rigidity and mass of the covering layer are both insufficient, the covering layer does not lift, but only undergoes flexural deformation where the combinations of factors are unfavourable. Due to non-uniform distribution of the hydrodynamic uplift force, it is necessary while designing continuous covering layers to consider loads in the form of moments of forces acting about the probable centres of rotation of the structure. In rigid continuous covering layers these centres of rotation may be located in the upper or lower parts of the slope, depending on the shape of the ioad diagram and the static water level within the limits of the protection measure etc. The performance of continuous covering layers with continuous rein- forcement and the covering layers of equivalent strength with grouted joints between precast members was analysed. Taking into consideration the pos- sibility of displacement of the structure in the vicinity of some fixed centres and assuming the position of water level as shown in Fig. 7.34a, the equa- tions of the moments of forces usually acting on the protection measures were written. After the necessary transformations and simplifications, the equations were solved and the following formulae were obtained. These for- mulae give the optimum thickness of the covering layer based on the mass required to ensure its overall stability under the given conditions: 5, = PiasbmbitSB (1 +k) + hye (1-5-4 1") an ‘3[B*), — (B?- B7yyJcosa -- (Bla) i whe : tions with that the | rese | atin and | the | ture + ‘that und ter the the | une voi bet | dyr voi slo cot ste ale co for rei S15}363 ame | where 8,, and 8,2 are thickness of the covering layer for two different loca- atin | tions of the dynamic uplift force acting on it; hy, the height of irregular waves anu- i with 1% probability of exceedance during the design storm; £ a parameter grid that determines the maximum ordinate of the dynamic uplift load during ‘em- | the design storm; for conditions of irregular disturbance the values of € at agth | reservoirs are taken from Table 7.9; n is the coefficient for overload, oper- inci- ating conditions and reliability (complex coefficient) and lies between 1.8 ring and 2.2; the value of this coetficient is selected such that the thickness of dual the cast-in-place reinforced concrete covering layer should meet the struc- ayer | tural requirements and ensure durability and reliability of the structure so 3tion that under waves of height up to 2 m, it should be at least 0.1 hyy, and ttec- ! under waves of height more than 2 m at least 0.12 h,y,; 1) is the parame- and | ter that determines the distance /, (see Fig. 7.35) along the slope between are the theoretical waterline and point of application of load corresponding to } the maximum ordinate of the dynamic uplift load during the design storm; rigid under conditions of irregular disturbance the values of coefficient p at reser- dent | voirs are taken from Table 7.7; k is the parameter that determines the ratio Loe between the dimensions of the lower (}) and upper (/,) branches of the ug | dynamic uplift load diagram; for conditions of regular disturbance at reser- ural | voirs the value of kis taken from Table 7.8. B is the distance along the et slope between the upper and the lower boundaries of the segment of the Et covering layer under consideration; B, the distance along the slope from the ee static watertine to the upper boundary of the covering layer; By the distance a | along the slope from the static water-level line to the lower boundary of the ia i covering layer. ithe For the given initial conditions, the larger of the two values found from formulae (8.1) is selected. For the value of complex coefficient n = 1, the rene calculated values of the thickness of continuous reinforced concrete cov- Faia { ering layers are shown in Fig. 8.1. Values of the thickness of cast-in-place oe i reinforced concrete slabs obtained by other methods under regular waves ntieal in laboratory studies are also shown in Fig. 8.1 for the sake of comparison. aes The thickness of the covering layer was calculated from formula (8.1) under “areal conditions of irregular disturbance at the reservoir, wherein storm energy the was estimated by the height of waves of 1% probability of exceedance. For for these calculations the lower boundary of the protection was assumed to 7 nase! lie at the depth equal to twice the height of the design waves. It can be ‘seen from Fig. 8.1 that if the overall stability of continuous covering layers is evaluated under real storm loads assuming the protection measure to sa) F be a spatial structure in the state of limiting equilibrium, the thickness of the covering layer by the proposed method is less than that obtained from —_____—__the other formulae (for the usual inverse gradient of earth slopes_m = 3.5), _______. mis wiih exception oF ostwt based oriaboratorytest data: under the: = assumption that slabs of the covering layer function individually. SS364 | prec 60) tial 1 qua g oft 5 disy < a | loa % inc s int 2 def & 40} a tot a ra 3 y 7 \, | 8 ura 8 - - wa 8 - A our z 7 fro é we 8 me % 20 to a tio. a co g we 2 H, r tra dis ) rei 1 2 3 4 | cS WAVE HEIGHT hyy,, m / vic sk Fig. 8.1: Variation in thickness of castin-place reinforced concrete covering layer with wave \ ar height for slopes of inverse gradient 3.5. | fo ‘determined from formulae (8.1) from consideration of overall stabilty of continuous covering ie layers under irregular disturbance; 2—based on limiting deformation, following the procedure given in Sec. 8.5 the plotted values were determined for the condition of irregular disturbance st and continuous covering layer laid directly on a sand base; 3—determined on the basis w ‘of recommendations contained in [108] for regular waves and slabs of side longth 10 m; w 4—determined on the basis of recommendations contained in [47] under regular waves of i wo deciivity 15 without provision for any factor of safety; 5—obtained on the basis of SN 288-64 of for regular waves of declivity 15 and slabs of side length 10 m using a coefficient equal to 1. tc w 8.3 Design of Continuous Protective Covering Layer for Strength ‘ under Hydrodynamic Uplift Loads tt the covering layers of365 Precast grouted members, a large mass of the covering layer is not essen- tial for its overall stability and prevention of uplift, especially in view of the 1 quasi-static nature of the uplift storm loads. However, a reduction in mass of the covering layer together with its stiffness may produce local vertical displacement of the covering layer in the zone subjected to dynamic uplift load. Such local deformations in the form of progressive strain wave appear in continuous covering layers because the uplifting effect of a storm follows in the footsteps of wave profiles propagating towards the waterline. Flexural deformation of covering layers of insufficient rigidity causes serious damage | to the protection measure and violates the normal working of the structure. | Special investigations were carried out to study the nature of elastic flex- | ural deformations of continuous covering layers when a progressive strain | wave appears on them. The tests were conducted on models of continu- | ‘ous water-impervious covering layers made in the form of flexible screens from special rubber. Discontinuous latticed slopes on which these screens were mounted had inverse gradients 2, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, The models were placed in a water tray in which waves of constant height equal to 15 cm were produced. Tests were conducted under three wave condi- tions during which the declivity of the waves was 10, 16 and 20 and the corresponding wave periods were 1.0, 1.37 and 1.5 s respectively. Depth of water in the tray was 70 cm or H/h * 4.5 in relative terms. Correspondingly, H/\ =: 0.45, 0.29 and 0.22. The height and length of the waves prior to their transformation at decreasing depth on the slope and the deformation and displacement of the covering layer under the effect of uplift pressure were recorded by photo and movie cameras by inscribing a network of 5 x 5 cm 4 cells on the front glass wall of the tray. During transformation of waves on the slope, uplift of the water-imper- vious covering layers took place due to the water layer between the rigid slope and the flexible screen. This layer of water was at least 5 mm thick and freely interacted with the surrounding space, thus creating conditions for unhindered inflow of additional volumes of water when the screen was rave nd raised above the base. It was established that when a wave moved on the nee surface of the water above the slope model, a synchronous deformation asis wave propagated through the flexible screen. Local flexural deformations dm; were noticeable only at depths less than approximately three times the - aa t wave height, 3h. When the wave moved towards the waterline, the uplift fd of the screen above the rigid slope increased and reached a value equal to (0.4-0.8)h, depending on the steepness of the slope and declivity of the wave (Fig. 8.2). | At the maximum depth at which the screen first separated from the base, the vertex of the zone of flexural deformation lay approximately below the =waves ithe water fay--As the wave———=366 Fig. 8.2: Deformation of flexible screen in the zone of action of maximum uplift wave load at: ‘a—wave declivity 10 and inverse gradient of slope m = 5; b—wave declivty 10 and m = 4; ‘c—wave decivity 10 and m = 3; d—wave dectivily 10 and m = 2; e—wave declivty 20 and m = 5; t—wave decivity 20 and m = 4; g—wave declivty 20 and m = 3; h—wave declvity 20 and m = 2. moved forward on the slope; the rate of propagation of the deformation in the flexible screen increased to such an extent that at critical depth the point of maximum lift of the covering layer almost coincided with the wave hollow. At the depth (0.4-0.8)h the deformation of the screen was close to critical, which indicates that the dynamic uplift loads were maximum at this depth. Finally, as the wave proceeded further towards the waterline, uplift of the screen above the base reduced sharply. The values of maximum upiit of the flexible screen during tests conducted on slopes of different inverse gradients and waves of different declivities are given in Table 8.1. From analysis of the tabulated data and the experimental curves shown in Fig. 8.3, it follows first of all that at relative depth H/h = 8 to 0, the absolute local deformation of the flexible screens increased with slope declvity. Secondly, the deformationand "20 ‘he At ich lly, en ble ind the irst sof 367 but later disappeared completely in the zones of the slope that lie close to the waterline the zone under water andthe zone above the water level. The magnitude and nature of the deformation of continuous covering lay- ers depend on the combined affect of the water-bed and the related dynamic. Pressure on the slope surface under the troughs and adjacent wave crésts. The levelling effect of depth on the dynamic pressure at the slope is most significant at H/h > 3. At decreasing depth the instantaneous load diagrams. for the reservoir bed acquire a more uneven profile with the minimum ordi- nates located under the wave troughs. As the distance between wave crests increases, the levelling effect of the waves on the load transmitted to the slope decreases. This explains the increase in deformation of screens under the action of waves of larger declivity (see Table 8.1). The effect of inverse Gradient of slopes on the deformation of the screens is due to reduction of the normal component of the mass of the structure with an increase in bed inclination and dependence of hydrodynamic load on steepness of the slope. Experimental data on the magnitude and nature of distribution of the deformation of flexible screens enables identification of zones on the slope in which uplift pressure acts in different ways, establishment of wave phases during which deformations of continuous covering layers become maximum and in tracking the dynamics of the deformation process. To study the Table 8.1: Maximum values of local uplift of flexible screen above the base under the action of uplift loads (values rounded off) Inverse gradient Relative ‘Uplift of screen when wave dectvity, m, = of slope, m depth, H/h 10 20 Smo ah mim 8 4 002 10007 5 2 5 0.03 15 Od 1 8 0.05 4 On 04-05 2 008 4703 3 7 0.05 130.09 4 2 10 0.07 18 ote 1 17 oat 42 028 0.67 23 08 500.83 3 10 007 1% oon 3 2 130.09" 2 07 1 2 © 0a7 6 04 05-083 30 (02 69 (0s 3 12 0.08 190.2 2 1s ot 209368 | behav acteric bound of H/ to this and it of dec dynan zone imum 9, a zones ona tions : magn reat | heare | slope | wave: uplift | the fi | B | > sible | cover | weigt { react 1 uplit | wate! giver tivet j thee | forw 1 the fi is ap gent! i FH of th Fig. 8.3: Variation in relative height of deformation of a flexible screen A/h with relative depth 1 ue of water H/h atthe given point ofthe slopes. Curves platted for steepness of the slope and i grad wave decivty as follows: uplift 1—at wave declivity 20 and inverse gradient of slope m = 2; 2—at wave decivity 20 and j dept —__m=3; sat wave decivily 20 and m= 4; 4—at wave dedlvity 20 and m= 5; S—at wave fe aj Toran A= Broa wave dec and = ar —at wave deal and = gad = Fat wave declviy 10 and m8 =e