_ GREEN SOLAR CITIESGreen Solar Cities The Green Solar Cities EU Concerto project focuses on the practical large-scale implementation of solar energy technologies in combination with new-build and retrofit low-energy building in the cities of Copenhagen, with its district Valby, in Denmark and Selzburg in Austria. This book aims to influence decision-makers in European cities towards @ similar sporoach to the Green Solar Cities project, in close cooperation with leading building component suppliers, energy companies ‘and engaged builders also working with local city officials. This book will benefit those working towards ‘Smart City’ development ‘and in need of clear policies on how to achieve this. In Denmark there ate sirilar policies, with an overall aim to be CO, neutral by 2025 in the city of Copenhagen, However, there is still a lack of understanding concerming how solar eneray as the world's number one energy source can play a major role here, and how this ‘can be combined with energyeffiiency polices, use of district heating and combined heat and power. The book introduces the international Active House’ standard and work on ‘Active Roofs’ of the future. The connection between soler energy and low-energy building and energy renovation is to be ensured by use of the ‘Active House’ standard, which has been developed in cooperation with a number of leading building component manufacturers in Europe and Canade, Green Solar Cities is published on the basis of the EU Concerto-funded project, Green Solar Cities, with Valby in Copenhagen, Denmark and Salzburg in Austria as the main city partners. Peder Vejsig Pedersen is the Technical Coordinator and initiator of the Green Solar Cities project and has en MSc in engineering. Peder is also the Director of Conergia and has been Cheirman of the Danish Association of Sustainable Cities and Buildings (FBBB) since 2005, Jakob Klint is an Administrative Coordinator of the Green Solar Cities project and Projact Leader at the Kuben Management organisation, Denmark. Together with Peder Vejsig Pedersen he initiated the Valby PY plan in 2000. Karin Kappel is an Architect MAA from Denmark and has been the Secretariat Leader of the Solar City Copenhagen association since 2004, Katrine Vejsig Pedersen has an MSc in engineering. Her main focus is on sustainable organisation and planning in communities.Pe: ma wales ant CONCERTO s& RE LONONGreen Solar Cities Peder Vejsig Pedersen, Jakob Klint, Karin Kappel and Katrine Vejsig Pedersen R foutedse, ERTS Lonoon aso newyork —-—_fom RoutledgeFk feat 25 ie Fhe Sa Mon Pk natin, Orn On USA Rute ‘ream wo WF 007 one an impr of te Tear Frans Grouy an formas 029 Peri Psa, br, Ka ati Pderan erate ren te an md an en ‘meteor 0 le Cape On gs esr Nop eat nay set peenacon tng am he pa cma a: est cope ams yr ei trash un Ctgig Aten Ot ‘cela mer eboney toro Congres Cao nen Ot ‘Si sor eins acre en, kK an Ks nde eg Pan, ‘oc ona. 2 Souter 2S denon Pa, Feces een i pe as oN Reon Emote, ener estan pure gous LJ ott WSAt 1000789871» at Contents Preface Introduction Solar Energy in Cities PEDER VEJSIG PEDERSEN AND JAKOB KLINT Green Sola Cites: EU Concerto project Thirty years of solar energy development Danish building tradition and the road to low-energy buildings ‘The Valby PY plan Solar City Copenhagen Solar City Copenhagen Establishment ofthe organisation Solar City Copenhagen secretariat Activities Project participation Outine design Solar energy integration Copenhagen skive Green Solar Cities PEDER VEUSIG PEDERSEN Green Solar Cities: Valby Green Soler Cities: Salburg Passive house development in Sweden, Austria and Denmark Practical experience with solar low-energy building from the 1980s onwards More recent examples of lavrenergy building and renovation in Denmark Examples of PV projects in buildings Visions Development of zero-eneray buildings ‘Active House Standard Performance document ‘Active roofs and facades in sustainable renovation 228esease 10 139 139 150 199 240 267 267 274. 288 2916 ‘Smart Solar Cities Photographer lst Bibliography Index 299 307 309 ant299 307 309) 31 Preface Green Solar Cities is a policy for cities focusing on a holistic approach, which includes good, energy-efficient constructions and installations in buildings leading to comfort and a good indoor climate, combined with use of optimised energy- ‘supply systems together with a local contribution from renewable energy sources. In this way it lives up to the aims of the EU Concerto programme, especially when good energy results are secured by use of an appropriate perfor. ‘mance documentation as part ofthe stYategy, This is already known to be a future demand of the EU Building Directive. ‘The Danish part of the Green Solar Cities EU Concerto project was defined ‘on the basis of the agreed-upon Vlby PY implementation plan from 2000, which sims at introducing at least 15 per cent PV solar power by 2026. ‘This PV implementation strategy spread from Valby, which is approximately 10 per cent of the size of Copenhagen, to the whole of Copenhagen from 2008 by the establishment of the publio-private partnership Soler City Copenhagen. ‘The Valby PV plan features the involvement of local groups and organise- tions from Valby, mainly relying on continuous engagement from two of the authors of this book, Peder Vejsig Pedersen from the energy specialist company CCenergia and Jakob Klint from the Copenhagen Urban Renewal Company, which is now part of the Kuben Management organisation. From 2004, when @ PV implementation approach towards the whole of Copenhagen was decided, there has also been close cooperation with the third author, Karin Kappel, head of the Solar City Copenhagen Secretariat. In order to be able to understand the background of the Green Solar Cities ‘project itis relevant to look back to the start of the tradition of working with a ‘combined focus on the use of solar energy and low-eneray buildings, which dates back to the establishment of the Cenergia company in 1982 by four colleagues: at the Thermal Insulation Laboratory, which was part of the Danish Technical University (OTU): It was here thatthe frst zero-eneray houses in the world were developed, primarily based on work by Professor Vagn Korsg&rd and civil engineer ‘Torben Esbensen in 1973. This was good timing since it was the same year the first worldwide oil crisis emerged. The first zero-eneray house included @ lot of innovation and meny of the solutions did not work very wel, but it led to numerous new research and technical development (RTD) intitives in the 1970s and 1980s. A large number of practicel implementation projects have been possible since then, together with a large number of engaged builders and cities, based on a combination of funding from the EU and national programmes in Denmark. In the period up to 2000 the ‘main focus concerning solar energy solutions was on solar thermal systems and Use of passive solar designs, coupled with 9 few innovative PV initiatives since the first EU-supported PV project in 1992.‘As was the case with the development of wind turbines in Denmark, it has always been 3 bottom-up aporoach, with engaged locel people and not strong {governmental policies creating the basis for the development. ‘Around 2000 the first convincing solar power projects with PV emerged in Europe, with the most inspiring examples from Switzerland and the Netherlands, It was the city of Amersfoort in the Netherlands where 10MWp of PV was installed in anew city area which led to the idea of establishing @ PV plan for the Valby city part of Copenhagen. The plan was to reach 18 per cent electricity supply from PY by 2025, aiming at developing building- and infrastructure- integrated solutions with PV which would be accepted as a positive contribution to the city development. At the same time it was important to avoid 2 ‘not in ry backyara! development lke in the wind turbine industry in Denmark, which led to a primary focus on more costly off shore wind turbine parks. With respect to the possibilty of realising low-energy building and soler ‘energy projects in buildings in Denmark, the main support since 2002 has been the EU Building Directive, which demanded @ strong eneray-saving policy in EU, ‘member states, The Danish Building Research Institute and the Danish Eneray Agency made an open definition of low-energy buildings so the calculated eneray {frame value includes both solar thermal and PV systems, in order to comply with the demands of the EU Building Directive rules when they were introduced in the Danish Building Regulations in 2006, In combination with an early agreement of the future demands for 2010 ‘and 2016 (and later also 2020) in the Building Regulations and changes to the ‘Danish Planning Law’ which allowed municipalities to introduce future energy frame value-based building demands in their focal planning rules, this meant ‘8 completely new situation for the building industry in Denmark, with a large number of low-energy class 2015 projects being realised, and at the same time also an important influence on large renovation projects as well But in the area of PV there was stil a very limited implementation in Denmark until 2010; only 4MWp was realised overall, and the existing net ‘metering prectice beceme a law. By 2011 the PV market in Denmark increased to 12MWp and in 2012 due to continuously decreased PV costs, the market rocketed, with up to 500MWp of PV installed. This led to @ situation in which ‘many people in single-family houses wouldn't hava to pay envy electricity costs for the next 20-30 years, 3 development which led to new soler PV legislation — by the end of 2012 the net metering was changed fram yearly to hourly accounting in order to limit the market, also supporting a future-oriented smart-grid policy. The situation in 2014 is unfortunately thatthe use of solar energy is still only seldom prioritised, even though many people accept that solar energy must play {en important role as the basis of @ sustainable energy supply in the future, Even in Denmark, where an ‘Energy Agreement’ from 2012 in the Danish Parliament aims at @ 50 per cent wind energy contribution to electricity use by 2020, and a 100 per cent renewable energy source for electricity by 2035, there is stil @reluc tance towards using PV. And itis not accepted that PV systems, due to recent hhuge reductions in investment costs in many cases, can be more economical than off-shore wind turbine parks, even in the Danish climate with limited solar resources in the winter. vit PreaceFor the authors of this book there is no doubt about the need to develop ‘2 completely new practice for both new buildings as well as refurbishment of existing buildings, and there exists a large green-growth opportunity in Europe if @ development of completely new types of active roots and facades in the building industry and in European cities can be secured, ‘To give the best input to this development, itis our aim to showease both positive and negative resuits from a large number of demonstration projects, including the realised Concerto demonstration projects in both Copenhagen and Salzburg, In this book contributions have also been made by Villred Hvid (pp. 42-46), Inge StraB (pp, 110-111) and Maria Wall (pp, 139-143}, PreteceIntroduction PEDER VEJSIG PEDERSEN The Green Solar Cities Approach ‘The main aim of Green Solar Citiesis to provide people with a vision of how cities nd buildings of the future can be implemented with high energy quality, with an optimised energy supply which to a great extent is based on renewable energy, ‘and with an equal focus on how to secure best practice by introducing a cles policy for performance documentation. This can be done by looking at exper ‘ences where the risks of bad performance results lie in practice. The besic idea of this publication is to present examples from practice, including experiences from the EU Concerta project Green Solar Cities (2007- 2013), to show that the idea of making low-energy buldings is about intraducing @ ‘Quality agende for building. Without this approach, buildings and large renovation projects will be built in the traditional manner, which means they are leaky, full ‘of thermal bridges and have 2 poor indoor comfort level. The passive house movement of the 1990s, mainly in Germany and Austria, demonstrated that high- ‘quality constructions without thermal bridges and air leakages, combined with heat recovery of the ventilation ar, resuited in buildings with nearly no need for heating, When the passive house results were first discussed in Denmark after 2000, the ambition was to go in the opposite direction and mainiy work with ‘atural ventilation. Since many architects were used to this, the new passive house agenda was difficult to understand: ‘Does that mean we will have to introduce mechanical ventilation again?" This was actually the case. However, like introducing passive house {ualties in construction, it was very important to communicate that @ high-quality version of mechanical ventilation was needed. In other words, the efficiency of the heat recovery should be high and the electricity use forthe fans should be low. However, due to a lack of clear standards for documenting these things in practice, it has unfortunately proved very difficult to control this. The experience is that itis very difficutt to ensure that a mechanical ventilation system actually has low electricity use unless you can ensure a direct survey of this for the users, ‘and building owners.This sets @ good background for securing the next step in lowenergy building; that is, buildings with easy access to all basic energy usage on a direct ‘online basis. This is possible for different electrical and heating uses. a8 Well as for basic comfort indicators lke indoor temperature and humidity, CO, evel and even daylight. The latest Wi-Fi technologies make it possible to obtain proof of an overall energy quality, documenting thet users get what they have paid for. This will constitute the basis of the final demand to create nearly zero- ceneray buildings, which includes the integration of renewables, especially the use of solar energy. Securing such a transformation is toa great extent @ matter of integrating the solutions in an architectural way, so they benefit our cities end at the same time fit well into the existing energy supply systems. ‘This is what we might cal the Green Solar Cities Approach. It itis possible to secure the necessary documentation relating to energy ‘and comfort, including use of renewable energy solutions, there wil rot only be ‘a demand for this in Denmark — which has the world’s highest energy costs — it wil also appeal to countries that have no or very limited taxes on eneray, ike the UK and the USA, Demanding as much queity for buildings and cities as possible 's natural, and itis clearly possible to document the performance so everybody ccan understand it Green solar cities with solar energy combined heat and power ‘The vision of Green Solar Cis is based on the universal relation between the necessary iiiatives needed for the future. This means that energy savings in bath new buildings and renovation should be introduced and optimised. An optimised energy supply solution and investigating how solar energy can be uilised with a high contribution in connection to this are important for making nearly zero-energy or positive-energy building possible. ‘When it comes to the market fr low-energy building both in new bulaing projects and renovation projects — there are unique opportunites in Denmark This is mainly due to the EU-based increased demands for new building energy standards in the EU Buiing Directives of 2002 and 2010, and the fact that an energy renovation strategy for existing buildings has been agreed in Denmark aiming at renovating al budings before 2060. The consequence of this is that the renovation rate, which today is around 1 per cent of the building stock per year, has to be increased to 3 per cent per year in order to create a completely CO, neutral society, whichis the target to achieve by 2060. There is, however, still an importent barr as loweneroy building projects ‘ate stil not realised based on holistic and high-quality solutions. IF we want to create green solar cities, one important exemple isthe city ‘of Copenhagen, which has changed its policy from not allowing solar energy solutions 10 be seen from public city and street areas to developing & real solar energy plan for Copenhagen. Best-pracce soltions are supported and documented. Stakeholders afe inspired by a solar energy city atlas showing ‘where the best opportunites to utilise solar energy on buildings exis. Introduction x‘The opportunity to mix soiar electricity with solar heating hes not yet been implemented in Copenhagen on a large scale, but the EU-supparted cooperation with the city of Selzburg in Austria over e seven-year period (2007-2014) has shown how city-based solar energy implementation, mainly based on soler thermal energy, can work in practice, For both cities it can be concluded that it is an obvious solution to mix the use of PY systems producing solar electricity with solar thermal installation in @ 1:1 ratio so it matches the CHP-based district heating system. This kind of solar energy combined heat end power can be a realistic option for the future Outside the district heating areas the combination of continuously reduced PY costs and use of today’s improved heat pump solutions also provides an interesting business case. A main obstacte is the lack of integrated performance documentation, even though continuously increased requirements concerning energy efficiency, lke the lomeneray classes for 2015 and 2020, are already in Use in many cities. The result is that builders cannot be certain of obtaining the high energy performance that has been paid for, since the only documentation relies on calculations. Today, only one area of significantly increased energy ‘quality requirements has been introduced in Denmark, and that is the demand for airtightness of buildings, sinoe it is easy to control ‘A.clear challenge is to introduce full monitoring and survey systems thet ‘make it possible to establish the performance of a new building or a building renovation so this can be included in the way buildings are rade, In connection itis very important not oniy to focus on how to make new building projects, but to try to utilise experiences from already realised solar low-energy building projects. Also, itis important not only to focus on the good results, but to learn from the not-so-good results in order not to repeat the same mistakes again, The big transformation towards the use of solar energy Since the first oi crisis in 1973 it has been clear that solar energy. wind energy and other renewables are the energy sources of the future, since the amount of {fossil fuel is very limited and CO, emissions are @ serious problem, At the same time it must be clear that one of the most important research ‘and technical development areas is the combined focus on how to save on energy use, optimise the energy supply systems and combine the use of renewable energy sources with solar energy as the most promising option, In the late 1970s there were only a fow examples of solar energy utilisation. Since then a large number of solar low-energy new-builds and retrofit schemes have been realised, in many cases as either EU: or Danish-funded demonstration projects, Since the new building rules were implemented in Denmark in 2006, based fon demends from the EU, a large number of building projects have been realised vith new, optimised constructions and installations have often been introduced in combination with the use of solar energy. With the increased demends in the EU Building Directive of 2010 eiming Fa Peder Vosig Pederson‘at a nearly zero-energy stendard for new-bulds from 2018 in public buildings end from 2020 for all buildings, together with demands towards the EU member ‘tates to oreate a similar standard for existing buildings, itis now a challenge to create @ whole new basis for energy-efficient building design in Europe, ‘There have been both positive and negative experiences during this period based on which it can be stated that 2 main barrier of both energy-saving and ‘solar energy Solutions is that you cannot always be certain that building projects, realised in practice, will perform in accordance with calculations, which means Performance verification is @ very important task to focus on. In this book the ‘main idea is to be open about problems and failures that have been experienced, showing from both older demonstration projects as well 28 recent projects @ ‘clear mix of both good and less good performance results; all this experience is, relevant to learn fram, lneoduction xCh SiChapter 1 Solar Energy in Cities PEDER VEJSIG PEDERSEN AND JAKOB KLINT Green Solar Cities: EU Concerto project With the improved demands in the EU Building Directive from 2010 aiming at 2 nearly zero-energy standard for new public buildings by 2018 and all buildings by 2020, and with a demand towards the EU member states to create similar standard for existing buildings, the challenge is 10 create @ whole new basis of energy-efficient building design in Europe. At the same time the City of Copenhagen has en ambition to become the first carbon-neutral capital by 2025, Extensive retrofitting of buildings, reorganisation of the energy supply and change in transport habits are some of many initiatives the City of Copenhagen \willimplement in order to become carbon neutral. With the Copenhagen Climate Plan the Danish capital combines growth, development and higher quality of life with a reduction in carbon emissions of around 1.16 million tons. In the EU Concerto project, Green Solar Cities (2007-2013) (www. ‘greensolercties.com) EU funding has been utlsed as @ strong support for the large-scale PV implementation plan in the Valby part of Copenhagen. It was ‘aunched in 2000 and aimed at supplying 15 per cent of all electricity use in Valby using 30MWp of PV electricity by 2025. By 2013 around 4 MWp af PV has been established, but only 600m? of solar thermal installations, If this increased to 54,000m? of solar thermal capacity, a true 1:1 solar energy combined heat and power solution will be available to document an optimised combination to the large-scale combined heat and power system in Copenhagen. This will actually utilise biomass in the future in the form of wood pils. At the same time @ number of nevebuild and housing renovation projects have improved their energy frame values by 30-79 per cent compared to normal practice. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show a gable with solar art directed towards the raliway in Valby (by artist Anita Jorgensen). Here, PVs supplying electricity for neon light, ‘which illuminates at night and is @ landmark for the Valby PV plan. ln the Green Solar Cities EU Concerto project there is cooperation between the city of Salzburg in Austria and the locel energy agency SIR. A,‘ann Kg ae z i Fei fe = 13 Buter tan Lehon are PV ar at Pravehalion’ gable inVsby, which canbe seen from The PV gable in dylight Photo: Andere Sune Ber, the away, a aymbol ofthe Vslby PV plan Photo: Anders Sune Berg ‘so-called micro grid with district heating has been combined with 2000m? of solar thermal solar collectors and a buffer tank in combination with a heat pump (Figures 13-15) The idea isto introduce elements from the so-called Active House’ concept (see wwwactivehouse info) in relation to the Green Solar Cities project evalu ation in Valby. A number of specifications are defined within the areas of eneroy, indoor climate and environment. Within energy focus is on energy balance, ‘energy design, energy supoly, energy monitoring end verification and follow-up Energy balance is based on a calculation of all energy uses in a building, including electricity using appliances and the energy supply system The Active House specification demands @ procedure for energy monitoring, verification and follow-up, At present in Denmark focus is only on good calculation procedures, but there is no link between the calculations and the actual energy use in the building. This presents a good reason to introduce the same demands, as Soler cotete 2 Peder Vosig Pedersen and Jakob Kat13 Buffer tank for solr tharmal energy in the Lohen are of Salzburg, "New-bulé with ota collector in Lehen, Salzburg, | | 1s Soler cotctors and ebuter tank ae part of lowrtemperature micro grid Photo: SR (wast Sole Energy in Ces{or ‘verification’ of all new-building projects within a two-year period, which has already been introduced in Sweden The 777kWp (kilowatt-peak) PV installation at Damhuséen Waste Water ‘Treatment Pient in Valoy (Figure 1.8) cover an area of approximately 14,000m? of secured landfill with a builtin iner below the grass. This lend cannot be used. for anything for many years due to pollution from residues of waste water. This, example has huge prospects since waste water treatment plants represent 8 per cent of all electricity use in Denmark 16 Active House specications. 4 Peder Visa Pesersen and sokob Kit le The la: 18 Photo teow Coope percecations. u ‘Tho director ofthe “Lynette Cooperative’ Torben Knudsen was a driving force of the pan to realise the Demhussen PV Plant here also supporting the lorge-szala PV plant for Vlby, 1 Photo of the Darhuséen PV plant in Vlby, which by January 20:3 was the largest PV plentin the Nord countries overs 8 percent ofthe electric atthe Damfussen weste water teetment plant, which is owned by the “Lynette Cooperative’ in Copenhagen now Bios. ts eupplomontingbiogss-tased elects production to cover most SO er cont of yest electricity uso by renewables. Sole Energy in ites SIA 4 JUL 201819 eo tem large housing revo prjoct in Valby at Hornemannsvenge housing estat: 16 Kp of PY (100 and 100 of ‘ole thermal is used for each of six renovated housing blocks [At the Horemannsveenge housing estate, low-energy retrofit solutions are used tagether with solar energy combined heat and power, where both solar thermal and PV electricity supplements energy from the large combined heat and power plants in Copenhagen. Figure 1.10 shows @ demonstration of PV.assisted ventilation in Valby in Copenhagen. The focus has been on documenting how low electricity use can be matched by PV electricity. in 2000 the Valby PV plan was launched, introducing 30MWp Pv (200,000rm?, aiming for 15 per cent building-integrated PV for electricity use by 2025 in Valoy in Copenhagen. An important goal to the PV implementation plan in \Valoy was to ensure that PV would be a positive element in the city development. BI Poder Vsisig Pedersen and kot Kint PV venti HAV unit an Aninnovat housing oe Tike norms0 PV ventiation. Compact host racovery venation for housing renovation wher ecicy uso is matched by PV. A tat of compact HRV unit from Eeoventtsnd is showing a dry heat recovery ventilation efisency higher than BS per cont 10 mé of ‘An innovative bullding ntograted Pv Installation atthe shard ownership ‘housing cooperative “Sepseeagen in Copenhagen. From distance, it looks ike normal late root wa Close-up of PV art gable in Vay,» symbol of ‘the Valby PV plan fom 2000, Soler Energy in ties 7ro Combination of PY and conventionally produced electricity for one dyin une a ra | | Hours of the day = us au ) Brochure on solar energy An iustration ofthe eleticy peak shaving in Vay when the PV plan i veaised, InValby funded by the EU Concerto projet, Groen Solar Ces. uw Tho EU Cor 15, uae Development of a zero-energy teat house a Denmark in 2009, Valby Shoo! In Copanhogen with building intepetes aaa ation inal bic woe exhibited in Vly photovolse Pv system a 8 Poder Vejig Pedersen and Jakob Klint‘The Green Soler Cities project (www.greensolacities.com) has, since 2007, included cooperation between Valby in Copenhagen and Salzburg in Austria, EU funding is utilised as a strong support for the large-scale PV implementation plan inValby. uw ‘The EU Concerta area ofValby, 18 PV system at Sha station in Vato see Solar Energy in Cities °1” 1000789871 Peder Visi Pedersen and Jakob Kit uae PV beleonies in Folehaven in Valor Thiny smaler PY projets wer also supported by Concerto in Vay. aa The us in Danve Deemer aid pan Enerayedby aa The US Department of Energy soortary at theWREF 2012 in Denver, prcteiming that Denmark hed sry reached ard parity for PV.This was Unknown tothe Danish ‘Sovernment when it made is Energy Agreement the same PY ventilation systems have been introduced in Velby and Copenhagen. This is compact heat recovery ventilation (HRV) for housing renovation where PV ‘matches electricity use. Tests of compact HRV units from Ecovent/@land show @ ‘ry heat recovery ventilation efficiency of greeter than 85 per cent, alongside very low electricity use (Figure 1.10) “able 1.1 Expected development in PY cos in 2002: he age cot for 2020 ware reached inaoie - veer PV instalation costs Elect ost (ex VAT) Payback time (ox) (Ox 2008 so 1 see 209 wo ” nayees 200 ns 18 year 2018 weer 22 yes 200 1322 as yews ‘Table 1.1 shows an indication from early 2011 ofthe historic and expected development of the economy for PV systems in Denmark up to 2020. In September 2012 the expected PV costs for 2020 had almost been achieved, and around 100 new PY installations — in particular fr one-family houses - were made every day in Denmark, based on the net- metering scheme which leads to 2 pay-back time of around ten years. Sentara prereset cetieceasnase mesncayertont re Solar is becoming cost-competitive Solar Energy in Cities "7000 fs Denar gh ae PY aogs nn Donna meu ate PV istaions eee Co —— a ane a = Danish ener Agency 2005) a Ear Rasy Tn pve Summer elect se Sara Same development as Gemany Tia ahaa wor. 2013, 2015172190202 ams ae ear | 1a Possible development of PV in Denmark according to besic and both more and less aggressive scenarios from 200, In the basic scenario a PV capacity of 1 GWis obtained by 2020, an in 2020 the installed PV effect ie 2.4 GW, equal to & percent ofthe lecticty used in Danmark. By 2018 600 MW PY hod been Intalled, At the WREF 2012 (World Renewable Energy Forum) conference in Denver, the US minister of energy, Steven Chu, told the audience that at present PV systems were already cost competitive in Germany, France, Italy and Denmark, and that the same situation would be reached in the USA before 2020. Example of demonstration projects with BIPV The work on BIPV (buildingintegrated PV) demonstration projects in the Copenhagen area started in 1982 with the EU support for the “PV in Valby’ project. In 2000 a PV plan for an entire city part of Valby was launched in ‘cooperation with the Urban Renewal Copenhagen company, the local electricity ‘company, Copenhagen Energy and the municipality of Copenhagen. The Valby PV plan aimed at 15 per cent of electricity use coming from solar electricity by 2025, Peder Visi Pederson and Jakob Kit 1a Vatby Pvp ot of vie ‘ehZ *| L Inthe cont ofthe Velby PY plan siming ot 1S par ont soar electricity by 2025, including 2 lot of visualsstion wor, see ale: htpligreencties.oulslivalby! index tm Solceller Kabenhavn Valby viser A 124 Brochure from 2000 on the PV plan fr Vlby, with the sim ta cover 15 pe cat ol eect use by 2025 ‘ith 39 MWp of PY (approximately 300,00 PV, Since then, work on prectical PV implementation in Valby and in the rest of Copenhagen has been realised with support from EU projects like Resurgence ‘and Concerto Green Solar Cities in Valby (wwworeencites.eu; www.green solarcities.com), but also from the municipality of Copenhagen, which has given @ total of approximately DKK12 milion, and from the Danish Energy Agency as well ' the PSO system in connection with the ‘PV-Optitag project. In 2004 the Solar City Copenhagen Association was established with support frorn the municipality of Copenhagen (www solarctycopenhiagen.dkl. In 2008 it advocated to kick-start, Use of BIPV due to the expected development in the economy of such systems, The PV activities in Copenhagen have also been promoted in relation to the member magazine of the Association of Sustainable Cities and Buildings in Denmark (www. fbb dk) Soler Energy in Cities 3Here, itis relevant to look at the situation in Denmark, where it is being considered what to do with the combined heat and power-based cistrict heating, ‘when the main supply of electricity comes from wind turbines. In relation to this, large-scale use of solar energy provides a win-win situation if itis installed in the form of so-called solar energy combined heat and ‘power, which provides solar heating and solar electricity in a 1:1 rato, in the same ‘way a8 the existing large-scale combined heet and power system does. This, ‘means that operation of the large CHP system can be reduced in sunny periods, ‘saving fuel as a result Ene Siena cs 3 4 Peder Veisig Pedersen and Jakob Kit 12s Pv and Wctocure, 9 book from 2005 showing best prectce BV examples. v0 ‘An out for Hedeparien housing association In Bala, with 1,000, wz Example | integratc en 128 Combined (canadian eating bv at Fede 129 | Zere-energy 2008, bert Solar Pim ona ft roo bi‘ay. tile root | ane hooper | crouse | ayer | tesonton, | | sing aro s from 2012 iar Prism snfossVotux st pump, HAV sls snd Velux be iz IMstraton from sketch design project for “Séoassegen’ st storbro in Copenhagen, An innovative PV installation at the shared ownership housing cooperative ‘Sopassagen’ in Copenhagen By the end of 2011 a PV project with 45kWp PV (approximately 360m?) for 20 apartments at Osterbro had been realised. This was the first BIPV installation in Copenhagen that was allowed by the municipality even though it can be ‘seen from the street. The background for this new policy is the climate plan of Copenhagen from 2003, which aims at CO, neutrality by 2025, Due to a location towards the ‘city lakes’ in Copenhagen and the very busy “Fredensgade’, the project was based on an intense end detailed dialogue with the chief architect’ office in Copenhagen, ‘The PY system consists of 28kWp PV on sloping roof areas and 17 kWp PV 61 the flat roof. The BIPV integration has been a success, although the cost for the sloping roof (DKK32,000/kWpl was more expensive (oy approximately 50 per cont) than the flat roof installation (OKK21,000KWp) The design was developed by Solarplan in cooperation with Solar City Copenhagen, who supported an initial outline project. Energy and construction engineering were handled by Cenergia and MOE. Another aspect of the project is the way the PV capacity beyond common electricity use was handled. The solution was to agree on @ common purchase Of all electricity by the tenants instead of the normal individual purchase. In this ‘wey yearly individual meter costs for each apartment were avoided end a better electricity price for @ large consumer could be negotiated. Even with high costs {or scaffolding and installation of a new meter system, a pay-back time of 13 years was obtained, with a positive balance for the tenants from the first year. At the same time it has been shown that for more simple installations on flat roofs ®@ pay-back time as low as 6-8 years can be obtained based on this model Solar Enetgy in Cos ”cry (etal of PV intgration: ite roofing ie maiatained st the ioe integration of PV in an ‘0 ‘Copennagn root: 136 Deine Sr “ing or roofs ware Very few p this ie 6 Pv 136 BP sotto housing po, Copenrager ® der VeaigPodorson and Jakob Kint i L - a -wz Example of proposed PV integration wih reste roots | Reson | | | aed Combined solar roof | prohesting ventilation aie) and | i i | | = eae | 309, Albertslund in Denmark v0 | Solar Prism with PV mounted6 Poder Vosig Pedersen and Jakob Klint 130 Example of «PY projet from eatly 2013 Valby, Copenhagen A new il oot has Boe toi wth PY anole mounted onto. ‘ore halite end chasper soltion would be to use ‘an undaray of esphaltayer roof with PY modules ontop, Since red oot 8 vary Zero-eneray housingares ‘wth 60 eliogs taf 2012 inranbjors Aarhus cs petabricated Solar Pim syste from Danfoss Velux ‘wth busin hee pum HRY ‘syst, PV panals and Velux taof windows, ta station fo Project for Se Bsteroro in Coation: slate fed at the of PV in aa en roof, vas [At the “Sopassager” shared housing project edting sate roofs were changed to PV. Very few people notice that this is 2 PY root for Sepassagon’ Copenhagen, ®aa Integrated BIPV solution forthe visible par ofthe oot, while the ft roof ha an instalation, hich cannot be sen fom the street ares, 140 rat | reer MRSS ae | ya 8) | 1 j 141 Brampleot 1 as Ts wa Example of guidelines from Copenhagen maricipstty Daal of BPS-gudelines from Denmark on integration of solar from the fire he Sopasstgr’ onthe font page cola on op of an sph lye rot moon 2 Poder Voisig Pedersen and Jakob Kin.It is possible to use the previously developed BPS guideline for thermal solar collectors for PV integration in tile roofs. ottom| ste | sic etn ao | | other roof materi ike 140 Iustetion of solar collector ‘area with thor types of root Solar colector modules nd soerealletor modules, together with fashing deals, ‘Flashing deta aa Example of PY integeation, This was the winsing project a) from the frst PV architectural competion in Donmere The rojat ws relied in 1993, Soler Eneray in Cities aThirty years of solar energy development The Green Solar Cities project is based on research and technical development (RTD) work concerning solar eneray, which has taken place over a 30-year period Back in the early 1980s solar energy primarily had to do with solar heating, both ‘connected to solar thermal systems and also comprising passive soler heating and different kinds of soler wall systems, Today, with the main focus on PV or photovoltaic solar electricity, it is ‘worthwhile to include a focus also on solar thermal systems, which has led to interesting results in recent years. This is mainly in relation to large soler thermal systems connected to district heating, where in, for example, Denmark ‘widespread use has occurred allover the country, with more than 600,000m? of thermal solar collectors installed. Solar district heating in Denmark Eferpholm, Storing Jetsmark Wersted sandy Vojens 112000 37500484000 7576 ve (rerview of ange solar thermal instalation fr dist heating in Donmerk by 2014 Peder Vjsig Pederson and Jakob Klint a 33300 mée wallets i “pate a0 msary Energi EWR 38,300? solar thermal collectors in Marstl Denmark, together with 75,000 seasonal pit Recent examples comprise solar thermal systems in, for example, the smaller cities of Marstal and Dronninglund, which in combination with district heating and large seasonal storages in the ground, make it possible to cover ‘50 per cent of the yearly district heating demand with solar heating, which is remarkable in the Danish climate, which is cold and has only limited sunshine in the winter season. ‘At the city of Marstal on the island of Ara with 1,500 inhabitants, an existing solar heating plant with 18,300m? of solar collectors and 10,000m? of seasonal storage was in 2012 expanded with an extra 15,000m? of solar collectors and a 75,000m seasonal storage pit, together with a 1.5MW heat ‘pump in the EU-supported SUNSTORE4 project. This led to 55 per cent solar ‘supply and 45 per cent biomass supply for the district heating in Marsal. In the Tubberupveenge hausing area in Herlev near Copenhagen in Denmark, the aim was to cover up to 70 per cent of the yearly heating demand for 100 low-eneray housing units by solar heating. This was done by use of a combination of 1,400m? primarily high-temperature, 125m? large solar thermal collector, together with a 3,000m? seasonal storage pit in the ground, working together with a heat pump, so it was possible to create temperatures up to 95°C during ‘summer and cool the bottom of the storage down to 5°C in winter, which meant heat losses were limited to a reasonable amount on an annual basis. The Tubberupvaenge project was finalised in 1990 as the first solar heating project with seasonal storage in Denmark. The large solar thermal system in the ‘Salzburg part of the Green Solar Cities EU Concerto project was made according to the same principles, based on design work from the Steinbeis Institute in Stuttgart in Germany, but with a 2,000m® buffer storage and 2 heat pump, together with 2,000m? of solar collectors, With around 257 housing units, the targeted annal solar contribution is around 3 per cent. Recent projects in Marstal and Dronninglund in Denmark had seasonal storage sizes of 60,000- 78,0001? and solar collector areas up to 60,000m?, In the nearby city of Ballerup, also with funding from the EU, 700mm? of solar collectors were used for 100 prefabricated low-energy housing units, leading to @ Sole Energy in Cos 2Solar pant with seasonal storage and heat pump in Herlev, near Copenhagen a Poder eisig Pedersen and Jkob Kint Optimised sytem fort housing pre in Ballerup, 16 Stet roofs an follctore at § hs‘Successful result for the operation, together with low-temperature district heating and @ local gas-fired CHP plant. This was the so-called Skotteparken project, which was not so successful with respect to the buildings themselves, where: too high air leakages were observed, but nevertheless the holistic approach led to.a world Habitat Award in 2004. vas Optimised sole heating system for tow-energy housing project Skotteparken In Ballerup, near Copenhagen, 146 ‘Stoel roofs and solar thermal calletors ot Skotteparke, Soler Energy in Cities 25Based on this project it was possible to form a European cooperation between housing associations, the European Housing Ecology Network and EHEN, and attrect EU funding for large-scale ecobuliding demonstrations in seven EU countries, and at the same time realise @ number of demonstration projects in the UK, where housing renovation of 360 apartments in the Stanhope Street housing project in Newcastle, in combination with Danish district heating ‘solutions and use of a gas-criven CHP system, was the most interesting aspect. In 1996 @ European cities network, European Green Cities (wwww.european greencities.com), was established and got funding from the EU for demon- st/ation projects in nine EU counties. The first examples of building-integrated PV ‘systems were demonstrated in the Danish Urban Renewal demonstration project in the Hedebygede area in Copenhagen. “The est recovery ventilation (HFT units, integrated in the lar wal, shown behind the lazing athe Hedebyaade housing block. vas Urban renewal inthe Hedobygade are in Copenhagen, with an example of = combined eler wall integrated heat recovery ‘onilation system operated by Pv modules. ) 150 Solar esserch Isora after enon CCanacian Solarvention Feted in the "behind the fdebygede Inthe ‘th an examle rolar val! recovery ‘em operated by 149 Solar research building at JRC Ispra before renovation, 10 Solar rescore building at JRC spre after renovation with Canadian Solar Wel design. Cooperation with Salzburg and SIR was established here in connection with the realisation of a Salzburg region demonstration project in the city of Radstadt. Other important RTD and demonstration projects from this period include 2 full-scale solar energy-riented renovation of a research building at the EU Joint Research Centre in Ispra in Italy, which incorporated demonstration of very costeffective Canacian solar wall solution and very successful operation in practice documented by a detailed monitoring programme. In Denmark at the same time it was possible to realise @ number of EU-funded projects with the use of buildingintegrated PV solutions in the Lundebjeragaard housing project in the city of Ballerup as the most interesting Here, RTD work was carried out on both PV solutions and ventilation designs es the basis of a large architectural competition, with an international jury led by NTNU from Norway. This led to good results in the end, although PV systems were still expensive and not economic forthe users without some kind of extra funding,184 Example 0 Inmplemont London by with sup vote Sola ressrch bling renovated with & Candian falar wa prebetig venilation ac By the end of the 1990s, PV demonstration initiatives included the Solar Vilage project in the city of Brzedstrup in Jutland, and the Sunyard project in Kolding, with @ BIPV demonstration fora large housing block, ase PV integration fren sas ‘woot roned housing block in ‘Stovlnde, near Copengen, based on an architecture competion. PY matched locity se for venlstin. as ‘The salar vilege price from 200 in Brin by Energi,In 1998 the rather small community working with PV implementation in Denmark visited the so-called PV city initiative in the city of Amersfoort in the Netherlands, which was demonstrating integration of 1 MINp PV in a new part of ‘the city. This was a starting point for the city-oriented PV pian for the Valby city part of Copenhagen After 2000, when the PV plan for Valby was launched, the interest in use of Pv increased in Denmark; there was a very useful BIPV development programme ase Supported by the government, while the SOL-1000 initiative aimed at demon Example of PV strating the use of PY in single-family houses. implomenttion project in London by the Peabody Tus, with supplemental nding from the EU Resurgence project. sing snasion an cast sing block In| openhagen, natched ‘venti project ‘edatrup by Soler Eneigy in Ces 2‘After 2001 a new government in Denmark with absolutely no interest in supporting renewable energy implementation was elected. At this point the EU-Resurgence project, together with supplemental funding from the City of Copenhagen and the SOI-1000 project, represented the only active implemen tation work with PV. In particular, the funding opportunities from the City of Copenhagen were crucial, securing important BIPV demonstration projects including the SOLTAG project fram 2008, with the CO;-neutral rooftop apartment, which was realised ‘with Velux as an important partner {woww.soltag.netl By 2007 the EU Concerto project, Green Solar Cities, started to focus on PV implementation in Valby in Copenhagen. 30 Pade Vejsig Pederson and Jakob Kint 155 PV projet inValboy supporting the by PY olen, 158 ‘The SOLTA roottop ap texted 6 Design: Ar reverse 187 In Rannebie Nassved, 8 the Het ro) sed on the house pring 2ero-energy 18 Groen Soler both PV and supporting tt nergy comb ‘thermal part.156 | “The SOLTAG CO, neues! | rooftop apariment, here stoy ‘eibited at Velie premises. byPv pI Design: Architect mea Marin ) Rubow and Poder Voisig Pedersen. 17 In Rennebsaknove tia Nastved, ¢amall housing block was realised in 200835 ‘the fest project In Denar, based on the passive house prinipis and with 2 zoro-energy heating desi, 158 Green Sola Cities housing renovation in Vay with both PV end solar heating supporting the idea of solar ‘energy combined heat and ower Here isthe solar ‘thee patCopenhagen PV Co-op and reductions in PV costs ‘When the EU Concerto project, Green Solar Cities, wes started in the summer of 2007, the Copenhagen PV Co-op had existed for three years and had 65 different investors who had invested in two PV installations of 40kWp and 14kWp, one ‘on a municipal building end one on a building owned by the electricity company “Dong Energy’ {www solcellelauget. dk This initiative was inspired by the Soler Stock Exchange model from Switzerland, which had good results for many years 6s a way to expand local investments in PV. During the realisation of the Green Solar Cities project it hes been possible to create a PY project in Vaiby by Copenhagen PV Co-op with 22KWp based on the same model ‘The situation is that investments of this type will be difficult in the future since the model of seling PV electricity to people interested in supporting sustainable electricity production has been difficult to realise in Copenhagen, ‘mainly due to very limited marketing of the concept. However, the fact is that the huge reduction in PY costs up to 2013 has changed the whole focus on PY implementation and the market as a whole, Figure 160 shows how the expected development of PV costs were in 2008, where typical installed costs was DKK35-38 perWp (around €5/Wp) Production Vigerslev 2009 - 2012 sn 2 - 10000 a Sas Saat par ma os Tse os oe . Eee a LE ce ao BG ° Jan feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul ‘Aug Sep. Oct “ Nov Dec = . PV production and budget for Copenhagen PY Co-op. The Copenhagen PV Co-op (vor sleallelauget.dk has existed since 200 These are PY production figures form the Vigersev PV system in Velo Poder Vojsig Pedersen end Jakob Klint 160 Example of reductions ¢ from 2008 -3U Con 2 tez0K teduced by Proton nt160 Example of large cost, reductions of PV production from 2008 102012. During the EU Conceto projet from 2007 to 2013 the PV costs wore reduces bya factor of five Photon iternetona 22013. Reduction of production costs for mult Si meduls between 208 and 2012 Expected development in PV economy in Denmark (figures from 2008) ‘able 12 ttstration ofthe development in PY cost reductions es predicted in 2004. n realty the coe simed for in 2025 had already been echieved by 2014, oar PV costs DKK/Kp Expected eletity costs Payback time (oars), ‘without VAT DKK/IWh 2004 enablenmant of 95-42 “ 8 Solar Cy Copenhagen 2008 30-26 a 206 1w.28 22 0 2008 wor 30 4 By 2013 the targeted PV costs for 2025 had already been achieved in the best ‘cases and for larger PY installations. Based on this a new situation emerged during 2012, in which grid parity was reached in Denmark due to the relative high electricity costs, and 500 MWp was installed compared to 12MWp in 2011 The big transformation towards use of solar energy Since the first ol erisis in 1973, it has been clear that solar energy, wind energy fend other renewables are the energy sources of the future, since the amount of fossil fuel is limited and CO, emissions are a serious problem. At the same time it is clear, that one of the most important and needed research and technical development arees is the combined focus on how to save ‘on energy use, optimise the energy supply systems and combine with use of renewable energy sources, with solar energy as the most promising option, Soler Eneray in Cities 33Since the new building rules were implemented in Denmerk in 2006, based on demands from the EU, a large number of building projects with new, ‘optimised constructions and installations have been introduced, often in combi: Nation with use of soler energy. With the improved demands in the EU Building Directive from 2010 siming at a nearly zero-energy standard for newebuilds from 2018 in public buildings and from 2020 for all buildings, together with demands towards the EU member states to create a similar standard for existing buildings, itis now a challenge to create a new basis of energy-efficient building design in Europe. ‘There have been both positive and negative experiences during this period, based on which it ean be concluded that one of the main barriers of both energy saving end solar energy solutions is that it is not always certain that realised building projects will perform in accordance with calculations, which means performance verification is a very important task to focus on, Table 12 Word energy escuroes according to Richard Perez trom SUNY Atmosphere Scenees Research Center, Albany, Now York In Denmark alae, total of nearly 51Weyeer per year of solar ‘energy is received every eer, equal to ono-thied of the energy consumption ofthe ene planet Renewable energies on Earth (TW.year por yer) Fos fuels on Earth (TW-yeer) Solr enery: 2,000, Coat: 900 Wind: 25-70, Uranium: 80-200 Biomass: 2-6 Folaum: 240 yao: 4 Natu ges 235 coothe 2 Tat 02 (Ocean thermal nergy conversion: 311 Wirt enoroy use: 16 The roadmap for PV from 2009 according to the International Energy Agency and EPIA (www.iea-pvps.org) PV only constituted 0.1 per cent of global electricity generation in 2009, but was. expanding rapidly due to dramatic cost reductions, with 40 per cent reduction in system prices from 2008 to 2009. Since 2000, with an average annual growth rate of 40 per cent, @ new IEA Renewable Energy Division Roadmap envisions: that PV will provide 5 per cent of global electricity consumption (G00 GW PY) in 2030, with an annual market growth rate of 17 per cent, increesing to 11 per cent in 2050 (4500 TWh per year), corresponding to 3,000 GW installed capacity European Solar Europe Industry (EPIA) projects in Europe alone 400 GW PV by 2020 and 700 GW by 2030. Fodor Vejeig Pedersen and dakeb Klint 1st example of with courty ‘tobe » denes nd power int to}181 Example ofa housing area with courtyard houses with plans tobe renovated with sole energy combined hest ‘nd power (PV + solar thermal Average efficiency of new module types continues to go up ery we 59 [— mora ¢ Smads — nul Simoes ‘moo 7001 2002 2000 04 2005 7006 2007 7008 OM IOAN OI A013 ZONE oedema Da inn nett nie hemline se The large increase of 45 per cent in PV production efficiencies from 2000 to 2084 Photon Insmaorl 272014, PV economy compared to off-shore wind turbine economy The production cost for electricity from PV was, by October 2013, somewhere between the cost for land-based wind turbines and off-shore wind turbines, This Js based on a PV installation cost of DKK14,000 per kWWp for larger systems, leading to PV electricity production costs of €80 per MWh, Sols Energy in Cos *‘At the same time itis fact that the Danish neray company Dong Eneray states that electricity from off-shore wind turbines have @ production cost of €160 per MWh, with an aim to reach €100 per MWh by 2020. Compared to this it can be mentioned that large solar thermal installations lke the Strandby heating plant in Denmark, with 8000m? of solar collectors, produces solar heat for district heating at a cost of around €30 per MWh. In Denmark there is an example of # large-scale solar heating supply for ‘a whole city, Marsta, where a 85 per cent solar supply for district heating was ‘secured in 2012, based on 35,000m* of solar collectors, 75,000 m? of seasonal storage and a heat pump, supplementing 45 per cent biomass-based heat. Example of zero energy school design: the Haslev School in Denmark Example of low energy lass 2015 school wth BIPV in Hasev, Denmark The roo is designed accotding to demands for daylight and eneay. Design prinines ofa loweneray class 2015 school Fst. the bling volume is optimised with ‘an improved funtion of deyight access and climate shld inal,» daceatalsed ventilation ‘esign with low-consumption fons introduced. Aktems Architects and Cenergia 6 Peder Voeg Padersen and Jakob Kint an Bf 198 Possibie inte thermal end housing bloc Marin Rubox‘oweonaumoton 195 ‘The vision was to resch a zaro-energy design forthe schoo! in Hele. In summer ntura ‘entiation is used and lowsconsumption LED lighting ie alao used o reduc electric use PY penets are introduced to realise # lom-eneray clase 2015 standard With more PV panels even ‘2 zro-onoray design could be obtained. However, this was not done Inthe end due fo now PU legislation with hourly net metering. Arita Archies and Conergia, 168 Possible integration of solar ‘thermal and PV i a ae housing blook Architect: Marin Rutow. da Example of housing renovation possibile, besed on soar {energy combined hest and power, wich wes boty BIPY {and solar thermal coloctors.Arehitec: Martin Rubow. Soler Eneray in Cities a‘Samsp, 100 per cent renewable energy and sustainable energy island in Denmark. vse The Dani island of Sama has obtained a 100 por cont renewable eneray supply ‘mainly based on wind Turbines, Heres an exemple ‘of combined solar and biomass based district heating lant at Norby. [At Samo the “Energy ‘Academy's disseminating knowledge ond experiences ‘onceming the 100 percent renewable energy Island. Now ‘the works focusod on aso being CO, neutral by 2020, Py Poder Vbsig Pedersen and Jakob Kint v0 Close of PV modules. Academy’ et ‘Arsitemaof popular movements and grass-oots initiatives to promote energy reduction ‘and renewable energy, Some had their roots in the environmental rovernent; ‘others were new initiatives focusing on specific energy issues: resistance to toric power, solar energy, wind and renewables in general, There were launched different programmes and campaigns for eneray saving in existing buildings; for example, initiatives such as insulation, sealing of houses, more efficient energy use. In the Building Code demends were focused on energy efficiency, and initiatives to foster combined heat and power were taken up and special schemes for financing district heating in urban areas were introduced, It was particularly the following three points that influenced the use of ‘energy in the housing and construction sector: 1. Combined heat and power with district heating, 2. Campaigns, subsidies, taxes on energy and other incentives for energy savings. 3. Tighter energy regulation for new construction through the National Building Code. ‘The ‘waste’ heat {rom coal-fired power stations was increasingly used to heat buildings, District heating was expanded in aimost all Danish cities. These inti tives reduced energy consumption quite substantially per square metre, but lod only to a stabilisation of total energy consumption in the period 1970-1990 because the heated area grew over the same period due to more heated area per capita. In that period a large proportion of the profitable energy savings in the existing building stock were done. Typically, those with a pay-beck period of less than five years were exercised during the period. These investments were stimulated by the higher taxes on energy and the public support of eneray- saving investments, Low-energy buildings In the last 20 years of the twentieth century, renovation and urban renewal of the older muttistorey buildings from before 1900 has been a focus, with large public funding schemes and a large proportion of buildings being renovated. The purpose was two-fold: to improve housing and city qualities and to stimulate ‘employment during the 1980s recession, The urban renewal properties went through intensive renovation schemes ~ new kitchens, bathrooms, windows and ccontral heating - but there was limited focus on energy savings other than the c’chenge from ol and coke stoves to central heating by the district heating supply uring the same period there was an ongoing tightening of energy rules in the Building Regulations in relation to the new buildings, which resulted in moderate improvements for the new buildings. In the same period, Denmark increasingly obtained access to oil and especially natural gas from the North Sea, so there wore plenty of energy resources. Even though the high taxes on eneray Solr Energy in ios a‘were maintained, initiatives that would reduce the use of energy more generally ‘were weak. ‘The major changes and new demands on energy consumation for buildings (energy performance) came with the implementation of the EU Directive "European Energy Performance Directive in 2002 (EPDI, which was implemented in Denmark in 2008. it has led to significant changes to performance require- ments for new buildings. These changes came at the same time as the United Nations COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen and together with the financial crisis it ‘changed the egenda in Denmark to a focus on the low energy performance of buildings. The construction industry focused on renovation, and limitations on new development projects made low energy performance @ competing factor ‘among builders. The ability to build to low-energy standards was important. The new buildings were, from this time, significantly more energy efficient and the ‘construction industry is now well on track to meet the requirements for ‘neatly 2ero-energy buildings. In the same period, a number of experiments involving low-energy refur bishment of the existing building stock were started. In particular, good progress was made in the renovation of concrete buildings fram the 1980s and 1970s. It is possible to reach @ high energy standard, but funding seems to be the biggest challenge in terms of achieving energy performance, since the energy savings. can't finance the investments in energy savings. In this context, brick buildings seem to be an even larger challenge due to the external insulation of the building envelope threatening to destroy the buit heritage, end internal insulation being difficult technically, Until now there has only been 8 few good results with brick buildings, and the solution lies not only in achieving energy savings but, equally, in obtaining an energy supply based on renewables. The Danish ambitions are high because there is @ national commitment to be independent of fossil fuels by 2060. With such a goal, 3 per cent of the existing building stock should be eneray-renovated each year to reach all buildings by 2050. Denmark is heading in the right dection, but there is still a very long way to go. URBANISATION AND URBAN CHALLENGES VILFRED HVID AND JAKOB KLINT In addition to delivering a wide range of new lowenergy buildings in Valby, the Green Solar Cities project has focused on the retrofitting ofthe existing building stock to low-energy standards, One of the most extensive low-energy renovations that hes been realised during the project is the renewal of the public housing ‘Horemannsvasnge’. In Hornemannsveenge six conerete apartment buildings from the 1960s and 1970s have gone through extensive renovation. The dagradation of concrete facades @ Vos Hi a Jokob Kin‘and general attrition has made it necessary to renovate the concrete, which has {enabled insulation of the entire building envelope with 200mm mineral wool and ‘replacement of all windows with energy-efficient windows. The EU Concerto project has supported the renewal with better ventilation systems, solar thermal Collectors and photovoltaics, and the buildings now meet the energy require- ‘ments for new buildings. Hornemannsvannge is a good example of a low-energy refurbishment, where the need for a general building renovation has been combined with a farreaching eneray optimisation Through the Green Solar Cities project, a concept for energy renovation of brick buildings has been developed. The brick buildings built before 1950 Constitute a big challenge, because the building envelope of bricks lasts a long time, and the need for maintenance is significantly lower than for concrete facades. The synergy between facade maintenance and insulation cannot be Obtained. At the same time, the brick facades are beautiful and extemal insulation is not allowed due to cultural heritage and the aim for preservation of the built environment. External insulation can only be done at the courtyard side. The economically most realistic measures for reducing brick buildings’ energy consumption are limited to: + better windows with low U-values; + internal insulation where possible, which is typically in the storey partition ‘towards the basement; + spandrets under the windows; * insulation of the roof; and * insulation of freestanding gables, ete |i adcition, savings mey be obtained through better technical installations, such as ventiation with heat recovery rather than exhaust ventilation, through enewel and optimisation of heating and electrical systems, as well as through behavioural changes due to documentation of the individual use of heat and hot, ‘water. Finally, when replacing the roofs, it is possible to consider integrated photovoltaic and solar thermal collectors. During the EU Concerto project period there has been ongoing dialogue with many housing associations, private landlords and owner associations 10 demonstrate low-energy solutions when retrofitting residential brick buildings. In ‘general it has been very difficult to demonstrate low-energy measures related to the building envelope as attractive investments. Private landlords have no interest in eneray savings as it isthe residents who pay for energy, and in cooperative ‘and owner-occupied housing the financial crisis has limited the economic associations’ financial flexibility due to depreciation of the housing value. The best solution is to replace the roof cladding with insulation of the entire roof in combination with installation of photovoltaics, In the Green Solar Cities project area the Copenhagen Municipality chose to prioritise Velby as an area for regeneration, which made it possible to ‘co-finance the building renewal. Simultaneously, the Ministry of Housing, Urban ‘and Rural Affeirs decided that urban renewal funds could be used for energy improvements, which previously have been reserved for improvements of the Solar Energy in Cities abuilding envelope and the establishment of a bathroom, but not energy efficiency. This crested the basis of a direct dislogue with the private landlords in Valoy in terms of stringent energy retrofit, and a smaller property was considered for energy improvements. In the summer and autumn of 2012 ¢ process of intensive building improve- ‘ments combined with intensive eneray improvements were planned and sketch projects were started. With support from the Building Owners Investment Fund and the Ministry of Housing, Urten and Rural Affairs, the process of renewal began with a study trip to Basel and Zurich to look at some of the most extreme low-energy renovations realised on older buildings. The properties ere the same ‘age as the typical Copenhagen properties, which are from the mid-1800s to early 1900s, ‘A series of workshops were conducted with the participation of exper ‘enced people in the field of urban development, construction, rental housing and building renewal, end the process resulted in @ conceptual design for the renewal Of the properties in Vay. The starting point for the workshops wes urban challenges and future ‘demands for housing. The City of Copenhagen takes part in the competition among cities, where cities are obliged to maintain and strengthen their local, ‘ational and international market position. Urbanisation continues with renewed strength, and the cities are in constant mation to attract new inhabitants end new jobs. Therefore, cities are also forced to grow denser to accommodate economic ‘and population growth, Vie Hie and Jot Klint an Back PV modutes mounted on top ofa now edie rot Valo. Could preferably have ‘bon intograted on top of plywood instead wn stration “Living in old mutts inva, Ce ‘lass tower fod on top par of ane sow ”dof Somea 100 per cont oy supply wind San example lar and district heating ‘Energy issminating d experiences © 100 per cant say island. Now cuted on also nal by 2020 170 Closeup ofthe root with PV modules atthe Energy ‘Academy’ at Somes, Architect: ‘Akira, Danish building tradition and the road to low-energy buildings The brick masonry tradition ‘and the Netherlands, The Danish central city areas are dominated by brick masonry buildings {ere has been plenty of clay, sand and mestone in the Danish earth to prove building materials such 2s brick and lime mortar, and the central ety atoes ere dominated by brick buildings and blank masoniy. Mud has, of course, boon common 3s 2 building material es well, espacally in the rural areas, but tows buildings have survived, From the early days of industrialisation the Danish cities were built with bricks — factories as wel s residential bldings. Bricks wore the rugged bulding Solar Energy in ies 29‘material for solid construction and dominated the Danish construction industry ‘and craftsmanship well nto the 1960s, when concrete took aver. A particularly significant period of brick constructions was 1900-1950, when the social housing ‘associations dominated residential building construction in al cities in Denmark In the period residential areas of very high quality and aesthetic value were built, ‘with plenty of deylght, air and green open spaces compared to the residential areas in the dense inner cities. The construction of social housing areas peaked in the 1970s with the very large mono-functional concrete settlement aress on ‘the peripheries of the cities. Even today brick building is very significant in the Danish cities, as neither the Second World Wer nor the urban renewal policy have had a major impact on the older urban and residential areas. In the more dense parts of the cities the ld blocks have been renewed by tearing down the buildings inside the blocks ‘and crafting new open spaces and green courtyards. But seen from the street, ‘nothing has changed and the renewal has not changed the image of the city, ‘The use of bricks has continued when constructing single-family houses, which is the dominant type of sccommodation in Denmark. Large, detached ‘areas characterise the suburbs of any Danish town, but today brick is only @ facade material for buildings, and is no longer included as part of the supporting structure, although the illusion of brick house is maintained, Dependence on fossil fuels Brick houses ere poor at retaining heat and the temperature of the buildings in ‘winter is subject to the availabilty of fuels. Many probably froze in the wintertime in years past, but the increasing availbilty of coal, coke, oil and gas has compen sated for the lack of insulation. There was a very limited focus on buildings ‘energy consumption, both in relation to the existing buildings stock end to the energy demands for new buildings. Central heating ensured the homes were warm. The use of energy was nothing to worry about, there was plenty of coal and ol, and it was cheap, There was little focus in the Building Code and few public demands ‘or thermal insulation and reduced energy consumption. The regulations in the Building Code hed mostly been focused on ensuring the quality of the construction, durability and fire codes. Additionally, there was @ focus on the residential quality and it grew in importance due to the labour movement's influence during the period 1900-2000. In that period the social housing ‘movement grew out of the desire and demand for healthier homes, and munici: paltes also took responsbbilty for ensuring good homes for the many that sought to move from the countryside to the cities, or moved from the poorest dwellings inurban centres. With the oll crisis in 1972 the agenda chenged, with considerable focus cn the energy consumption of buildings and eneray supply to them. Denmark's dependence on imported fossil fuels and rising prices resulted in @ number of initiatives to reduce dependence and increase energy efficiency in buildings. Simultaneously with all the government initiatives emerged a large number 0 Pade Veiig Pedersen and Jekob Kine12 mounted on Ie r00t {erably have ontop of um thstration ofa socalled “Living in Light” design for an ‘ld multi-storey housing block Inalby, Copenhagen with ‘las towards the backyard tnd ontop of the bullng @ pat of on extension, SOLUTION MopEL ‘The need for more dwellings increases accordingly, because more and more people settle in the cities. At the same time, fewer and fewer people are living in families, which demands more space for living areas and significant requirements relating to the size of dwellings. The per capite size for living has generally increased over the past several decades. Dwellings in buildings from 1850-1930 are often very small and have small rooms, small kitchens end bathrooms (if indeed they have bathrooms}, and they do not meet the future expectations for indoor climate, daylight and energy consumption. ‘The renovation conceot for the properties in Valby is based on the folowing: 1. Densification of the existing cities without losing the values of the existing historical buildings’ architecture end special qualities. 2. Creation of healthier and better dwellings for people living in cities. Reducing the energy consumption by buildings. 4, Raising the quality of urben spaces and urban environments by maintaining and strengthening new qualities. ‘The possible solutions to these requirements were literally found on the top and the backside of the building. The facades ofa typical multi-storey building from 1850-1930, which characterises the large parts of Danish urban areas, ere ‘typically built of good building materials and have many architectural details facing the street, while the facades facing the inner courtyards are often builtin cheaper bricks end may appear with concrete render. The building facade facing the street typical defines the urban spaces and the perception of the city space. OPTIMIZATION OF THE BUILDING OPTIMIZATION OF THE HOUSING ENVELOPE QUALITY - LARGER FLATS AND BETTER DAY LIGHT CONDITIONS. Solar Energy in Cos 4s‘The transformation is relatively simple, embracing the building at the top and at the rear. It adds significantly more area to the building, creates better, bigger ‘and healthier homes and a denser city, reduces building eneray consumption to 4 level of new buildings and maintains the materiality of architecture and quality that are the hallmarks of urban spaces and urban enviconments, Sketches and visualisations for the renewal of the properties in Valby have been prepared; the design end building process and refurbishment are expected to be ready in 2018. Mlustrations: living in light 6 Vite Hid nd aka Klint an Ihustraton of Living in Light? esign towards the street are, 18 sation of» glazed ‘extension towards the Dockyard 178 ‘An old hous tothe tivn, incon. ¢ borg rousing solu tls staring in Ligh the srt aoa, 1 olazed ded the ws {An old housing block renovation in Vaiby according tothe “tving a gh principles. At mating with Svondborgarchitacts several ‘roofing solutions which could tlie sole energy in the bet ‘way were diacuesed The Valby PV plan Valby city district Vly is situated in the southwest part of the City of Copenhagen and is famous for the hill Valby Bakke, where there is a view of the City of Copenhagen and the whole @resund region. It is also famous as the ‘home’ of the wel-known Carlsberg brewery. Valby comprises 923 hectares, which is alittle bit more than one-tenth of the area of Copenhagen. Itis a mixed district with residential and industial areas, ‘The district of Valby is governed by Copenhagen City Council, but has its own local representatives, ‘The district has @ population of 46,000 residents and 23,000 dwellings, ‘which again is one-tenth that of Copenhagen. The district grew up during the Industrialisation of Copenhagen and is now 8 typicel urban area between the city and the new suburbs built after the wa. Residential and industrial areas The residential areas consist of all types of buildings with respect to size and periods. Most of the urban development came after 1901, when Valby became part of the City of Copenhagen. The urban development took place until the end of the 1930s. Soler Energy in Cites a‘The industrial areas house all kinds and sizes of trades and industries. There ‘are 18,500 people working in the district. There is a wide variety of small enter: prises performing all kinds of services and trades. Originally, larger enterprises predominated, but only a few remain and their activities have changed from manufacturing to administration and service. However, more manufacturing goes ‘on in the district than in other parts of Copenhagen. Valby is undergoing a transition from mixed industrial and residential use to 2 primarily residential area where several large former industrial sites are in the process of being rebuilt or used for other purposes. At the same time many of the existing residential buildings are older buildings, primarily from the 1920s~1960s and therefore not of an energy-efficient standard, The Valby PV plan | 2000 an ambitious PV implementation plan was set up for Valby. The aim of the plan is to supply a substantial part of the demand for electricity in the district of Valby via PV modules. These should be mounted on existing residential and “ae Peder Vosig Pedersen and Jako® Klint Vary isa cic of CCopennagen with 48,000, Iinbiant,tof 46000 commercial buildings over @ 25-year period (3OMWp/15 per cent electricity ‘supplied by PV modules}; in total tis wil be around 300,000? of PV modules, The purpose of the PV plan is to gain technical, architectural and organi- sational experience in siting, establishing and operating a large PY system in an existing fully developed urben area, This plan was formulated by the City Council of Valby, Copenhagen Energy {the utility company, City of Copenhagen, Cenergia Eneray Consultants and Uren Renewal Copenhagen (see www.solvalby dk), The plan has now been in existence for 14 years and has led to a large number of PV implementations in Valoy, and to the initiative Soler City Copenhagen (see wwwsolarcitycopenhagen.dk end the next chepter! Solar Energy in Cities 49Cha; Sol KARINChapter 2 Solar City Copenhagen KARIN KAPPEL 2a Hestestaldskareen, Ksbennevn In eanection withthe urben renewal cofVesterro, one ofthe first solar eel eystms in Copenhagen was installa in 8 former industrial bulding. Photo: Jons Linde Solar City Copenhagen 'n 2004 a number of public and private players inthe field of solar energy took the initiative in founding the organisation Solar City Copenhagen. The background to the initiative was an intention to make Copenhagen a demonstration and devel- ‘pment centre for solar energy systems and energyoptimised buildings, Moreover, the intention was for Copenhagen to stand out nationally and internationally and pave the way for business development in relation to reduction (of buildings’ eneray consumption and integration of soler eneray systems, At the time, Copenhagen held a leading position in terms of CHP based on @ well-developed district heating network. Wind turbines on Middelgrunden ‘meant that @ small amount of energy came from renewable sources, but. as regards solar energy and energy-optimised buildings, Copenhagen was lagging behind various other European cities,Even though a number of development and demonstration projects of building-integrated solar energy systems had already been completed, increased ‘measures were celled for if Copenhagen was to stand out and be a development contre for the Gresund Region. The aim of Solar City Copenhager’s establishment ‘was to contribute to such development. “The idea forthe organisation was an offshoot of the cooperation in the Valoy Soler Cell Plan, launched four years earlier as a large-scale demonstration project, of solar cal integration in an existing urban district. The idea originated among the project participants, consisting ofthe City of Copenhagen, Valby Neighbourhood Council, Copenhagen Energy, Cenergia and Copenhagen Urban Renewal. Inspiration also came from the Soler Cities Initiative, created by the International Solar Eneray Society ISES) as an international cooperation project, between cities involved in solar energy. Such cites included Freiburg and Oxford, ‘and, in 2004, the City Council of Copenhagen dacided that Copenhagen should ‘also be @ member of the society and thus a Soler City. 82 Kala Koppel 22 ‘A numberof development ‘and demonstration projects ‘with building neograted solar energy systems wero completod, with tubsiies from the Danish Energy Aganey’s SOL1000 programme, th City of {Copanhagon' RE poot or EU programmes, in 2000-2005, “ine Royal Danish Academy of fine At, School of ‘Architecture in Copenhagen thse 63m of solar cls Installed inthe eafeteri's Fidge tight. in adlton contributing othe electricity ‘ied in the cafeteria, the solar alla function as sun shading, ond a vetilasion folution powered by solar Calle been installed in the ridge lights gables as 8 eupplament to ordinary ‘ging veiltion, Photo Karin Kappel 23 ‘As landmay with 18 Hig up in‘grated with hh Danish ¥s0U1 iy of pool or 7000-2006, sh Academy rool of Copent of lars cafetere’s ‘sition to the eloctcty sri, the solar ventation ‘od by solar inataled in + onbles as ordinary on, Photo: 23 2a ‘As 8 lendmerk or Valby Solr Coll Plan, this gable decoration was achieved According tothe at, the gable decorton is on with 18 KW black solar panels and 150 mouthbiown fluorescent tubes, which image of ely map signaling» pulsing fom Hight up inthe dsr Photo: Karin Kapoet of human actives and energy in the undertying ‘96, The neon light of the instalation signal ‘iy deny and say tht this place le pecial nd that the ey i close at hand, Phot: Anita slrgencen, Establishment of the organisation Solar City Copenhagen was established in the summer of 2004 es an organi- sation with bylaws and a board. The terms of reference set out the organisation's overall objective, which was to contribute to @ sustainable and carbon-neutral ‘energy supply through the development of solar energy systems, information ‘and communication of knowledge, as well as through regional and international cooperation on solar energy projects. In all cases the focus is on architecturally welkintegrated solutions. These objectives were to be achieved on the basis of cooperation between players such as public and local institutions, private companies, building «ners, investors, menufacturers, consultants, research institutions end housing associations. Solar City Copenhagen secretariat The City of Copenhagen funded a secretariat for tunning Soler City Copenhagen, and also set up a renewable eneray poo! to stipport solar cell projects, Sole City Copenhagen 53‘The secretariat was established with the intention for the organisation pradually to become salfinancing and thus independent. This was achieved in the course of the folowing years, and in 2010 the secretariat moved from the City of Copenhager's premises into Arkitekternes Hus (premises of the Danish ‘Architects Association), which was also the point at which the organisation became nationwide Over time, the organisation has established an extensive network of fins of architects end engineers, local authorities, manufacturers, research ‘and educationsl institutions, environmental organisations, energy companies and organisations such as the Danish Energy Agency, the Danish Technological Institute end the Architects Association of Denmark. “The network is both @ national and international network and plays a sign- icant roe in the activites of the organisation, including the role of the secretariat _a5 a hub for communication and as a knowledge bank. The network is also where the members of the organisation are found Activities (On an ongoing basis, Solar City Copenhagen completes a range of activities, all focusing on soler energy, energy-optimised buildings and energy renovation, The organisation regularly organises theme conferences on specific and ‘current problems in the area, often planned in cooperation with project partners or schools of architecture, Moreover, the organisation holds seminars at trade fairs on sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. Other activites include technical field trips around Denmark and study tours to other European countries. avin Koppel Say tour to Aarhus. Facade ‘wt thins PY. Photo: Lin Kappel‘A member of the Denish Poriament opons the Europaen Solar Days at Sole City Copenhagen in ArkteKernes Hus, Photo: Karin Kappel. thus. Fade "Photo: Lin 27 Solar City Copenhagen conference. Photo: Kain Keppel Solar City Copenhagen 55Project participation As part of its work, Solar City Copenhagen participates in @ large number of projects; some of the current projects include: ‘+ development of architecturally well:ntegrated building components with solar energy: ‘+ development of less expensive roof or facade solutions with integrated solar energy; ‘+ solar energy in industrial areas. Solar City Copenhagen's principal role is communication and dissemination of the projects through conferences and publications, continuing education ‘courses for architects as well as technical contributions to books and as @ ‘speaker. In addition to Danish projects, Solar City Copenhagen also takes part in intemational projects. IEA SHC Task 41: solar energy and architecture ‘The aim of the project was to develop guidelines and show examples of high: quality architecture with active solar energy in an international perspective, 28 Case study: Energimict. The office building has crystline cls Integrated in the facade and sliding glass shutore with thi- PV ‘The facades composition gives the building 8 tree dimensional effec Phot: Karin Keppe ‘The wobste showing the cate study eoletion. 56 Karin Keptcata nin PY, ‘sional affect. From Danish quarters, Solar City Copenhagen contributed to the prepe- ration of a website which offers a range of international examples. The results of IEA SHC Task 41 ate available at httoiftaskétiea-she org. The website also contains a communication guide for architects to be used 8 a tool for promoting solar energy solutions in building design in cooperation with customers and authorities. There is algo a link to a website with a collection of products with integrated solar energy. IEA SHCTASK 51: solar energy in urban planning The objective is to develop strategies, methods/tools and guidelines, as well as to-collect fine examples to facilitate increased use of soler energy in urban areas. The project focuses on improving and increasing the architectural quality of the integration of solar energy into urban planning so that the quality of the urben ‘context is respected. The international project will be completed in 2017, 20 ‘Acompattion project fr @ now urban deri onthe at ofthe Cerlaberg brewery The general ‘rnepl sto combine energy consumption and energy goneration so shops, business and housing directly use surpluses or losses of lectsty and heat. The reid eneroy supply will ‘be aged on photovoltaic, solar thermal snd wind energy. There ae sla alls onal the oot ‘ofthe urban district and tower houses wih «thin facade, with a tvee-dimensional facade Drincple o optimise the eneray-gonerating surface and echieve® dynanve expression, working 5 solar shading atthe same time. The project willbe ane of the case studies inTask 5. Photo: EntasisAcitoker. Sole ity Copenhagen 37Outline design Solar City Copenhagen has an outline design scheme intended as an aid to ‘overcoming the frst barriers when @ building owner is thinking about investing in solar energy. Questions such as the following are answered: Is the builcing suitable for solar energy in terms of architecture and structure? *+ What ate the possibilities of solar energy in the dullding and what solutions are recommended? + What will the system look like architecturally? + What will the system cost and what is its economy like? The outline design is prepared by professional consultants and consti tutes 2 decision-making basis on which the building owner can make his of her decision: is solar energy ‘hot or not’? Housing associations, companies, public institutions and multiferily homes can apply to the scheme, but single-family homes are not included in the scheme, Karin Keppal ‘The rsidonts use the out ‘design as a patform for coo! ranovation with PY root Fartheemore the outing dosign could form the baie ff spplieatons for financial aman Sole cele nt the balcony gl sn outline des At rae au A now buildin ‘where the ees to instal phot tine design callin ncing in front of the lohan Galtersed the outing form for roof 12 PV rot ve outine tr the basis for financial Karin Keppel aaa Sole cals intoprated into the Baleony glazing after an cutin design. Photos: [rktetiemaet Ole Oreyer. am ‘A new bulding in Alberstund ‘wher the resident wish to install photovotae- The ‘utine design proposes solar callin incined alas slats In front of he facade. Photo sohan Gale. heSolar energy integration ‘The use of solar cells on buildings in Denmark has developed from being an independent and added element on an already existing building into, to a higher ‘degree, an element in integrated building design on a par with a number of other elements, but the purpose is still to reduce the need of the individual building for 2 supply of energy. Previously, solar cells were often seen as nothing more than an eneray- ‘generating element which was installed without any aesthetic considerations ‘over the interaction with the building itself. The large number of realised demon stration projects offer inspiration to be followed, and especially the Danish Energy Agency has played a significant role in this respect, as many national programmes, projects and grents over the past 16 years have focused also on the architectural integration into the Danish building culture. ‘The price of solar cells has plummeted over time, However, they are still ‘expensive. The reeson for this is that, today, solar cell systems are integrated into buildings to a much greater degree, and th’s generates more costs than merely the price of the individual panel ‘Today, solar energy is @ must-have for future-eneray renovation facing the ld building stock if both statutory requirements and environmental objectives are 10 be met, In the focal authorities, each individual system previously required building ‘pplication processing, whereas today a large number of local authorities have issued guidelines for how to place solar cell systems, in order to stimulate building ‘owners and ensure a successful architectural result. The City of Copenhagen ‘and the local authority of Skive are two of the authorities working actively on photovoltaic, Copenhagen Univesity Cy Campus. A new bulding with photovltals Integrated int th rot Photo: rk Mir Atle 60 Katie Kappel 218 oot is from 6102 ‘module, Ps av20 oot renova pr ve the Ink bed 30 Photos: DonhThe roots erested with ‘modules in ferent size, from 6 to 20 calls in one module. Photo: German Solar ara oof renevaton on an old Proper: the new root has Integrated solar pana, Photos: Dorthe KroghCopenhagen ‘The City of Copenhagen has a target of 40MW or 280,000? of photovoltaic by 2025 and plays an active role in terms of motivating people to install solar cells ‘and supporting them in their effort. This is done through giving information to the citizens about the possi- biltes of establishing PV end a number of initiatives. One of the initiatives is the development of a so-called solar map which will giv the citizens of Copenhagen Pree cui) a Karin Kapoe! 219 ‘Soler mathe ntntion i to ‘ive Rouse-owners an es of Ivther a roots suitable tlko delivers structured data txtretion a three-dimensional ‘ky mode! contours and values of solarintonites. The tol roof epace in square metes) ‘vith given soa intensity. “Tere ar ferent views {or citer information, such as ownership, roofing material roof ares so, SAVE aes (how te lover protactad bling) and angles of oot 221 Architectural Photovltaic of anol uit Cooeahagen ) 220 ‘naw buleing with a fat root tnd photovaltsl on a rack. Proto: Gaia Solr aee of 1 uedd | Simracat | Sindvoet uae co meeting wee SAE walere ond orale | | aa ‘chic ques Dhotvateon cae tana ating Prt Conentegen Murty. the frst idea of whothor their roots are suitable for solar ool The map shows selected solar iaciaton ranges of the citys roots As iis Koy t0 the Cy of Copenhagen that photovltac inthe cy is used cael in elation to ee tecture and many preservatio-worthy building, iis also posible to see the bulcings' preservation value and the cit’ cultural enviconments and local plans The City of Copenhagen hes adopted sichitestual guidelines forte stl te ta 0 lation of solar ool onthe ety roofs and eso prepared colecton of examslas imam with integrated solutions as @suoplement tothe guidelines. Further information is is ovolbe at www.kk dk (search fr sole) Sole City Copenhsgen 63Skive ‘The local authority of Skive aims at becoming energy self-sufficient by 2029 and hes therefore made @ vast investment in soler cell systems. The project is named ‘PhotoSkive’ and comprises the installation of 1AMWp of solar cells on more than 70 localauthority buildings. The total investment amounts to DKK45 million (€6 million), of which DKK22 million was received from Energinet.dk through the ForskVE programme, ‘Specifically, the project has also tested different solar cell systems and demonstrated various ways in which to integrate solar calls into buildings so these can serve as an inspiration to others in the future. 22 Shive New Town Hall Photo: Gaia Soe an Solar shading wit ‘hotovotaie. Phot: Skive Muniaipsliy.{all Phot: ven ote: Skive ‘Skivohus Schoo! in Skive in Jutlond is now a CO, neutral school baced on PV and sola thermal Instalation. Photo: Energi. One of the. examples is Skive New Town Hel, which has solar calls integrated into the facade, on the glass shutters on the exterior solar shading, installed on the fiet roof of the building. Combined, the T10KWp solar cells ‘generate 80,000kWh annually, The 4,200 m? building holds 165 workstations, and the energy consumption ‘was originally calculated at 234,000kWh. On account of the reduction in electricity consumption echieved thanks to LED lighting and ventilation systems with heat recovery, the annual electricity consumption is now only 158,700kWh, Solar cells provide about 60 per cent of this amount and @ mini CHP system ‘generates the rest. The building has succeeded in becoming Denmark's first plus-energy town hall thanks to 600m? of solar cells, 162: of solar thermal collectors and a 25KW_ biodiesel CHP system, which together generate 25 per cent more energy than ‘consumed by the building. Another example is Skivehus School, where rundown tile roofs have been replaced by an integrated solution with solar panels, which also function as solar shading. In this way, optimisation of the overall economy and aesthetics has been achieved. ‘The solar coll system was dimensioned to cover €0-86 per cent of energy ‘consumption, and this alowed the school to reduce the remeining 15-20 per ‘cent through eneray management. The result is that in 2013 the school became ‘completely self-sufficient in electricity, Soler Cty Copenhagen 6Karin Keppel 225 “The soar cls on theft roof ofthe kayak cub have bean integrated into a flexible materia hich allows poopie to walk on thom thring casing, Photo: Sve Municioatiy. 226 ‘Arnumber of measurements ‘wore taken daring the projec, hete on vertically mounted solar panels, which ae also ‘ued fr hiding he tocrieat Instalistions onthe roa of the bulding, Photo: Energi. Chap Gre PEDERthe ‘ub have to flexible tows thom Phot Skive cing the project, sly mounted ich are a {the techolcal ithe roof of the :2: Energie, Chapter 3 Green Solar Cities PEDER VEJSIG PEDERSEN The following is @ presentation of some of the individual demonstration projects in the Concerto area in Valby and Copenhagen, Henkel site Il bie 2 Henkel (Builsing Ad satus Fished ross footage seagrass apace, en? 13940 (ota aes 18,148 ofoe Fal encay consumption, WIV year Heat: O ect: 26.7 Towa 26.7 Exerral wall 018-177 rk nota insustee) Poot on winex Ground deck oink Windows 1S.7 Win clasng ‘Two large 13,149 m? old industrial buildings have been renovated in connection with the EU Concerto project. One building was finished in September 2011 and the other in December 2011. The projact includes extensive use of green roofs and use of a heat pump connected to air conditioning,‘According to celculations, the energy freme velue is around 69 KWhym? per yar. This is equal to a new 2010 building standard, which must be considered {88 good for en old renovated industrial building. The renovated industrial building, Henke! I, is now 2 public building AA large heat pump system for heating nd airconditioning takes energy from the air and secures the total energy supply for heating and domestic hot ‘water (DHW) through 3 DHW tank. Heating is supplied by radiators end through the air supply. aa Henke site Api 2012 Indust ‘orginally owe German Henk Peder Vosie Pearsonaa enka ste October 2013, Heat pump system fom Henk Peder Vosig Pedersen as Views the ected a8 station of heat tosses h besides «fon ‘the windows,stem from as View tthe interior ofthe renovated bulling a6 iustration of how most of the heat losses have boen avoided hesios afew spots benesth the windows. ‘Thermo photos Fe at Messing Tine: itoso et manera “22036 Pat er pnt: 098 eno. roe 0 Petr mange: objeis [amp POY [ees | Ret wap Fe Rar sas SAT 23 [0 7 Ewa oe at ets nent nit) Aber ovr ‘rdbmesm te throws poss soos sat hel ns Green Soler cities nFe: ate: Measuring Tine: osseeut anor "22839 Petre parameters: Ens as ot ten. 00 a7 Here heat loss inthe favre foundation every sr, HOT eave hat he a hates fn, ae Overall energy monitoring ‘The total electricty use is 47KWWive: per year, including both normal electricity tse and heat pump electrcty use, which is lower than the previous place the ;Bygningsstyreisen’ was situated, The total heating energy use is 62kWh/m? per yee. Hornemannsveenge ‘Teble32 Hornemannsaange Sone Fiaised Dwtings 288 dvalings with ei housng books Gis feos eens pea, ? 16.50 ttl 60 22,200 i) Extomal wat 014-0. re Root 015 Wine ‘round dace awit Windows 9 Win ean 2 Finl energy consurpton Whim. year Has: 62 n Peder VesigPedarsen Stepan, Hornomanns isa tere cor retroft projec renovation,inthe ryder al ph. 38 Stepan 0.200 39 Hornemennsvienge ins Isa lage concrete housing retrofit projet, with 268 ments; thi the finished Renovation of the 288 dwellings in six social housing blocks was somewhat delayed, but completed by June 2013 ~ which made it possible to complete monitoring after implementation. A pilot project on ventilation systems with heat recovery was demonstrated in one apartment and the tenants approved the installation. An extended monitoring programme with “before-end.atter’ monitoring has been approved as wel. The.resuits will be disseminated by AlmenNet, which is @ network for sharing experiences on refurbishment of social een Solar Cites ud