Compiled by Ms Nhu

Grade 11

TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND

(ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ VÀ DANH ĐỘNG TỪ)

I. TO INFINITIVE
To-infinitive can function as:
 Subject of a sentence:
Ex: To become a famous singer is her dream.
 Subject compliment:
Ex: What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.
 Object of Verb:
Ex: It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
 Object of Adjectives:
Ex: I’m pleased to see you.

a.

Adjectives: kind, good, stupid, clever, careless, sensible, brave, timid, coward, wise, rude, polite, generous,
mean, thoughtful, tactful, selfish…
Ex: It’s kind of you to help me.
You stole a car, which was stupid of you.

b.

Adjectives: happy, sad, glad, nice, pleased, disappointed, difficult, easy, eager, ready, surprised, sorry,
hesitant, amazed, able, willing, reluctant, sure/bound/certain…..
Ex: I am very glad to see you again.

c. Common verbs followed by To-infinitives:

Agree afford appear attempt arrange cause
choose decide demand expect fail hope
hesitate intend mange offer promise plan,
prepare refuse threaten tend wish want...

Ex: I can’t afford to go abroad study

He agreed to work for us
She refused to answer personal questions

d.

Ex: It takes Jess 30 minutes to remove her makeup every day.

e. Expressing purpose (to answer "Why...?"): chỉ mục đích

Ex: He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
He locked the door to keep everyone out.
   +S + V + Noun / pronoun + to-inf
          Ex:   I have some letters to write.
            Is there anything to eat?
   + S + V + too + adj / adv + to-inf
   + S + V + adj / adv + enough + to-inf
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   + S + find / think / believe + it + adj + to-inf
Ex: I find it difficult to learn English vocabulary.

f. Sau các từ nghi vấn: what, who, which, when, where, how,… (nhưng thường không dùng sau why)
Ex: I don’t know what to say.

II. BARE INFINITIVE / INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

Bare infinitive can be used in:
- After modal verbs:  can, will, shall, could, would, …
- After these verbs: let, make, would rather, had better.
Ex: They made him repeat the whole story.
- After verbs of perception:  hear, sound, smell, taste, feel, watch, notice, see, listen, find ... + O +
V1 (express the completion of the action)
Ex: I saw her get off the bus.
- Use in the structure: Help + to-inf / V1 / with Noun
Ex: He usually helps his sister to do her homework.
        He usually helps his sister do her homework.
        He usually helps his sister with her homework.

III. GERUND (DANH ĐỘNG TỪ- Ving)

Gerund can function as:
- Subject of a sentence:            Swimming is my favorite sport.
- Verb complement:          My hobby is collecting stamps.
- Object of verb: I enjoy traveling. 

1. Những động từ dùng với danh động từ:

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Grade 11
admit anticipate appreciate avoid catch can’t bear
can’t help cease consider continue defend delay
deny discuss dislike detest encourage enjoy fancy
finish forget feel like hate imagine involve
keep like love mention mind need
neglect postpone practice prefer propose quit
recommend regret remember report resist risk
suggest tolerate try understand

Ex: We imagined returning the next summer.

He won't tolerate cheating during an examination.
The athlete practiced throwing the ball.

2. After prepositions: at, on, in, before, after, with, up, without, by, in addition to….
Ex: We can improve our English by practicing much
He came in without saying hello to anybody
On getting home, he sat down to write a letter
In addition to going to university, she also takes a part- time job.

3. Used in expressions:
+ can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand:
+ It’s (not) worth:
+ It’s no use = It’s no good= There be no point in Ving:
+ S + have/has difficulty/trouble/problem + in + Ving:
+ have an easy/good time + Ving
+ have a hard/difficult time + Ving
+ Would you mind/Do you mind + Ving?

***Note: cấu trúc khác dẫn đến ý nghĩa khác:

 Stop + to V: dừng lại để làm gì
Ving: dừng lại không làm nữa
Ex: He stops smoking
He stops to eat
 remember + To V: nhớ phải làm gì(HT, TL)
Ving: nhớ đã làm gì(QK)
Ex: Remember to post my letter
I remember locking the door before going out
 forget + To V: quên phải làm gì (HT, TL)
Ving: quên đã làm gì, sẽ không bao giờ quên là
Ex: Don’t forget to buy shoes for me
I’ll never forget meeting him
 regret + To V: lấy làm tiếc(dùng để thông báo)
Ving: hối tiếc, ân hận vì đã làm
Ex: I regret to inform you that your application is not acceptable.
I regret buying a lot of shares.
 try + To V: cố gắng làm gì = attempt to V
Ving: thử làm gì
Ex: I try to get better marks
I try solving this difficult sum.
 mean + To V: có ý định làm gì = intend to

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Ving: mang ý nghĩa
Ex: I don’t mean to buy that house
Failure on the exam means having to learn one more year
 need + To V: cần làm gì
Ving: cần được làm gì (bị động chỉ vật)
Ex: I need to sell some good
My trousers need ironing

***NOTE:
 advise/allow/permit/forbid/encourage/recommend + O + To V
Ving
Ex: They allow me to buy a new car
I don’t allow smoking in the room

A. Circle the correct words to complete these ideas from a book about memory.

2. Get into the habit of repeating/ to repeat things aloud.

3. Never rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.
4. It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don't want remembering / to remember.
5. Study immediately before going / to go to sleep. You'll remember a lot more.
6. Our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to remember.
7. Make it a habit to look back at your car every time you get out and you'll never forget turning off / to turn
off your headlights.
8. Playing / To play games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills.

B. Complete the sentences with prepositions followed by gerunds.

9. After a long time we eventually succeeded...in finding.......... ..........................a flat. (find)
10. I've been thinking.........about looking....... .........................for a new job. (look)
11. His parents didn't approve him.....of staying......... .........................out so late. (stay)
12. I wonder what prevented him .......from coming........ ...................to the party. (come)
13. I'm getting hungry. I'm looking forward ....to having.......... ................dinner. (have)
14. I don't feel like studying...………………..……today. (study)
15. Forgive me................ ................you but I must ask you a question. (interrupt)
16. The arrested man was suspected...breaking.........................into a house. (break)
17. Have you ever thought.......................about… getting……………..……married? (get)
18. I've always dreamed..............about living......................on a small island in the Pacific. (live)
19. The cold water didn't stop her...............................a swim. (have)
20. Have you ever been accused......of....commiting......... .................a crime? (commit)
21. She apologised for being.......................so rude to me. (be)
22. We have decided to buy......................a new car. (buy)
23. Jack insisted.... on going............ ...................by himself. (go)

C. Transform the sentences. Begin each o f your sentences in the way shown.
24. 'I'll drive you to the station. I insist.' Tom said to Ann
=> Tom insisted..............................................................................................................
25. 'I hear you passed your examinations. Congratulations!' Jim said to you
=> Jim congratulated..................................................................................................
26. 'It was nice of you to visit me. Thank you.' Mrs Dent said to Sue
=> Mrs Dent thanked......................................................................................................
27. 'Don't stay at the hotel near the airport.' I said to Jack
=> I warned ....................................................................................................................
28. 'I'm sorry I didn't phone you earlier.' Margaret said to you
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Grade 11
=> Margaret apologized ................................................................................................
29. 'You didn't pay attention to what I said.' The teacher said to the boy
=> The teacher accused .................................................................................................
D. Put the verb into the gerund or infinitive. (Sometimes either form is possible.)
30. A: You lent me some money a few months ago.
B: Did I? That's strange. I don't remember.......................(lend) you any money.
31. We tried.................(put) the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire-brigade.
32. When you see Tom, remember............................(give) him my regards, won't you?
33. What do you intend...................................(do) about this problem?
34. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember..................leaving...............(leave) it by the
window and now it has gone.
35. When she saw what had happened, she began......to laugh................(laugh) loudly.
36. Sue needed some money. She tried asking.......…….. (ask) Gerry but he couldn't help her.
37. He tried.............reaching..............(reach) the shelf but he wasn't tall enough.
38. 'Did you remember........................... (phone) Ann?' 'Oh no, I completely forgot.'
39. I asked them to be quiet but they continued……........... (make) a lot of noise.
40. Have you finished.................................(fill in) that form?
41. They threatened...................................(deport) her on the next flight.
42. He avoided...................................(cross) the bridge by swimming the river.
43. Would you mind................................(show) me your passport, Sir?

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Compiled by Ms Nhu
Grade 11

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Compiled by Ms Nhu
Grade 11