The Geography Academy

Erosion – Hydraulic Action

Erosion – Hydraulic Action
Erosion – Hydraulic Action
Erosion – Abrasion
Erosion – Abrasion
Erosion – Abrasion
Erosion – Attrition
Erosion – Attrition
Erosion – Attrition
 Erosion
• Hydraulic action

• Abrasion

• Attrition

• Solution – Example: limestone has calcium carbonate

dissolved from it and carried away
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation
 Transportation
• Traction

• Saltation

• Suspension

• Solution – dissolved minerals are moved easily through

the water
 Deposition
When water falls below the settling velocity
Deposition
Bay and headland coastlines
Bay and headland coastlines
Wave-cut platforms
Caves to stacks
Caves to stacks
 Coastal sand dunes
• Aeolian transport

• Saltation
• Creep
Marram grass
Sand dune succession
What are coral reefs?
Hard and soft coral
 Polyp
• Animals
• Carnivorous
• Cannot leave
its home
 Algea - zooxanthellae
• Photosynthesis by algae -
zooxanthellae supply the coral with
glucose, glycerol, and amino acids
• Symbiosis: A close relationship
between two organisms. Many
symbiotic organisms share a living
space.
• Mutualism: A relationship between
two organisms (host and symbiont)
in which both benefit from the
interaction.
 Conditions need to grow
• Temperature - 20–32° C tolerance, nothing below 18 °
C

• Depth – Rarely below 50m

• Nutrient levels – low, very low. It provides for itself and

does not do well when other plants thrive (blocking
sunlight and depositing dead plant matter
 Natural Threats Human Threats
• Sea level rising • Overfishing

• El Nino (change in the ocean • Deforestation

currents temporarily)

• Predators, such as the crown of • Pollution

thorns starfish
• Divers and boats
• Natural Disasters – Tsunami and
tropical storms
Mangroves
Natural Threats Human Threats
• Oceans becoming more acidic • Prawn farms
• Sea level rise = less nutrients
• Oil spills
• Droughts = El Nino, massive
loss along Brazilian coast, but
increased growth in New • Deforestation
Zealand

• Natural Disasters – tsunami • Tourism

and tropical storm
Hard engineering – sea walls
Hard engineering - groynes
Soft engineering techniques
• Managed Retreat
• Zone management
• Beach nourishment
• Do nothing
Tropical storms
 Formation
• Low pressure

• Fastest around the eye

• Speeds up to 118km/hour

• 27 ° C sea temperatures,
down 60m

• Precipitation, wind and storm

surges
Typhoon Haiyan (super typhoon
Yolanda), November 2013
 Impact
• Impacted China, Vietnam,
Taiwan and the Philippines
• Over 7,000 people dead • Only 56 deaths
• 14 million people impacted occurred outside of the
• 1.9million homeless, 600,000 Philippines
displaced
• 6million people lost their jobs
• 30,000 boats destroyed
 Reasons the Philippines were most
effected
• 281.9 mm of rainfall was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours.
• Winds recorded to 305km/hr
• 7.5 metres (24.6 feet) high, into coastal towns like Tacloban, a city of 240,000
people
• Tacloban sits less than five metres above sea level
• government also did not have local terms to be able to communicate the
phenomenon to everyone
• Many people in the region the typhoon hit were living of subsistence fishing and
farming.
• Haiyan destroyed or damaged 1.14 million houses, many of them made of cheap,
easy to break material
• Government failed to evacuate at a scale appropriate to the danger
• Littoral zone diagram -2006-09-21 14:23 The Epopt 666×292× (35505 bytes) The [[United States Navy]] divides [[littoral]] regions into several zones. From
https://ile-lms-
adp.nko.navy.mil/cnet/customcontent/content/primary_pro_mil_education/PPME_JO/Primary_PME_R4_V08/Primary_PME_V44_THINKS/Naval_Warfare/C2_
Naval_Forces/CWC_Conc
• Wave-cut platform - Image by Yummifruitbat using an Olympus C-750UZ. ‘Wavecut platform southerndown pano.jp’,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wavecut_platform_southerndown_pano.jpg
• Sea Arch - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MECU, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SeaArchHawaii.jpg
• Marram grass - Malene Thyssen, Photograph taken at 7th July 2004. Malene Thyssen, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Malene,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hvid_klit.jpg
• Sand Dune succession – Tony Atkin, https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/558780, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
• Coral reef bannar – Tony Hudson, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg,
• Coral reef - image by <a href="http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/coralreef02088jpg" target="_blank"> freeimageslive.co.uk - fmanto</a>,
http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/coralreef02088jpg by fmanto
• Brain coral - Jan Derk in 2005 on Bonaire. -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_coral.jpg
• Kenya tree coral – Bob Mars - image by <a href="http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/heteroxeniacoralpolyps01311jpg" target="_blank">
freeimageslive.co.uk - BobMars</a> - http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/heteroxeniacoralpolyps01311jpg
• Polyp zoom out – Brent Levin - https://www.flickr.com/photos/51117559@N03/5367583836/
• Polyp upclose – NOAA, sanc0205 - https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5077876745/
• Figure 1: The reticulated lagoon of Mataiva, where coral cover and fish diversity and abundance were recorded in 1981 and 2012 (Photo: Suzanne C. Mills).
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.745/fig-1
• Mangroves - image by <a href="http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/mangroves5866jpg" target="_blank"> freeimageslive.co.uk -
gratuit</a> - http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/mangroves5866jpg - Gratuit -
http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/mangrove-roots-jpg
• Sea walls by Richard Allaway - https://www.flickr.com/photos/geographyalltheway_photos/2950326716
• Sea wall by Okios Team - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seawallventnor.jpg
• Wooden groynes - Photo by Michael Maggs, Wikimedia Commons - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG
• Map of tropical storms - Citynoise at English Wikipedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png
• Kelvinsong – hurrican diagram - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane-en.svg
• Sand spit - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/, https://www.flickr.com/photos/goingslo/5827465324, by Linda Tannar -
https://www.flickr.com/photos/goingslo/