Simulation Software for the Analysis of electrical Power Networks,

Adjustable Speed Drives and Hydraulic Systems

TUTORIAL HYDRO 4: LOAD REJECTION

Table of contents page

1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2
2 Simulation model setup ................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Construction of the system............................................................................................. 3
2.2 Hydraulic connections (wires and crossings) ................................................................ 4
2.3 Parameters of the elements ............................................................................................ 5
2.4 Graphical features ........................................................................................................ 16
2.5 Simulation parameters ................................................................................................. 17
3 Initial condition determination ..................................................................................... 18
3.1 Initial conditions calculations ...................................................................................... 18
3.2 Initial conditions results ............................................................................................... 19
4 Simulation ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Parameters of the elements .......................................................................................... 20
4.2 Simulation .................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Simulation results......................................................................................................... 23

Last update : 11.06.2019

SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 2

1 Introduction

This tutorial shows how to simulate the transient response due to load rejection in a
hydroelectric power plant. The figure 1.1 shows the layout of the system of interest that is made
of an upstream reservoir, a penstock, 2 mechanical masses, a Francis turbine and its speed
regulator and a downstream tank. The simulation will proceed in two steps. First, the initial
conditions are calculated by using a stabilization procedure. In a second step, the transient
behavior of the installation resulting from a 40% load rejection is simulated.

Figure 1.1: Layout of the system of interest

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2 Simulation model setup

2.1 Construction of the system

The list of elements to be inserted into the model is given in the table below, each with the
corresponding category to help you find them in the elements library. For help on how to insert
elements into a model, please consult the Quick_User_Guide, section 4.1 (Adding New
Elements).

Category Sub-category Element Type Required number

Hydro Reservoir Reservoir (Dam) 1
Hydro Reservoir Reservoir (Tank) 1
Hydro Pipes PipeZ 1
Hydro Turbines-Pumps Francis Turbine 1
Element Mechanical Mechanical Mass 2
Element Special Output 1
Functions Regulation Regulator 1
Functions Regulation FPoints 2
Functions Regulation Prog 1

Figure 2.1.1: Selecting and placing elements on the editing grid

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2.2 Hydraulic connections (wires and crossings)

You have placed your elements on the editing grid. Now you have to connect them, according
to the desired topology. In the element library panel, select the CONNECTIONS tab, then
select the wire and connect the element as shown in figure 2.2.1. For help on how to connect
elements with wires, please refer to the Quick_User_Guide, section 4.2 (Wire Elements
Together)

Figure 2.2.1: Wiring the elements

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2.3 Parameters of the elements

It is necessary to specify the parameters of the elements. The corresponding names are shown
in figure 2.3.1.

Figure 2.3.1: Elements names

Directly double-click on the element you want to parameterize. Thus, you can open the related
window for each element. The next pages will show you, with bold characters, the parameters
you have to introduce for each element of the hydraulic part.

When introducing the parameters for each element, you can open the related help file by
clicking on the corresponding element and pressing F1. Thus, you can benefit from more
information about the current element.

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2.3.1 Reservoir Reserv1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = RESERV1
Comment =
Writing = SI

- RATED VALUES :

Hn [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Qn [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- PARAMETERS :

H [m] = 3.15000000000E+0002
Rho [kg/m3] = 1.00000000000E+0003
g [m/s2] = 9.81000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

Q [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000

Explanation:

Each element of the system must have a different name. The rated values Hn, Qn are used when
the user wishes to get output results in per unit (‘Writing = PU’) and the two rated values are
required. As ‘Writing’ is by default set to SI (International System), you can omit the input of
rated values. The initial conditions are the values that will be used to start the next simulation.
The current explanation is valid for all the hydraulic elements.

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2.3.2 Pipe PipeZ1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = PIPEZ1
Comment =
Writing = SI

- RATED VALUES :

Hn [m] = 3.15000000000E+0002
Qn [m3/s] = 8.52900000000E+0001

- PARAMETERS :

Nb [1] = 2.00000000000E+0001
Zin [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Zout [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
L [m] = 1.10000000000E+0003
D [m] = 5.00000000000E+0000
Dh [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Ah [m2] = 0.00000000000E+0000
a [m/s] = 1.10000000000E+0003
Lambda [1] = 2.00000000000E-0002
Ksi [1] = 1.00000000000E+0000
Mu [Pa.s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Rho [kg/m3] = 1.00000000000E+0003
g [m/s2] = 9.81000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

Q1 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc1 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q2 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc2 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q3 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc3 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q4 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc4 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q5 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc5 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q6 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc6 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q7 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc7 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q8 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc8 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q9 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Hc9 [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Q10 [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
…

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2.3.3 Francis turbine Fturb1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = FTURB1
Comment =
Writing = pu

- MECHANICAL SYSTEM :

JTURB 1 0

- RATED VALUES :

Hn [m] = 3.08900000000E+0002
Qn [m3/s] = 8.52900000000E+0001
Tn [Nm] = 5.84600000000E+0006
Nn [rpm] = 3.75000000000E+0002

- PARAMETERS :

y [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Dref [m] = 3.44000000000E+0000
Lequ [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Amean [m2] = 2.50000000000E+0000
Rho [kg/m3] = 1.00000000000E+0003
g [m/s2] = 9.81000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

Q [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000
N [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- SPECIFIED OPERATING POINT :

Tc [Nm] = 5.00000000000E+0006
Nc [rpm] = 3.75000000000E+0002
yc [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- CALCULATED VALUES :

P [W] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
H [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- DATA :

<Data Spec>
Read triangles from file = no
</Data Spec>
;
<yN11Q11T11 File>
simsen_yn11q11t11_nu0298.txt
</yN11Q11T11 File>

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Remark:

It is necessary to add the turbine characteristic data file “simsen_yn11q11t11_nu0298.txt”

in the same folder as the current simulation model. The characteristic is available in the
following folder: tuhyro/4loadr

Explanation:

The turbine torque is affected at 100% to the mechanical mass JTURB.

All output values are written in per unit; pu.

The turbine characteristic is saved in the text file “simsen_yn11q11t11_nu0298.txt” that is

located in the same folder as the simulation. If not, the full pass to the file has to be specified.

If a previous simulation has been run, the file simsen_data_triangles.txt has been generated.
The following line: Read triangles from file = YES tells SIMSEN to use information of the
turbine characteristic curves from this file.

Different file formats are available and described in the help file (grid, list of points).

2.3.4 Reservoir Reserv2

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = RESERV2
Comment =
Writing = SI

- RATED VALUES :

Hn [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Qn [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- PARAMETERS :

H [m] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Rho [kg/m3] = 1.00000000000E+0003
g [m/s2] = 9.81000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

Q [m3/s] = 0.00000000000E+0000

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2.3.5 Output Out

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = OUT
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

PROG_OUT y1 1 0 N11 [-]

PROG_OUT y2 1 0 Q11 [-]
PROG_OUT y3 1 0 T11 [-]

- PARAMETERS :

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 11

2.3.6 Program Prog_out

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = PROG_OUT
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

FTURB1 H 1 0
FTURB1 N 1 0
FTURB1 Q 1 0
FTURB1 T 1 0

- REFERENCES Y :

- DATA :

Dref = 3.44
N11 = x2*Dref/sqrt(x1)
Q11 = x3/(Dref*Dref*sqrt(x1))
T11 = x4/(Dref*Dref*Dref*x1)
y1 = N11
y2 = Q11
y3 = T11

- PARAMETERS :

dT [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

kdT [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000

y1 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y2 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y3 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y4 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y5 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y6 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y7 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y8 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y9 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y10 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y11 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y12 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y13 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y14 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y15 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y16 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y17 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y18 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y19 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y20 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

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2.3.7 Regulator Reg1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = REG1
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

- REFERENCES Y :

- PARAMETERS :

type [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

k [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T1 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T2 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T3 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T4 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
minX [1] = -1.00000000000E+0009
maxX [1] = 1.00000000000E+0009
minY [1] = -1.00000000000E+0009
maxY [1] = 1.00000000000E+0009

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

y1 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y2 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

Explanation :

In the first stage, the regulator is not taken into account.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 13

2.3.8 Points function Fp1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = FP1
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

- REFERENCES Y :

- DATA :

2.3.9 Points function Fp2

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = FP2
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

- REFERENCES Y :

- DATA :

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 14

2.3.10 Mechanical Mass Jturb

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = JTURB
Comment =
Writing = SI

- MECHANICAL MASS CONNECTED :

JSYNCHR

- RATED VALUES :

Pn [W] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Nn [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- INERTIA PARAMETERS :

J [kgm2] = 5.00000000000E+0004
Ae [Nms/rad] = 0.00000000000E+0000
NAe [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Tmin [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Tfr [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
kpext [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Text [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- COUPLING PARAMETERS :

K [Nm/rad] = 5.00000000000E+0008
Ai [Nms/rad] = 1.00000000000E+0003
r [1] = 1.00000000000E+0000
Tcoupl [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
state [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

N [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Thm [deg] = 0.00000000000E+0000

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 15

2.3.11 Mechanical Mass Jsynchr

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = JSYNCHR
Comment =
Writing = SI

- MECHANICAL MASS CONNECTED :

- RATED VALUES :

Pn [W] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Nn [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- INERTIA PARAMETERS :

J [kgm2] = 1.00000000000E+0006
Ae [Nms/rad] = 0.00000000000E+0000
NAe [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Tmin [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Tfr [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
kpext [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Text [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- COUPLING PARAMETERS :

K [Nm/rad] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Ai [Nms/rad] = 0.00000000000E+0000
r [1] = 1.00000000000E+0000
Tcoupl [Nm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
state [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

N [rpm] = 0.00000000000E+0000
Thm [deg] = 0.00000000000E+0000

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 16

2.4 Graphical features

It is advised to add some graphical elements to make your example more understandable. In
the element library panel, select the GRAPHICS tab, then select Lines, Arrow or Circle to
create the graphical elements.

Add the graphical elements as shown in figure 2.4.1.

Figure 2.4.1: Graphical features

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 17

2.5 Simulation parameters

Select the following submenu command:

Parameters Simulation Parameters

Fill the main file as follows:

COMMENT :

SIMULATION PARAMETERS :

Time min [sec] = 0.0000000000000

Time max [sec] = 80.000000000000
Integration step [sec] = 0.0050000000000
Precision for immediate events [%] = 1.0000000000000
Precision for simultaneous events [%] = 1.0000000000000
Integration process [-] = RK45
Write in output files every [1] = 1
Initial conditions from [E/M] = E
Disturbances activated [Y/N] = NO

CONSTANT DATA :

PARAMETERS :

INITIAL CONDITIONS :

DISTURBANCES :

Explanation:

Transient behavior of the system will be simulated during 80s with an integration step of 5 ms.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 18

3 Initial condition determination

3.1 Initial conditions calculations

Click the InHydro menu to enter stabilization mode. Then, in the menu InHydro select
Francis Turbine: Nc, Tc => y and answer Yes to the next question. The simulation for initial
condition determination starts. When the stabilization simulation is terminated, the simulation
window looks as shown in figure 3.1.1.

Figure 3.1.1: End of the stabilization

Please wait until you can read the last simulation message
‘End of simulation: <s> = save and update, <any other key> = quit’.

Then, save the last calculated point by pressing the <s> key, to use it as initial condition for
the next simulation.
The window closes automatically.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 19

3.2 Initial conditions results

Figure 3.2.1: Francis turbine variables

Explanation

The guide vane opening is auto-adjusted in order to reach the specified operating torque and
rotational speed.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 20

4 Simulation

4.1 Parameters of the elements

4.1.1 Regulator Reg1

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = REG1
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

FTURB1 N -1/375 1 DeltaN [p.u.]

- REFERENCES Y :

FTURB1 Y 1 0 youv [p.u.]

- PARAMETERS :

Type [1] = 5.00000000000E+0000

k [1] = 1.00000000000E+0000
T1 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
T2 [sec] = 1.21340000000E+0000
T3 [sec] = 3.70000000000E+0000
T4 [sec] = 0.00000000000E+0000
minX [1] = -1.00000000000E+0009
maxX [1] = 1.00000000000E+0009
minY [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
maxY [1] = 1.00000000000E+0000

- INITIAL CONDITIONS :

y1 [1] = 0.00000000000E+0000
y2 [1] = 9.68789336449E-0001

Explanation:

This PID regulator reads the FTURB1 rotational speed N and calculates the error to reference
value and acts on the distributor opening degree y. This last value is limited in range of 0 to 1.
The initial opening degree y2 is taken from the previous simulation. The integrator term, y2 is
updated according to the guide vane opening determined previously.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 21

4.1.2 Points function Fp2

- GENERAL DATA :

Name = FP2
Comment =
Writing = YES

- REFERENCES X :

FP2 Time 1 0

- REFERENCES Y :

JSYNCHR Text 1 0

- DATA :

x1 [s] : 0 y1 [Nm] : -5.00E+0006

x2 [s] : 10 y2 [Nm] : -5.00E+0006
x3 [s] : 10.01 y3 [Nm] : -3e6
x4 [s] : 16 y4 [Nm] : -3e6

Explanation

The external torque modeling the electrical machine is specified using a Fpoint function. The
torque time evolution corresponds to a 40% load rejection.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 22

4.2 Simulation

Click the Sim menu to enter simulation mode and answer Yes to the next question. The
transient simulation starts. When the simulation is terminated, the simulation window looks as
shown in figure 4.2.1.

Figure 4.2.1: End of the simulation

Please wait until you can read the last simulation message
‘End of simulation: <s> = save and update, <any other key> = quit’.

Close the simulation window without saving the last calculated point by pressing <any other
key>.
The window closes automatically.

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SIMSEN Tutorial 4: LOAD REJECTION 23

4.3 Simulation results

Figure 4.3.1: Simulated values of the turbine1

Explanation

The load rejection due to external torque decrease is fully compensated by the PID speed
governor after 30 seconds.

End of Tutorial

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