SCIENCE

(Quarter 4-Module 1/Weeks 1-2)

BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Department of Education
SDO- City of San Fernando (LU)
Region 1
 10

SCIENCE
(Quarter 4-Module 1/Weeks 1-2)

BEHAVIOR OF GASES
MELC:
Investigate the relationship between:
1. Volume and pressure at constant temperature of a gas (S9MT -IIj -20)
2. Volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas (S9MT -IIj -20)
3. Explain these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory (S9MT - IIj 20)

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 Our Guide
For the parents:

1. Please guide your child while he is studying and answering the tasks provided in
this module.
2. Remind your child about his study time and schedule so he can finish the module.
3. Let your child answer the module activities independently however, assist him only
when necessary.
4. I will call on a certain time based on the schedule to explain the lessons in the
module.
5. Kindly return the whole module and answer sheets on _________ during Fridays at
____________________.
For the learners:
1. Read carefully the directions so that you will know what to do.
2. If there are directions or topics in the module that are difficult for you to understand,
feel free to ask from your parents or companions at home. However, if you still
could not understand, you can call me at this number, _____________so I could
explain it to you clearly.
3. Answer the activities in the module on the specific day for the subject. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers. Avoid writing or tearing the pages of this module
because this will be used by other pupils/students like you.
4. Write important concepts in your notebook regarding your lesson. This will help
you in your review later.
5. You need to finish the activities in this module so that you can give this to your
parents on ___________________________.
Always remember these health tips:

1 Remember to wear your face mask properly and regularly.

2 Always wash your hands with clean water and soap.
3 Cover your mouth and nose with handkerchief whenever you cough or sneeze.
4 Follow the one-meter distance so that you will prevent the spread of the virus.

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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check
What I know what you already know about the lesson to take.
If you get all the answers correct (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced

What’s New to you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
problem opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is it lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and skills
of the topic. You may check the answers to the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.
This includes questions or blank
What I have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help
What I can do you transfer your new knowledge or skill into
real life situations or concerns.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

Assessment of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to

Additional Activities you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

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 What I Know
Below is an activity to set your mind if you have any knowledge in our lesson on hand. Try it!
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which material has particles that can be drawn closer to occupy smaller volume?
A. Air inside the syringe C. Fruit Juice
B. Block of wood D. Ice cube
2. Which phenomena do NOT involve the application of gas pressure?
A. Burning fuel C. Rising hot air balloons
B. Falling leaves D. Vulcanizing tire
3. What is the reason why tires can be blown out during a long drive?
A. High temperature causes a decrease in volume
B. The amount of gases inside the tire is increased.
C. The pressure of the gas inside the tire is increased
D. The volume of gases increases as the temperature increases, causing a blown up
tire
4. How can you prove that gases have negligible mass?
A. Support your claim of thorough equation
B. Ask two persons to hold a box filled with air
C. Feel the weight of the samples on both hands
D. Put a balloon in a digital balance before and after you fill it with air
5. What happens to the density of a gas as its volume decreases at constant pressure and
temperature?
A. Decreases B. Increases C. The same D. Unpredictable
6. What law explains the mechanism of gas compressor?
A. Boyle’s Law C. Combined Gas law
B. Charle’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law

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7. What law explains the explosion of the heated aerosol container?
A. Boyle’s Law C. Combined Gas law
B. Charle’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law
8. What law explains the relationship among the volume, pressure, temperature and the
number of moles of gasses?
A. Boyle’s Law C. Combined Gas law
B. Charle’s Law D. Ideal Gas Law
9. What will happen to an aerosol can when is heated?
A. The can will tarnish C. The can will stay the same
B. The can will explode D. The can will be deformed
10. Which of the following samples is highly compressible at high pressure and expandable
at high temperature?
A. Aluminum sheet C. Oxygen gas
B. Ice D. Water

Unit 4
MODULE 1 BEHAVIOR OF GASES

What’s New

Getting to Know Gases

Why do gases diffuse readily? That’s because their molecules are moving very fast.
Why is there pressure inside a tire that enables it to support the weight of a vehicle and
withstand pressure? The pressure inside a tire is maintained by the collision of the air
molecules with the tire walls and the rapid back-and-forth motion of gas particles which keep
the tire walls expanded.

All these explanations of the movements of gas molecules are found in the kinetic
molecular theory. This theory provides a model of moving particles to explain some
properties of matter.

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 According to the kinetic molecular theory,
 Gases are composed of molecules that are widely separated from one another
in otherwise empty space.
 Gas molecules move about at high speeds, traveling in straight paths but
in random directions.
 The molecules collide with one another, but the collisions are perfectly
elastic, meaning no energy is lost.
 The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the absolute
or kelvin temperature.
 Attraction between gas molecules is negligible

Gases are compressible because their molecules are spread apart. Thus, they can be
forced closer together. This is also the reason why the densities of gases are very low
compared to those of solids and liquids.

The motion of gas molecules, on the other hand, accounts for the property of diffusion.
Because of this motion and the relatively great distances between gaseous particles,
molecules move rapidly from one point to another. Furthermore, gases leak (effuse) from
a container through pores. Since the molecules themselves are so small, they can move
through pores that may be invisible even under a microscope.

Molecular motion is also the basis for the expandability of gases. A given weight of
gas fills any size of container uniformly. This just goes to show that the molecules must
move from the point at which they are released until they are distributed throughout the
container.

Gaseous molecules spread out when introduced into a container until

they are distributed throughout the container.
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The theory of molecular collision accounts for the differences in the rates at which
gases diffuse and the pressures they exert. As the molecules move, they encounter
obstacles. These obstacles may be other molecules or the walls of their container. Collisions
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 with the walls give rise to gas pressure.

This theory also dictates that the fewer intervening gas molecules there are in a
container, the fewer collisions will occur and the faster diffusion will take place.

The pictures show how fast diffusion takes place when there are fewer
intervening molecules (upper pictures) than when there are more
intervening molecules (lower pictures)
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The kinetic molecular theory also assumes that there is negligible attraction between
gas molecules. Actually, this does not really hold true for gases in all conditions. At high
pressures and low temperatures, gases tend to deviate from this ideal behavior and
molecular attraction becomes significant. However, at most other times, gases behave
the way an ideal gas does. The following table is a summary of the properties of gases
and how they are explained by the kinetic molecular theory of gases.

Property of Gases Explanation on the Basis

No definite shape or
volume (Gases occupy all
the space available.)
High compressibility (By
increasing the pressure, the
volume of a given mass of gas
can be compressed to a much
smaller volume.)
of the Kinetic Molecular
Theory
Since the molecules in a gas are far apart, the force of
attraction between the gas molecules is very weak.
The molecules are in continuous motion in the entire
space available and their movement is restricted only
by the walls of the container.
Since the volume of the particles is negligible as
compared to the intermolecular distance, gas
molecules can be brought closer to each other or
compressed.

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Exert pressure in all directions.
(Unlike solids and liquids,
gases exert equal and uniform
pressure on the walls of the
container.)
Gases have low density.
(Unlike solids and liquids,
gases have a very low
density.)
Diffusivity or miscibility (Gases
diffuse easily when they are kept
in contact with another gas. They
combine completely, forming a
homogeneous mixture.)
The gas molecules, moving with high velocity, hit the
walls of the container, thereby exerting pressure on the
walls.
The pressure is equal, uniform and exerted in all
directions because on an average, the same number of
molecules strike a given area on the wall in a unit
time.
The number of molecules per unit volume of a gas is
much lower than those of solids and liquids. This is
why gases have very low density.
Due to the large intermolecular distance in a gas, the
gas molecules tend to mix easily with other gas
molecules.
The speed of movement depends on the mass and
temperature of the gases.

What is It
Pressure, Volume and Temperature of a Gas
What is pressure? Find out in the following
activity.

Activity 1

Discovering
Pressure

You will need the following materials:

balloon
adhesive tape

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 Do the following:

1. Inflate the balloon by blowing air into it. Seal it tightly.

2. Place the balloon on top of the table. Secure the balloon with the adhesive tape.

3. Hit the balloon gently with your hand first. Then hit it harder. Did your
hand touch the table?

Answer the following questions:

1. What happened to the balloon when you blew air into it?

2. Did your hand touch the table when you hit the balloon? Based on your
knowledge of the kinetic molecular theory, what do you think the air
molecules inside the balloon did to prevent the balloon from becoming soft?

When you inflate a balloon, the air inside the balloon pushes against the balloon
and keeps it firm. This shows that gas molecules exert pressure against their
surroundings.

How do you define pressure? Pressure is defined as force acting on a specific area.

Its formula is
force
pressure =
area
The pressure of a gas is the result of a force that is produced when gas particles hit
the walls of a container. There are different units used in measuring the pressure of a
gas.
These are atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), centimeters of mercury
(cm Hg) and torr.

How can you measure atmospheric pressure? Atmospheric pressure is measured by

a device called barometer. It was invented by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), an
Italian scientist.

Toricelli made his barometer by filling a glass tube with liquid mercury and inverting
it in a dish of mercury. The weight of the mercury inside the tube tends to push the

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mercury out of the tube. However, the pressure of the atmosphere against the mercury
in the dish pushes the mercury up the tube.

Eventually, the mercury inside the tube reaches a level where the weight is equal to
the atmospheric pressure. At a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the mercury column would be
760 mm Hg. This means that the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, which is the same
as a standard atmosphere.

This pressure can also be expressed as 760 torr, a pressure unit named after Torricelli.
The two units, mm Hg and torr, may be used interchangeably. The following table shows
the units for measuring pressure.

Table 1.
Units for Measuring Pressure
Unit Unit Equivalent to 1 atm
Atmosphere (atm) 1 atm
millimeters of Hg (mm Hg) 760 mm Hg
Torricelli (torr) 760 torr
Pascal (Pa) 101325 Pa
inches of Hg (in Hg) 29.9 in. Hg
pounds per square inch (psi) 14.7 lb/in2

What is volume?
When we talk about the volume of matter, what are we referring to? The volume
of matter refers to the space it occupies. When we talk about the volume of a gas then,
what are we referring to? The volume of a gas is equal to the volume of its container.
Why?
What happens when you put a gas inside a container? The molecules of the gas
spread out until they fill up all the space inside the container. Therefore, the volume
of a gas is equal to the volume of its container. If you put oxygen in a 20-liter (L)
tank, then the volume of the gas is also 20 L.

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 Table 2
Units for Measuring Volume

Variable SI Unit Metric Unit English

Unit
Volume cubic meter (m3) Liter (L) Quart (qt)
cubic decimeter Milliliter Gallon (gal)
(dm3) (mL)
cubic centimeter (
cm3)

What is temperature?

Temperature is a measure of the degree of motion of molecules. The higher the

temperature is, the faster the movements of the molecules. This also means that the
movement of the particles of matter also determines the temperature.

Temperature is measured in different scales. The most common are the Celsius and
Fahrenheit scales. There is another scale, however, that is used in measuring the
temperatures of gases. This is called the Kelvin scale, where 0 Kelvin (K) is called the
absolute temperature. At the absolute temperature (which is equal to –273.15°C), there is
no movement in molecules and therefore their kinetic energy is zero.

Table 3
Temperature Units and their Equivalents
0o C 273. 15 K
0o C 32oF

What is kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is the energy of moving matter. The faster the movement of
molecules, the higher is their kinetic energy. How will you relate temperature with kinetic
energy? If temperature increases, what will happen to the kinetic energy of gas molecules?

An increase in temperature will bring about an increase in kinetic energy of the

molecules.

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 The physical behavior of gases depends on these three variables. These are pressure,
volume and temperature. You will find out how these variables are related to one another
and to the amount of gas, usually expressed in moles. You will also learn how to compute
for changes in these variables based on Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Ideal Gas Law, Gay-
Lussac’s law and Combined Gas law.

What’s more
GAS LAWS
Air is all around us. We breathe in the air so that our body can receive adequate
supply of oxygen gas. Our lungs expand as they fill with air and take in oxygen, and relax
as they release carbon dioxide. Plants in turn, use up the carbon dioxide during the process
of photosynthesis to manufacture sugars. Life as we know it would not have been possible
without the life-sustaining gases found in the atmosphere

Like breathing, many other human activities involve gases. When air is pumped
into a bicycle or automobile tire, a mixture of gases is compressed into a small volume.
Helium gas make toy balloons float. Gas used to fill rubber lifeboats and vests exerts
pressure on its containers, giving them rigidity and shape.

For centuries now, scientists are curious about how gases behave. Investigations on
the behavior of gases mainly concern the relationship among the four important properties
of gases: volume, pressure, temperature and amount in moles. The first topic introduces
the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature, which is also
known as Boyle’s Law.

Boyle’s Law

What you will do?

Activity 1

Guess the word/s being described. Clues are given in the jumbled letters in the balloons.

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1. It is an instrument consisting of a
mercury- filled tube inverted in a dish of
5
mercury. Torricelli invented it and used it 2 MEPRE
RTEAU
to measure the pressure of a gas. S P E RU
T
SER 1

2. This is the most easily measured gas RMER

A B TO E

property defined as the force exerted

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upon a unit area of a surface.
LVN 4
3. It is a more fundamental temperature EK
EU V
I M LO
scale than Celsius or Fahrenheit
4. Related to mass and density, it is the
total space occupied by an object.
5. This is what you measure when you
want to know the degree of hotness or
coldness of an object. It is defined as the
average kinetic energy possessed by a
sample of matter.
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institutes

One of the first scientists to study the behavior of gases was Robert Boyle. In 1661,
he made a device using a J-shaped glass tube containing mercury and a sample of
trapped gas similar to the figure below. He observed that the volume of the trapped gas
decreased in proportion to the pressure exerted by the addition of more mercury.

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 Figure 1 Boyle’s J-shaped device
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Boyle’s Law states that if the temperature is

held constant, the volume of a given amount of gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure, V  1/P.
Mathematically, Boyle’s Law is expressed as: P 1V1 =
P2V2. The subscript of 1 refers to the original conditions
while 2 refer to the new conditions. The figure on the right
shows what happens to the volume of a sample of gas
when pressure is increased while maintaining the
temperature. Note the inverse relationship of pressure and
volume.

Figure 2 Illustration of Boyle’s

Law
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If there is an increase in the pressure of a gas, there will be a decrease in its volume.
If there is a decrease in the pressure, there will be an increase in its volume.

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 Consider the following problem:

A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume of 34 L at a pressure of 750 mm Hg.

What will be the volume of the gas if the pressure is increased to 760 mm Hg?

How will you answer the problem?

First, let’s identify the given:
Given: V1 = 34 L
P1 = 750 mm Hg
P2 = 760 mm Hg

Unknown: V2

From the given values, you may assume that V2 will be less than V1 because

there was an increase in pressure, from 750 mm Hg to 760 mm Hg.

SOLUTION:

From the formula

P1V1 = P2V2

you get V2 = P1V1

P2
Substituting the given values,

V2 = (750 mm Hg) (34L)

(760 mm Hg)

= 33. 55 L

Just as expected, the final volume is lower than the initial volume because of the
increase in pressure.

That was quite easy, wasn’t it? You just have to analyze which of the values in the
problem are the V1, V2, P1 and P2 as well as whether there will be an increase or a

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 decrease in the unknown.

Solve the following problems

1. 156 milliliters (mL) of a gas measured at 480 torr is allowed to expand to a volume
of 250 mL. Calculate the final pressure in torr.

2. A 40 L balloon is filled with gas at 4 atm. What will be its new volume at standard
pressure of 1 atm?

3. A gas at 30.0°C occupies 500 mL at a pressure of 1.00 atm. What will be its volume
at a pressure of 2.50 atm?

Optional Activity
In this activity, you will demonstrate Boyle’s Law using simple materials. You
will need several small marshmallows and a plastic syringe with a diameter large enough
to fit the marshmallows. You will also need the plastic cap but not the needle of the
syringe for this. Remove the plunger of the syringe and put the marshmallows inside.
Return the plunger allowing only a small space for the marshmallows. Place the cap
tightly (you may want to use wax to seal it). Slowly pull the plunger away and see how
the marshmallows magically expand! They will return to the original size if you release
the plunger. Can you explain these observations in terms of Boyle’s Law?

Charle’s Law

How are the volume and temperature of a gas related? Do you think they have the same
relationship with volume and pressure?

Recall the kinetic molecular theory. What does it say about the relationship between
temperature and the kinetic energy of molecules? According to the kinetic molecular theory,
when the temperature is increased, the kinetic energy of the gas will also increase. To keep
the pressure constant, the volume must also increase.

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 So, are volume and temperature inversely proportional? No, they are not. They are
directly proportional to each other. When temperature increases, volume increases and when
temperature decreases, the volume decreases as well.

This relationship is known as Charles’s law.

Jacques Charles was a French chemist famous for his experiments in ballooning.
Instead of hot air, he used hydrogen gas to fill balloons that could stay afloat longer and
travel farther

Charles’ Law states that for a given amount of gas at constant pressure, the
volume is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin, V = T. Charles Law is
expressed in equation form as: T1V2 = T2V1. The subscript of 1 refers to the original
conditions while 2 refer to the new conditions. Temperatures should be expressed in Kelvin
before substituting the values in the equation.

K = °C + 273

For example, if the temperature is 0°C, the kelvin temperature is 0 + 273 = 273 K.

The figure below shows what happens to the volume of a sample of gas when
temperature is increased at constant pressure. Note the direct relationship of temperature and
volume.

Figure 3 Illustration of Charle’s Law

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The volume of a gas increases when its temperature increases and decreases
when its temperature decreases.

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 Consider the following problem:

A sample of argon gas with a volume of 14.5 mL has a temperature of 35°C.

What will be the volume of the gas if it is cooled to a temperature of 20°C?

Given: V1 = 14.5 mL
T1 = 35°C + 273 = 308 K

T2 = 20°C + 273 = 293 K

Unknown: V2

Notice that there was a decrease in temperature. Therefore, the final volume
should be lower than the initial volume.

SOLUTION:
Using the equation
V1 = V2
T1 T2
you get T1V2 = T2V1
V2 = T2V1
T1

(14.5 mL) (293 K)

=
308 K

= 13.79 mL

Answer the following problems

1. A sample of gas is heated from 18°C to 25°C. If the volume of the heated gas is
56.9 L, what was its initial volume?

2. A balloon was inflated to a volume of 2.5 L at 11 am when the temperature is

30°C. At 9 pm, the temperature fell to 10°C. What will be the volume of the
balloon if the pressure remains constant?

3. Compute the decrease in temperature when 2.0 L at 280 K is compressed to 1.5

L.

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 Optional Activity
For this activity, you will need 2 small basins and 3 toy balloons inflated to
approximately the same size. Fill the first basin with warm water and the second
with cold water. Immerse the two balloons in the separate basins. Leave the third
balloon untouched.
1. Compare the balloons after 1 and 3 minutes. Which balloon expanded and which
one shrunk?
2. Remove the balloons from the basin and leave at room temperature for 10
minutes. What did you observe?

Gay Lussac’s Law

You have already studied the relationship between volume and pressure and that
between volume and temperature. How about temperature and pressure, how are they related
to each other?

The relationship between temperature and pressure is expressed in Gay-Lussac’s law,

which states that the pressure of a gas is directly related to its temperature as long as the
volume and number of moles of the gas are kept constant.

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac studied many reactions involving gases and generalized that
at constant temperature and pressure, the volume of gases can be expressed as a ratio of small
whole numbers. For example, at 1 atm and 100ºC, one volume of oxygen gas combines with
two volumes of hydrogen gas to give two volumes of water vapor, also at 1 atm and 100ºC.
This example illustrates the Law of Combining Volumes.

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 Figure 4 Gay-Lussac’s Law
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This law can be stated mathematically by the following equation:

P1 = P2
T1 T2

If the temperature increases, the pressure also increases and if the temperature
decreases, the temperature will decrease as well.

Consider the following problem:

A can of insecticide with a pressure of 3.5 atm at 28°C was accidentally thrown into
a fire. If the temperature of the gas inside the can reaches 450°C, what will be the pressure?
Would the can explode if the maximum safe pressure is 7.0 atm?

Identify the given values first. Make sure that you change the temperatures given in
degrees Celsius to kelvin.

Given: P1= 3.5 atm

T1 = 28°C + 273 = 301 K

T2= 450°C + 273 = 723 K

Unknown: P2

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 Since there was an increase in temperature, you can expect an increase in pressure
as
well.

SOLUTION:
Using the formula
P1 = P2
T1 T2

you get
P1 T2 = P2 T1

P2 = P1 T2
T1
(3.5 atm) (723 K)
=
301 K

= 8.41 atm

Since the final pressure exceeds the maximum safe pressure of 7.0 atm, you can expect
that the spray can will explode.

This is the reason why it is not safe to dispose of used spray cans by burning them.

Answer the following problems

1. A bicycle tire was inflated to a pressure of 3.74 atm during early morning when the
temperature was 15ºC. At noontime, the temperature rose to 35ºC. What was the
resulting pressure in the tire (assuming that its volume did not change)?

2. Helium-filled balloons can be used to carry weather instruments high into the
atmosphere. Before launching, a certain balloon has a volume of 1.0 x 10 6 L at 22.5
C and 754 mm Hg. What will happen to the balloon when it reaches the height of 30
km, where the pressure is 76.0 mm Hg and the temperature is 240 K?

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 Optional Activity

Blow up a small balloon with as much air as possible without bursting it.
Tie a secure knot to ensure that no air escapes. Leave the balloon at room
temperature for an hour or so. Then place the balloon in hot water and check the
tension of the balloon's skin for several minutes. Make a scale from 1-5 (1 = very
low tension and 5 = very high tension) to rate the tension of the balloon's skin. Can
you explain your results?

Combined Gas Law

The volume of a gas is greatly affected by changes in pressure and temperature;

hence temperature and pressure at the time of measurement must always be specified.
The Combined Gas Law, which connects the variables pressure, temperature and volume
of gas, will explain this condition.

Because pressure and temperature will change from day to day and from location
to location, it is common to use more than one of the gas laws to determine the resulting
volume of the gas. If we combine the relationships expressing Boyle’s Law, V  1 / P,
and Charles’ Law, V  T / P, we obtain the relationship: V  T / P. The pressure and
volume of gas are inversely proportional to each other, but are both directly
proportional to the temperature of that gas.

The formula for the Combined Gas Law can be expressed as:

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

where the subscript of 1 refers to the original conditions while 2 refers to the new
conditions.

Consider the following problem:

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 A 3.0 L sample of SO2 has a pressure of 5.00 atm and a temperature of 29°C. What
is the pressure when the volume is increased to 15.00 L and the temperature is increased
to 310°C with no change in the number of moles of gas?

First, identify the given.

Given : V1 = 3.0 L

P1 = 5.00 atm

T1 = 29°C + 273 = 302 K

V2= 15.00 L

T2= 310°C + 273 = 483 K

Unknown: P2

SOLUTION:

Using the formula

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

you get
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

P2 = P1V1T2
V2T1

= (5.00 atm) (3.0 L) (483 K)

(15.00 L)(302 K)

= 1.6 atm

Answer the following problems

1. A gas measures 7 mL at 25°C and 760 torr. What will be the volume of the gas at
15°C and 750 mm Hg?
2. A bicycle tire was inflated to a pressure of 3.74 atm during early morning when the
temperature was 15ºC. At noontime, the temperature rose to 35ºC. What was the

20
 resulting pressure in the tire (assuming that its volume did not change)?

Avogadro’s Law
In the different gas laws, you found out how the volume, pressure and
temperature of a gas are related to one another. In this law, you will find out how these
properties change when there is a change in the number of moles or grams of a gas. You
will also find out how to find the pressure a gas exerts if it is in a mixture with other gases.

Inflate a balloon by blowing a little amount of air into it. Blow more air into the
balloon. What do you notice about the size of the balloon? As you blow more air into the
balloon, what happens to its size?

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According to Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, who is credited to

Avogadro’s law, the volume of a gas is directly related to the number of moles n of the
gas when the temperature and pressure are not changed. If you recall, a mole of any

substance always contains 6.023 x 1023 particles of that substance. Avogadro’s law
dictates that any increase in the number of moles of a gas will lead to a corresponding
increase in the volume of the gas.

Putting this in an equation, you get:

V1 = V2
n1 n2
21
Consider the following problem:

An elastic container with 4.0 moles of nitrogen gas has a volume of 256 mL.
What is the new volume of the elastic container after 2 more moles of nitrogen are
added to the container at the same temperature and pressure?

Given:

n1 = 4.0 moles

V1 = 256 mL

n2 = 4.0 moles + 2.0 moles = 6.0 moles

Unknown: V2

SOLUTION:

Using Avogadro’s law,

V1 = V2
n1 n2

you get

V2 = V1 n2
n1

(256 mL) (6.0 moles)

=
4.0 moles

= 384 mL

As you can see, there is an increase in the number of moles, and so it follows that
there is also an increase in the volume of the gas.

Answer the following problem

1. At a certain temperature and pressure, a balloon containing 8.0 moles of oxygen

has a volume of 25 L. What is the volume after 5.0 moles of oxygen is added to
the balloon?

22
 Ideal Gas Law
Certain hair spray products are packaged in aerosol cans. Serious accidents could
occur if you throw the empty cans into the fire because the pressurized gas could explode.
These cans usually have a printed warning such as “Do not puncture or incinerate” but users
seldom read what is on the label.

A gas that behaves exactly as described by the gas laws is called an ideal gas. Many
gases, especially at high pressure or low temperatures do not behave quite ideally; hence
they are called real gases. This applies the gas laws covered to derive the Ideal Gas Law
and analyze how it governs ideal gas behavior.

You now know the different gas laws. Let us recall three of them:
1
Boyle’s law: V (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’s law: V T (at constant n and
P) Avogadro’s law: V n ( at constant P
and T)

What will happen if you combine these three gas laws? You will get

nT
V 
P
Replacing the sign of proportionality with the equation sign,

V

nRT or PV  nRT
P

where

V = volume in liters

P = pressure in atmospheres

n = moles
T = temperature in kelvin

23
 R = proportionality constant L . atm
= 0.0821
mol . K

How was the value of R obtained? It was computed from the following:

PV
R =
nT

(1 atm) (22.4 L)
=
(1 mole) (273 K

L.
=0.0821
atm
mol .
K

The equation PV = nRT is called the ideal gas equation. This equation relates the
volume, pressure, amount and temperature of an ideal gas. Let’s use this equation in
solving problems involving gases.

Consider the following problem:

What is the pressure exerted by 0.87 mole of a gas in a 10.0-liter container at 24°C?

Given: n = 0.87 mole

V = 10.0 L
T = 24°C + 273 = 297 K

Unknown: P

SOLUTION:
PV = nRT

nRT
P 
V
= (0.87 mole) 0.0821 L.atm (297 K)
mol . K _______
10.0 L

= 2.12 atm

24
Answer the following problems

1. What is the molecular mass of a gas if 3.4 g of the gas occupies a volume of 2.8 L at
30°C and .985 atm?

2. A 1.5 g sample of KClO3 was heated. The liberated oxygen was collected over water

at 23°C and 750 mm Hg. What was the volume of the gas collected? (Water vapor
pressure = 21.1 mm Hg)

If you plug in the standard units of pressure, volume, amount and temperature of
gas in the equation, what is the resulting unit of R?

Answer: The unit of R is liter atmosphere/mole Kelvin. The value of R if atmosphere

is used as the unit of pressure is 0.08206 L . atm/mol K. If kilopascal is used as the
unit of pressure, R becomes 8.314 L kPa/mol K.

What I Have Learned

Let us summarize…
 A gas differs from a solid and a liquid in many ways. It is compressible,
has very low density, exerts pressure in all directions and diffuses easily.

 The properties of a gas may be explained in terms of the kinetic

molecular theory. According to this theory,

Gases are composed of molecules that are widely separated from one
another in otherwise empty space.
Gas molecules move about at high speeds, traveling in straight paths but
in random directions.
The molecules collide with one another, but the collisions are perfectly
elastic, meaning no energy is lost.
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the
25
 absolute or kelvin temperature.
Attraction between gas molecules is negligible

 The properties of gases may be explained in terms of the kinetic

molecular theory.

 Standard Temperature and Pressure, STP, refers to accepted experimental

conditions for the study of gases, 1 atm and 273 K.

 Boyle’s Law demonstrates that at constant temperature, gas volume

varies inversely with pressure.

P1V1 = P2V2
 Charles’ Law predicts that at constant pressure, gas volume varies
directly with temperature changes.
V1/ T2 = V2/ T2

 Temperature, pressure and volume are all interrelated and several

changes may occur simultaneously and can be determined using the
Combined Gas Law.
P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

 Gay-Lussac’s Law shows that at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is

proportional to its temperature.

P1/ T1 = P2/ T2

 The Ideal Gas Law is an equation that relates the variables pressure,
volume and temperature of a gas to the number of moles of gas present.
PV = nRT

26
 What I Can Do

Directions: In an A4 size of bond paper, make an illustration where you observe

the practical applications of the different gas laws. It may be a collage, poster or any
design of your choice. Be creative!

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF GAS LAW’S

Scoring Rubric
5 4 3 2
Content All requirements All requirements Most requirements Requirements
present, well present, descriptive present, text missing, poorly
written text and text and appropriate contains some written, inaccurate
carefully chosen visuals work inaccuracies or lak or insufficient text
visuals work together organization or and or visuals
together impact,
inappropriate or
missing visuals

Creativity Pleasing use of Good use of color Graphic have Little constructive
color, shapes, and eye catching clustered use of color or
symbols and other graphic elements appearances or too graphic elements
graphic elements much empty spaces

Visual Appeal Incorporates Contains some Contains some No evidence or

unique and unique or good, although not creativity
pertinent ideas imaginative entirely original
design elements, elements elements
visuals or text that
make the poster
stand out

27
 Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer in
a separate sheet of paper.

1. Who was the English scientist who made accurate observations on how pressure
and volume were related?
A. Gay Lussac C. Josef Boyle
B. Jacques Charles D. Robert Boyle

2. What happens to the volume of a gas when its pressure is reduced to half?
A. Doubled C. Rises, then falls
B. Reduced to half D. Stays the same

3. In the equation for Boyle’s Law, P2 stands for:

A. Difference in pressure C. Original pressure
B. New pressure D. Standard pressure, 1 atm

4. What happens to the temperature if the volume of a gas increases to 150%?

A. Decreases C. Stays the same
B. Increases D. Rises then falls

5. What law describes the equation P1V1 = P2V2 ?

A. Boyle's Law C. Combined Gas Law
B. Charles' Law D. Ideal Gas Law

6. What value represents the standard temperature?

A. 0 K C. 273 K
B. 273ºC D. 373 K

28
7. Which of the following statements describes an ideal gas?
A. Behaves as predicted by the ideal gas law
B. Has molecules that do not attract one another
C. Has molecules that are considered volumeless
D. All of the above

8. Which statement best describes the relationship of the density of a gas to the
temperature and pressure?
A. Density increases with increasing pressure at a given temperature.
B. Density decreases with increasing pressure at a given temperature.
C. Density increases with increasing temperature at a given pressure.
D. Density decreases with increasing temperature at a given pressure.

9. What condition a gas can be compressed to a smaller volume, at a given temperature?

A. Increasing the pressure C. Increasing the kinetic energy
B. Decreasing the pressure D. Increasing the number of moles

10. What will happen if we heat a 15 L sample of gas from 250 K to 290 K under
constant pressure condition?
A. The volume of gas increases. C. The number of moles of gas
increases.
B. The volume of gas decreases. D. The number of moles of gas
decreases

29
 References
Printed Materials
Acosta, H.D. et al, DepEd Science 10, Learner’s Material, First Edition 2015:
REX Book Store

Pavico, J F. et.al, Exploring Life Through Science Series, Phoenix Publishing

House

Magno, M.C., Tan, M.C & Punzalan, A.E. (1995). Science and technology for
a better life series: Workbook (Chemistry). Manila: Diwa Scholastic Press, Inc.

Magno, Marcelita C. et al. 1991. Science and Technology III Textbook. SEDP
Series. First edition. Instructional Materials Inc. 78–79.

Mendoza, Religioso. Chemistry. 173–174.

Gas Molecules in Motion.pdf

Chem M9 Gas Laws.pdf

Acosta, Herma D. et.al, Science 10 Learner’s Material, First Edition, pp. 351-
399

Online Resources
file:///C:/Users/acer/Documents/Chem%20M9%20Gas%20Laws.pdf

file:///C:/Users/acer/Downloads/Gas%20Molecules%20in%20Motion.pdf

http://www.tpub.com/content/aerographer/14312/css/14312_41.htm
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: EDWARD C. LUCINA

Teacher III
Editors/Evaluators/Reviewers: JONALYN C. CALUMPANG
OIC, Head Teacher I

MELINDA S. VERZOSA
Principal IV

EDGARDO P. COSARES
EPS Science

Illustrator: EDWARD C. LUCINA

Teacher III
Layout Artist: EDWARD C. LUCINA
Teacher III
Management Team: DR. ROWENA C. BANZON, CESO V, SDS
DR. JO EULIE MEI T. DOMINGO, ASDS
DR. AGNES B. CACAP, Chief- CID
DR. JOSE MARI P. ALMEIDA, Chief- SGOD
GENEVIEVE B. UGAY, EPS- LRMDS
HAZEL B. LIBATIQUE, Librarian II
AURELIO C. DAYAG JR., PDO II
ANSWER KEY

What I Know
1. A 6. A
2. A 7. C
3. C 8. D
4. D 9. B
5. B 10. C

Assessment
1. D 6. C
2. A 7. D
3. B 8. A
4. B 9. A
5. A 10. A