Power System Analysis

4 Transmission Line Modelling and Performance

4.1 Short Transmission Line

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc

1
 Introduction

Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent

model with appropriate circuit parameters on a “per-
phase” basis. The terminal voltages are expressed
from one line to neutral, the current for one phase
and thus, the three phase system is reduced to an
equivalent single-phase system.

The important considerations in the design and

operation of a transmission line are the determination
of voltage drop, line losses and efficiency of
transmission.

2
 Classification of Overhead Transmission Lines

• Short Transmission Line – length is about less than or equal to

50 miles (80 km) or the line voltage is not over 69 kV, due to
smaller length and lower voltage, the capacitance effects are
small and hence can be neglected. Therefore while studying
the performance of a short transmission line, only resistance
and inductance of the line are taken into account.

• Circuit of the Short Model

3
 Classification of Overhead Transmission Lines

• Medium Transmission Line – length is about greater than 50

miles (80 km) but less than 150 miles (250 km), due to sufficient
length and voltage of the line, the capacitance effects are
taken into account. For purposes of calculations, the
distributed capacitance of the line is divided and lumped in
the form of condensers shunted across the line the line at one
or more points
• Circuit of the Medium Model

4
 Classification of Overhead Transmission Lines

• Long Transmission Line – length is about more than 150 miles

(250 km), For the treatment of such a line, the line constants
are considered uniformly distributed over the whole length of
the line and rigorous methods are employed for solution.

• Circuit of the Long Model

5
 Important Terms
Voltage regulation. When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a
voltage drop in the line due to resistance and inductance of the line.
The result is that receiving end voltage (VR) of the line is generally less
than the sending end voltage (VS). This voltage drop (VS − VR) in the line
is expressed as a percentage of receiving end voltage VR and is called
voltage regulation.

The difference in voltage at the receiving end of a transmission line

**between conditions of no load and full load is called voltage
regulation and is expressed as a percentage of the receiving end
voltage.

𝑉! − 𝑉"
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥100%
𝑉"

6
 Important Terms
Transmission efficiency. The power obtained at the receiving end of a
transmission line is generally less than the sending end power due to
losses in the line resistance. The ratio of receiving end power to the
sending end power of a transmission line is known as the transmission
efficiency of the line i.e.
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
% 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥100%
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑉" 𝐼" 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃"

= 𝑥100%
𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃!

𝑃#
= 𝑥100%
𝑃# + 𝑛𝐼 $ 𝑅%&'(
where VR, IR and cos φR are the receiving end voltage, current and
power factor while VS, IS and cos φS are the corresponding values at the
sending end, n is the number of wires.

7
 Performance of Single Phase Short
Transmission Lines

I = load current
R = loop resistance i.e. resistance of both conductors Resistive drop = IR
XL = loop reactance Reactive drop = IX
VR = receiving end voltage
cos θR = receiving end power factor (lagging)
VS = sending end voltage
cos θS = sending end power factor

8
 Performance of Single Phase Short
Transmission Lines
From the Vector Diagram 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝑺 :
𝑂𝐷 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃# + 𝐼𝑅
= =
𝑂𝐶 ! = (𝑂𝐷)! +(𝐷𝐶)! 𝑂𝐶 𝑉"

!
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃#
𝑉" = (𝑂𝐸 + 𝐸𝐷)! +(𝐷𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶)!
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = 𝑛𝐼 ! 𝑅
= (𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃# + 𝐼𝑅)! +(𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃# + 𝐼𝑋$ )! 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃# + 𝑛𝐼 ! 𝑅
= 𝑉" 𝐼" 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃"
𝑉" = (𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃# + 𝐼𝑅)!+(𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃# + 𝐼𝑋$ )!
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚:
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
= 𝑥100%
%𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉" − 𝑉# 𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃#
= 𝑥100% = 𝑥100%
𝑉# 𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃# + 𝑛𝐼 ! 𝑅$&'(
𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃#
= 𝑥100%
𝑉" 𝐼" 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃"

9
 Performance of Single Phase Short
Transmission Lines
Solution in Complex Notation:
It is often convenient and profitable to make the line calculations in
complex notation.

Taking VR as the reference phasor as shown

on the figure. It is clear that VS is the phasor
sum of VR and IZ

𝐼 = 𝐼∠−𝜃" = 𝐼(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" )

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋%
𝑉! = 𝑉" + 𝐼𝑍 𝜃! = 𝛼 + 𝜃"
𝑉! ∠𝛼 = 𝑉" ∠0 + 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" [𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋% ]
= 𝑉" + 𝐼𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" + 𝐼𝑋% 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" + 𝑗(𝐼𝑋% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" − 𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" )
= (𝑉" + 𝐼𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" + 𝐼𝑋% 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" )$ +(𝐼𝑋% 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" −𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃" )$

10
 Performance of Single Phase Short
Transmission Lines
The second term under the root is quite small and can be neglected
with reasonable accuracy. Therefore, approximate expression for VS
becomes:
= 𝑉" + 𝐼𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" + 𝐼𝑋% 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃"

The following points may be noted:

(i) The approximate formula for VS = VR + IR cos φR + IXL sin φR gives fairly
correct results for lagging power factors. However, appreciable error is
caused for leading power factors.
Therefore, approximate expression for VS should be used for lagging p.f.
only.
(ii) The solution in complex notation is in more presentable form.

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 Three Phase Short Transmission Lines
For reasons associated with economy, transmission of electric power is
done by 3-phase system. This system may be regarded as consisting of
three single phase units, each wire transmitting one-third of the total
power. As a matter of convenience, we generally analyze 3-phase
system by considering *one phase only.

12
 Effect of Load p.f. on Regulation and
Efficiency
The regulation and efficiency of a transmission line depend to a
considerable extent upon the power factor of the load.
1. Effect on regulation. The expression for voltage regulation of a short
transmission line is given by :
𝐼𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" +𝐼𝑋% 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃"
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥100% (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑓)
𝑉"
𝐼𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" −𝐼𝑋% 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃"
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥100% (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑓)
𝑉"
The following conclusions can be drawn from the above expressions :
(i) When the load p.f. is lagging or unity or such leading that I R cos φR > I XL sin φR, then voltage
regulation is positive i.e., receiving end voltage VR will be less than the sending end voltage VS.
(ii) For a given VR and I, the voltage regulation of the line increases with the decrease in p.f. for
lagging loads.
(iii) When the load p.f. is leading to this extent that I XL sin φR > I R cos φR, then voltage regulation is
negative i.e. the receiving end voltage VR is more than the sending end voltage VS.
(iv) For a given VR and I, the voltage regulation of the line decreases with the decrease in p.f. for
leading loads.

13
Effect of Load p.f. on Regulation and
Efficiency
2. Effect on transmission efficiency. The power delivered to the load
depends upon the power factor.
P = VR *I cos φR (For 1-phase line)
𝑃
𝐼=
𝑉" 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃"
𝑃 = 3𝑉" 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃" (For 3-phase line)
𝑃
𝐼=
3𝑉" 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃"
It is clear that in each case, for a given amount of power to be
transmitted (P) and receiving end voltage (VR), the load current I is
inversely proportional to the load p.f. cos φR. Consequently, with the
decrease in load p.f., the load current and hence the line losses are
increased. This leads to the conclusion that transmission efficiency of a
line decreases with the decrease in load p.f. and vice-versa,

14
 Effect of Capacitance
In the case of short lines, ordinarily, the capacitance is negligible. But if
in a problem, the line capacitance is given and if the line is less than 80
km, then the line capacitance can be lumped at the receiving or load
end as shown in Figure. although this method of localizing the line
capacitance at the load end over-estimates the effect of capacitance.
In that case, the line current IS is the vector sum of the load current IR
and the charging current IC of the capacitance. Hence, IS = IR + IC.

15
 Maximum Power on Short
Transmission Line
Maximum True Power

𝑉" $ 𝑉!
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = $ 𝑍𝑥 −𝑅 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍 𝑉"

VAR Supplied when delivering Maximum Power

𝑉" $ 𝑋
𝑸= $ 𝑉𝐴𝑅/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑍
𝑉" − 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉! − 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

16
 Sample Problems
1)An overhead, single phase transmission line delivers 1100 kW at 33 kV at 0.8
p.f. lagging. The total resistance of the line is 10 Ω and total inductance
reactance is 15 Ω. Determine (A) sending end voltage (B) sending end p.f.
and (C) transmission efficiency
2) A 33-kV, 3-phase generating station is to supply 10 MW load at 31 kV and
0.9 power factor lagging over a 3-phase transmission line is 3 km long. For the
efficiency of the line to be 96%, what must be the resistance and reactance
of the line?
3) Estimate the distance over which a load a 15,000 kW at 0.85 pf can be
delivered by a 3-phase transmission line having conductors of steel-cored
each of resistance 0.905 Ω per kilometer. The voltage at the receiving end is
to be 132 kV and the loss in transmission is to be 7.5% of the load.
4)A 3-phase short transmission line has a resistance and reactance per
phase of 15 Ω and 20 Ω respectively. If the sending voltage is 33 kV and the
regulation of the line is not to exceed 10%. Find the maximum power which
can be transmitted over the line. Find also the VAR supplied by the line when
delivering the maximum power.

17
 Supplementary Problems
1) A single phase line has an impedance of 5∟60o and supplies a load
of 120 A, 3,300 V at 0.8 pf lagging. Calculate the sending-end
voltage.
2) A balanced Y-connected load of (300 + j100)Ω is supplied by a 3-
phase line 40 km long with an impedance of (0.6 + j0.7)Ω per km (line
to neutral). Find the voltage at the receiving end when the sending
end voltage is 66 kV. What is the phase angle between these
voltages? Also find the transmission efficiency of the line.
3) A load of 1,000 kW at 0.8 pf lagging is receive at the end of 3-phase
line 10 km long. The resistance and inductance of each conductor
per km are 0.531 Ω and 1.76 mH respectively . The voltage at the
receiving end is 11 kV at 50 Hz. Find the sending-end voltage and
power loss in the line. What would be the reduction in the line loss if
the pf of the load were improve to unity?

18