Unit 15: Reported speech

I: Tense changes:

PrS  PS
PrC  PC
PC  PPC
PrP  PP
PP remains PP
PPC remains PPC
Be going to  was/were going to
Will  would
May/might  Might
Can  could
Must  had to
* We often do not change the tense:
- What we are talking about remains true
- The original tense was PS or PC
II: Reporting verbs

1. reporting verb (+ that)

agree, admit, announce, argue, believe, claim, complain, deny, explain, insist,
promise, propose, reply, request, say, state, suggest, think, warn
2, Reporting verb + some + that
assure, inform, persuade, remind, tell:
3. reporting verb + to-infinitive
Agree, ask, claim, offer, promise, propose, refuse:
Reporting verb + someone + to-infinitive
Advise, ask, encourage, invite, persuade, remind, tell, urge, warn:
4. reporting verb + preposition + Ving / noun
argue about, complain about
apologize for
insist on
complain to
5.reporting verb + someone + preposition + ing / noun.
accuse of
advise about, remind about
advice on, congratulate on
blame for, thank for
6. Reporting verb + Ving / noun
accept, admit, deny, suggest:
7. reporting verb + Someone (+ noun)
Offer, promise, refuse
* some of the same verbs can be used in different ways
III: Time references etc.

today —> that day

tomorrow —» the following day / the next day
yesterday —> the day before
the next week —> the following week
now —> then / straight away this —> that
here —> there
He said he would see me tomorrow. (reported on the same day)
He said he would see me the next day. (reported at a later date)
*Sometimes the context requires pronouns to change:
I like you.`— He said he liked her.
I like you.'— I said I liked her.
IV: Reporting questions

1. We use statement word order when reporting questions

2. To report questions with question words (who, what, where, why, when, how)
we keep the
question word
3. We can use if or whether to report yes/no questions:
4. We do not use a question mark for reported questions.
*Grammar extra: Other ways of reporting

We can use other expressions to report speech: according to (common in spoken

and.
written English), apparently, supposedly, seemingly (more common in spoken
English)

Unit 16: Verb + Verb patterns

UNIT 16: Verb + Verb Pattern
I: Verb + to Inf

Agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, be able, be likely, claim, decide, deserve, fail,
hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, tend, try
*V + O + to Inf
Advise, allow, encourage, force, get, persuade, remind, teach, tell, warn

*V + (O) + to Inf
Ask, choose, dare, expect, help, intend, need, prefer, prepare, want

II: Verb + ( Prep ) + Ving

Avoid, approve of, can't help, can't stand, carry on, consider, deny, don't mind,
enjoy , feel like, finish, give up, imagine, include, insist on, involve, keep, mention,
mind, practice, put off, recommend, resist, suggest, think of/ about

III: Verb + to-infinitive or -ing

Some verbs are followed by either to - infinitive or V-ing with little difference in
meaning:
attempt, begin, bother, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start

Would like/ would love / would prefer are followed by the to - infinitive:

Some verbs mean something different when they are followed by the to-infinitive
or Ving:
forget, go on, need, remember, stop, try

Verb to - infinitive V-ing

go on - one action follows another - an action is repeated or
continued:
remember - you remember before you do the action - you remember after doing
the action

forget - the action did not happen - the action happened:

stop - there are two actions and the first stops so - there is one action which
stops:

that the second can begin

Try - make an effort to do something. You may not - experiment with doing
sth
aways be successful:

Need - the subject of the sentence will do the action - there is a passive
meaning

IV: Verb + object + infinitive without to

feel, hear, help, let, make, notice, see, watch

Make and let are always followed by an object + infinitive without to:

When make is used in the passive we use the :o-infinitive:

Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to:

V: Negatives

If we want to make the second verb negative, we use not:

Exercise
6: they apologize for losing his/her application form
7: he asked why there aren’t many…..
8: she asked me if I was going to the lecture the following day
9: She suggested that I had a day off.
10: Claire persuaded Dan to come to the theatre with her.
Ex
2: urge
3: reminded
4: complained
5: suggested
6: insisted
7: refused
8: apologized
9: advised
10: warn
Ex
2: to take
3: If I wanted
4: to vote
5: to make
6: to mark
7: to go
8: what my hobbies were
9: about
10: about
11: insisted on paying
12: when I would be leaving
Ex 1
1–a
2–A
3- B
4–d
5–c
6–A
7–b
8–B
9–c
10 – B
11 – C
12 – b
13 – D
14 – d
15 – c
16 – c
17 – d
18 – b
19 – b
20 – d
21 – D
22 A
Ex 4
1–A
2–A
3–c
4–A
Ex 5
1–C
2–B
3–D
4–B
5–B
6–A
7–A
8–B
9–
10 – b
11 – C
12 – D
13 – D
14 – c
15 – b
16 A
17 – A
18 –
19 – a
20 – B
21 - A