SDO PANGASINAN II

JUAN G. MACARAEG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SPECIAL SCIENCE PROGRAM
Binalonan, Pangasinan
9
School Year: 2020-2021

LEARNING MODULE
CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
First Quarter – Module 1

Properties and Behavior of Liquids,

Solids and Gases

Author:

WILSON RAYMUND F. DALAO

Teacher III
INTRODUCTION
For Learners and Facilitators
Welcome to the World of Consumer Chemistry! Before you start with the trip, let us know the different
LEXICONS that you are going to encounter throughout your journey. Lexicons are word/s which are
used in place of the real words. Familiarize them all!
Hello – Haypa!
Learner/s – Tyro/s
Teacher – Doyen
Thank You – Merci
Good Luck! – Mazel tov!
Attention – Yekke!
Congratulation! – Bravo!

Welcome Aboard!
Haypa Tyros! This is Consumer Chemistry, one of your Elective Subjects in Grade 9. It allows
tyros to deepen their knowledge and understanding on chemistry applied on real life products. This
subject is a vital part in mastering the concepts of chemistry as well as its application to products
which you can use and apply on your future Researches.
With this, tyros will be equipped with prior knowledge in the science world specifically in the
field of chemistry which will definitely boost your confidence in every endeavor you might face in the
future.
In this module, you will learn about the advance properties and behavior of the three normal
phases of matter which are Solids, Liquids and Gases. This module “PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR
OF LIQUIDS, SOLIDS AND GASES” will help you understand the basic knowledge you need to
possess as you begin your journey with this subject.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of
the learning resource while being an active learner.
In this module you may see the following parts with their corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check
what you already know about the lesson to take.
WHAT I KNOW
If you get all the answers correctly, you may
decide to skip this module.
WHAT IS IN This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced

WHAT IS NEW to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

WHAT IS IT lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent practice

to strengthen your understanding and skills of the
WHAT’S MORE topic. You may check the answers in the
exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
module.

This includes questions or open-ended

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED statements to be filled in to process what you
learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will help

WHAT I CAN DO you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real-
life situations.

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

ASSESSMENT
mastery in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to you

to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
learned. This also develops retention of learned
concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

ANSWER KEY
module.

This is a list of all sources used in developing this

REFERENCES
module.
 What I Need to Know

This module was specifically developed and designed to provide you fun and meaningful
learning experience, with your own time and pace.

The module is divided into 3 lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 –Properties and Behavior of Liquids

• Lesson 2 –Properties and Behavior of Solids
• Lesson 3 - Properties and Behavior of Gases

After going through with this module, you should be able to:

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the properties and behavior of liquids, solids and gases.
(CC9COM-la-1)

Objectives:

• Identify the different properties of liquids and explain how it affects its behavior.
• Identify the different properties of liquids and explain how it affects its behavior.
• Identify the different properties of liquids and explain how it affects its behavior.

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 What I Know
Direction I: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____1. What is evaporation? It is a process by which
A. water turns into vapor or steam.
B. vapor or steam is converted to liquid.
C. frozen liquid turns into its original liquid state.
D. liquid is distributed back to its originating reservoir.
_____2. What is the result when a given force is applied on a smaller area?
A. Lesser Volume C. Lesser Pressure
B. Greater Pressure D. Greater Volume
_____3. Cohesion refers to the forces of attraction:
A. between the same molecules. C. to molecules below and side.
B. between different molecules. D. on every other molecule.
_____4. All are considered an anisotropic characteristic of Crystalline solids, EXCEPT:
A. Cleavage B. Conductivity C. Refractive Index D. Tensile Strength
_____5. Which is NOT a characteristic of network covalent solids?
A. extremely low melting point C. atoms are covalently bonded
B. does not conduct electricity D. very hard and somewhat brittle
_____6. What is evaporation? It is a process by which
E. water turns into vapor or steam.
F. vapor or steam is converted to liquid.
G. frozen liquid turns into its original liquid state.
H. liquid is distributed back to its originating reservoir.
_____7. Which of these forces in NOT essential for capillary action?
A. Adhesive Forces B. Cohesive forces C. Surface Tension D. None of the above
_____8. Which is NOT TRUE about liquid’s viscosity? Liquid that
A. flows easily are called mobile.
B. flows easily are high in fluidity.
C. do not flow easily are called volatile.
D. do not flow easily are highly viscous.
_____9. It is the force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container divided by the surface area.
A. Pressure B. Temperature C. Volume D. Amount of gas in moles
_____10. Which measurable property of gas is NOT partnered with a correct measurement unit?
A. Pressure – Kelvin (K) C. Temperature – Cubic meter (𝑚3 )
2

B. Volume – Atmosphere (atm) D. All of the above

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 Yekke! Yekke! Yekke! Haypa Tyros! I am
Cher Mon, your friendly handsome Doyen. I
will be your guide with this module. Join me as
we explore the Advance Properties and
Behavior of Liquids, Solids and Gases. Are you
ready? Let us start! Mazel Tov tyros!

What’s In

Directions: With your current knowledge, fill in the boxes with the appropriate characteristics of each
of the normal phases of matter based on the given properties.

Properties SOLID LIQUID GAS

Shape

Volume

Physical
Characteristic/s
Molecular / Particle
Characteristic/s
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 What Is It

Properties and Behavior of Liquids

Liquids basically has definite volume but has no definite shape. They generally take the shape of the container.
But there is more to know about liquids, just as how a paper clip float on top of a glass full of water or how thick
or thin it is or how liquid evaporates and turn into vapor. These are called the advance properties of liquids.

Surface Tension

Molecules at the surface are attracted to molecules below and to the

sides of a liquid. This results to a downward net attraction and the
molecules are drawn towards the interior of the liquid, leaving a
minimum of surface area. This makes the surface acts as if it were
covered with a tight skin.

It seems to defy the laws of physics, but a paper clip made of steel can
indeed float on the water surface. The high surface tension helps the

Source: paper clip - with much higher density - float on the water.
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/
paper-clip-can-float-water-due-high-
surface-tension-water

The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface
tension. The molecules at the surface of a beaker filled with water do not have other water molecules
on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with
them.

The cohesive forces between molecules in a liquid are shared with all neighboring molecules. Those
on the surface have no neighboring molecules above and, thus, exhibit stronger attractive forces
upon their nearest neighbors on and below the surface. Surface tension could be defined as the
property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature
of the water molecules. The greater the intermolecular forces between the particles of liquid, the
greater the surface tension.

Surface tension in water owes to the fact that water molecules attract one another, as each molecule
forms a bond with the ones in its vicinity. At the surface, though, the p layer of molecules, has fewer
molecules to cling to, therefore compensates by establishing stronger bonds with its neighbors, this
leading to the formation of the surface tension.
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Water molecules want to cling to each other. At the
surface, however, there are fewer water molecules to
cling to since there is air above. This results in a stronger
bond between those molecules that actually comes in
contact with one another, and a layer of strongly bonded
water (see diagram). This surface layer (held together by
surface tension) creates a considerable barrier between
the atmosphere and the water.

Within a body of a liquid, a molecule will not experience a

net force because the forces by the neighboring
molecules all cancel out (diagram). However for a
molecule on the surface of the liquid, there will be a net inward force since there will be no attractive
force acting from above. This inward net force causes the molecules on the surface to contract and
to resist being stretched or broken. Thus the surface is under tension, which is probably where the
name "surface tension" came from.

Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on the surface of a fluid, as long as the object
cannot break through and separate the top layer of water molecules. When an object is on the surface
of the fluid, the surface under tension will behave like an elastic membrane.

Examples of surface tension

Water striders are able to walk on top of water due to a combination of several factors. Water striders
use the high surface tension of water and long, hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water.
Water striders use this surface tension to their advantage through
their highly adapted legs and distributed weight. The legs of a water
strider are long and slender, allowing the weight of the water strider
body to be distributed over a large surface area. The legs are
strong, but have flexibility that allows the water striders to keep
their weight evenly distributed and flow with the water
Source:
movement. Hydrofuge hairs line the body surface of the water strider. https://www.pestwiki.com/water-strider-
facts-rid/

Capillary Action

Even if you've never heard of capillary action, it is still important in your life. Capillary action is important
for moving water around. It is defined as the movement of water within the spaces of a porous material
due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension.
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It is defined as the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow space without the assistance of, or even in
opposition to external forces like gravity. This results from a competition between intermolecular
forces within the liquid and those between the liquid and the tube walls. Cohesion is an intermolecular
bond between liquid which allows them to maintain their shape, while adhesion is a force of attraction
between different kind of molecules.

Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an

upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in
a meniscus which turns upward. The surface tension
acts to hold the surface intact. Capillary action occurs
when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the
cohesive forces between the liquid molecules. If
cohesion is stronger than the adhesion, convex
meniscus can be seen. If adhesion is stronger than the
cohesion, concave meniscus can be seen. If the
diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/ca
combination of surface tension and adhesive forces pillary-action/

between the liquid and the container will act to lift the

liquid.

Capillary action in glass tubes: The rise or fall of liquids in a capillary tube
depends upon the interactions between the tube and the liquid.

Source: https://dlpng.com/png/7148595

Viscosity

Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to a change in shape, or movement of neighboring portions

relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is called
the fluidity, a measure of the ease of flow. Molasses, for example, has a greater viscosity than water.
The greater the liquid’s viscosity, the slower it flows. Liquids that do not flow easily have high viscosity
and said to be viscous while liquids that flow easily have a low viscosity, they are mobile. Viscosity
increases with decreasing temperature; the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces
and molecules can more easily move past each other.
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 Boiling Point

When a liquid is heated in an open container, bubbles of vapor begins to appear after sometimes
throughout the liquid. This process is called boiling. The boiling point of the liquid is the temperature
at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. The
boiling point of a liquid therefore varies with atmospheric pressure.

Evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. The process is
the primary path for water to move from the liquid state back to the water cycle as atmospheric water
vapor.

When a liquid is exposed to the atmosphere, its volume decreases, or it

Source:
https://tallbloke.wordpress.com/2019/0
6/11/the-physics-of-evaporation-
explained-pressure-is-the-key-factor/
may disappear altogether. This is due to evaporation, the slow escape of
molecules from the surface of the liquid to the atmosphere. At a given
temperature, molecules of a particular liquid do not have the same kinetic
energy. Molecules that have high kinetic energy overcome intermolecular
forces of attraction and break away from the surface of the liquid escaping
into the atmosphere as vapor. The molecules that remain will therefore
have lower kinetic energy and have a lower temperature. This is the
reason why evaporation have cooling effect.
The weaker the force of attraction between particles of the liquid the
faster is the evaporation process. Liquids that evaporates rapidly are
called volatile liquids.

Vapor Pressure

If the liquids and its vapor are enclosed in a container in a particular temperature the concentration
of the vapor will increase to a point at which the number of molecules returning to the liquid equal the
number of molecules leaving the liquid. When the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of
condensation, the system is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. The pressure exerted by the gas of the
substance when it is in equilibrium with the liquid is called vapor pressure.

Factors affecting Vapor Pressure:

1. Temperature - the higher the temperature, the higher the vapor pressure.
2. Inter Molecular Forces – the higher the Inter Molecular Forces the lower the vapor
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pressure.
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Let us consider a vessel which is contained with liquid as displayed
here in following figure. Let us think that we have taken water here in
the vessel as liquid at atmospheric pressure and 200C temperature.

Now we are providing the heat energy to the vessel with the help of
heat burner. As we are heating the vessel, water will be heated and
temperature of water will be increased.

Evaporation process of water molecules will be started at temperature

of 100 degree Celsius, as water is stored inside the vessel at
atmospheric pressure. Water molecules will be evaporated i.e. water
molecules will be converted in to vapor molecules and these vapor
Source:
molecules will be accumulated within the space between free surface https://www.hkdivedi.com/2017/12/vapour
-pressure-and-cavitation.html
of water and top of vessel. These accumulated vapors will apply a
pressure over the surface of the water. Pressure applied by the
accumulated vapors over the free surface of liquid will be termed as
vapor pressure of the liquid.

Critical Temperature and Pressure

Gases can be converted to liquids by compressing the gas at a suitable temperature. However, they
become more difficult to liquify as the temperature increases because the kinetic energies of the
particles that make up the gas also increase. At the critical temperature they cannot longer be
liquified.

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid.

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid.

The critical pressure is the vapor pressure of a fluid at the critical temperature above which distinct
liquid and gas phases do not exist. As the critical temperature is approached, the properties of the
gas and liquid phases become the same, resulting in only one phase. The point at which the critical
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temperature and critical pressure is met is called the critical point.

Critical Temperature: The temperature which above, a substance cannot exist as a liquid, no matter
how much pressure is applied. Every substance has a critical temperature.

Critical Pressure: The pressure required to liquify a substance vapor at its critical temperature

Critical point: The end point of the pressure-temperature curve that designates conditions under
which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas cannot be liquefied by
pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by the critical temperature Tc and the critical
pressure pc, phase boundaries vanish.

Triple point: The temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of a
substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Boiling occurs only when the liquid is in an open container. Boiling does not occur in a closed
container. When a liquid is heated in a closed container, the temperature and pressure increase
continuously. At a temperature below critical temperature, you can see the meniscus separating liquid
from its vapor. At critical temperature, the gas and liquid phases become indistinguishable.

The critical temperature is the highest temperature in which a gas may be changed to the liquid
phase by increasing the pressure. The pressure that is applied to changed gas to liquid state at critical
temperature is called critical temperature.
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 ADDITIONAL
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Testing Surface Tension
Objective: To be able to illustrate and explain the surface tension of water.
Materials:
- a glass full of water
- needle, safety or paper clip

Challenge: Make the needle/ safety pin or paper clip float on top of water in the glass.
Question: Explain how is this possible.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Don’t Forget to take a photo of the challenge! Send it on our Consumer Chemistry Group Chat!

Go Online!
Objective: To be able to understand the advance properties of liquids thru a Video
Presentation.
Procedure:
1. Scan this QR Code using QR Scanner App.

2. Open the link that will show up.

3. Watch the video.
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 WHAT’S
MORE
Directions: Match the description of properties of liquids in Column A with the items in Column
B by writing the letter that correspond to your answer in the space provided before each
number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

_________ 1. The pressure required to liquify a substance A. Surface Tension

vapor at its critical temperature.

_________ 2. A point at which a substance cannot exist as a B. Capillary Action

liquid no matter how much pressure is applied.

_________ 3. Pressure exerted by gas of a certain substance C. Viscosity

when it is in equilibrium with the liquid.

_________ 4. Process by which liquids turn to is gaseous D. Boiling Point

phase.

_________ 5. The appearance of bubble of vapors throughout E. Evaporation

a liquid when subjected to heat.

_________ 6. It refers to the resistance of a fluid to flow or to F. Vapor Pressure

change shape.

_________ 7. It is the movement of liquids within the spaces of G. Critical Temperature

a porous material due to adhesion, cohesion and surface
tension.

_________ 8. It allows a liquid to resist an external force due H. Critical Pressure

to cohesive nature of the water molecules.

Haypa Tyros! You have been so fast with

the first lesson. I bet it was easy, Right? Are you
ready for the next lesson? Be excited to explore
the advance properties of solids as well as its
types.. Mazel Tov!
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 Haypa tyros! Did you miss me? Right
now, you are moving to lesson 2. Did you
know that there are also types of Solids?
Let’s go and unveil them one by one! Are
you ready tyros? Mazel tov!

What’s In

Directions:
Using the cryptogram below, solve the puzzles and unlock the words related to the objects directed
by the arrows.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

😊 <3 1 ; = + @ # * & / % ☹ < ? > ^ ! “ ~ ~~ 😉 ≠ µ ™ ∞

1.

1 ! ™ “ ~ 😊 % % * < = “ ? % * ; “

2.

1 ! ™ “ ~ 😊 % % 😊 ~ ~ * 1 =

3.

😊 ☹ ? ! > # ? ~~ “ “ ? % * ; “

4.
12

☹ ? < ? 1 % * < * !
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 What Is It

Advance Properties of Solids

Solids are substance having both definite volume and definite shape. They are generally rigid material
and are compact in form. Solids are incompressible, meaning the constituent particle is arranged
close to each other and because of that, there is negligible space between the constituent particle.
Solids are rigid. This is due to lack of space between the constituent particles which make it rigid or
fixed. Solids have definite mass, volume and shape due to which it has a compact arrangement of
constituent particles.

The intermolecular distance between molecules is short. Due to this, the force between the
constituent particles (atoms, molecules or ions) is very strong. The constituent’s particles can only
oscillate about their mean positions.

Based on the arrangement of constituent particles, solids are classified into two-state types:

A. Crystalline Solids

Crystalline solids, also called “True Solids”, are those that have a typical geometry. In such type of
solids, there are definite arrangements of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) throughout the 3-
dimensional network of a crystal in a long-range order, they are arranged in an ordered and
symmetrical pattern that is repeated entire the whole crystal.
Example: Diamonds and graphite

Properties of Crystalline Solids

• Crystalline solids are generally Incompressible.

• Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point and start melting when it reaches a particular
temperature.

• They show cleavage property i.e. when they are cut with the edge of a sharp tool they split
into two pieces and the newly generated surfaces are smooth and plain.

• They have definite heat of fusion (amount of energy needed to melt a given mass of solid at
its melting point).

• Crystalline solids are anisotropic which means their physical properties like electrical
resistance, tensile strength or refractive index show different values when they are measured
13

along with different directions in the same crystal.

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Geometric form of crystalline solids.

Unit Cell
Unit Cell

– smallest repeating structure.

Crystal Lattice

- combination of unit cells.

- energy which gains the crystal structure.

Crystal Lattice

Four Types of Crystalline Solids

On the basis of the nature of intermolecular forces or chemical bonding, crystalline solids are further
classified into four categories.

1. Ionic Solids

In ionic solids the constituent particles are ions.

These are formed by the arrangement of cations

and anions by strong Coulombic forces.

- Composed of opposite charged ions.

- Very high melting point.(300-1000°C)
- Hard, brittle and non conductive.
- Can be dissolve in water. Ionic solids act as an insulator in a solid-state but are conductors in
14

a molten and aqueous state.

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2. Molecular Solids

- Composed of covalently bonded molecules attracted to each other by electrostatic forces.

- Lower melting point than Ionic solid. (less than 100°C)
- Softer than ionic solids and nonconductive.
- Dissolves in water easily.
- Example: HCl, Fullerene.

In molecular solids the constituent particles are molecules. They are further divided into three
categories:

1. Non-Polar Molecular Solids

These solids are formed from molecules or atoms that share a non-polar covalent bond. The atoms
or molecules are held by weak dispersion force or by London forces.

• The physical nature of non-polar solids are soft.

• They don’t conduct electricity so they are insulators.
• They have a very low melting point.
• Examples: H2, Cl2, I2 etc.

2. Polar Molecular Solids

These solids are held together by polar covalent bonds and the atoms/molecules are bonded by
relatively stronger dipole-dipole interactions.

• The physical nature is soft and most of these are gases or liquids at room temperature.
• They do not conduct electricity and they have a higher melting point than the non -polar
molecular solids.
• Examples: HCl, SO2, NH3

3. Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids

The solids contain polar covalent bonds with Hydrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms. In
these solids, molecules are held together via strong hydrogen bonding.

• The physical nature of such solids are hard.

• They do not conduct electricity.
• The physical state of these solids are volatile liquids or soft solids under room temperature.
15

• They have a low melting point.

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• Examples: H2O (Ice ).

3. Network Covalent Solids

- A wide range of crystalline solids of non-metal form covalent bond between adjacent atoms
throughout the crystal and form a giant molecule or large molecules, each atom is bonded
to all the surrounding atoms.
- These solids are hard like diamond and soft like graphite which are isotopes of carbon.
- They are insulators as in the case of a diamond but in case of graphite due to free electrons,
they conduct electricity and act as a conductor.
- Very hard, somewhat brittle
- Extremely high melting point(Higher than 1000°C.)
- they do not dissolve in water
- they do not conduct electricity.
- Example: Diamond, Amethyst, Ruby.

1. Metallic Solids

- Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalized electrons. Valence electron are not donated or
shared as they are in ionic and covalent bonding. These electrons are evenly spread out
throughout the crystal. A Lattice of positive cations with a sea of negative electron. Due to
the presence of free and mobile electrons, they are responsible for high electrical and
thermal conductivity.
- High melting point.
- They are conductors in both solid and molten state.

- They have high melting point than ionic solids.

- Examples: Fe, Cu, Ag, Mg, etc.

-Opaque, Lustrous, Malleable, Ductile.

ALLOY – solid mixture of a metallic element with other substance.

PURE METALS – metals that do not have any mixture.

B. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Amorphous solid-state comprises of those solids which have the property of rigidity and
16

incompressibility but to a certain extent. They do not have a definite geometrical form or long range
of order. Examples include glass, rubber, plastic, etc.
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Properties of Amorphous Solids

• Amorphous solids are gradually softened over a range of temperature and they can be
molded into different shapes on heating.

• Amorphous solids are pseudo solids or super cooled liquids which means they have
tendencies to flow very slowly. If you observe that the glass pans which is fixed to windows
of old buildings, they are found to be slightly thicker from the bottom than at the top.

• Amorphous solids have irregular shape i.e. their constituent particles do not have definite
geometry of arrangements. They have no characteristic of symmetry.

• When amorphous solids are cut with a sharp edge tool they form pieces with irregular
surfaces. They have no regular plane of cleavage when cut.

• Amorphous solids do not have definite heat of fusion due to its irregular arrangement of the
particles.

• They are isotropic because properties such as refractive index, conductivity and tensile
strength are equal regardless of the direction in which force is applied.

Geometrical Form compared. Molecular Form Compared.

ADDITIONAL
ACTIVITIES

Go Online!
Objective: To be able to understand the different types of solids.
Procedure:
1. Scan this QR Code using QR Scanner App.
2. Open the link that will show up.
3. Watch the video.

Haypa Tyros! Are you coping with the

17

lesson? I am sure that you are learning so much from

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it. Please proceed to the activities for you to test

what you’ve learned in this lesson. You are almost
done, you can do it!
 What I Have Learned
I. Directions: Complete the Concept Map of solids by filling in the boxes with the different types and
subtypes of solids.

SOLIDS

II. Direction: Fill in the table with word/s to differentiate crystalline solids from amorphous solids based
on the property given.

Property CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Other Name

Shape

Surface

Compressibility

Anisotropy
18

Example
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 You watch me whip!
Haypa Tyros! I’m here again,
checking you out! Are you
ready for the last lesson? Let’s
begin! Whip! Whip! Whip!

What’s In

Directions: Given below is a set of words related to properties and behavior of gases. Loop the words
in the puzzle.
ATMOSPHERE EXPAND PASCAL
CELSIUS GASES PRESSURE
COMPRESSIBLE KELVIN SURFACE
LOW LITER AREA
DENSITY MOLES TEMPERATURE
DIATOMIC NEGLIGIBLE TORR
DIFFUSE OXYGEN VOLUME

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 What’s New
Directions: Answer the questions.

GASES

2. Name 3 gases you know. 3. We need oxygen in

1. Draw the particle model of
breathing, what else can
gases inside the circle. 1. oxygen be used for?
2.
3.

4. Differentiate the particles solids, liquids and gases. 5. Gas can be compressed. Give an
example of how can you compress
gas.

What Is It

We know that a gas has no definite volume or shape, a gas will fill whatever volume is available to it.
Contrast this to the behavior of a liquid, which always has a distinct upper surface when its volume is
less than that of the space it occupies. The other outstanding characteristic of gases is their low
densities, compared with those of liquids and solids. One mole of liquid water at 298 K and 1 atm
pressure occupies a volume of 18.8 cubic cm, whereas the same quantity of water vapor at the same
temperature and pressure has a volume of 30200 cubic cm, more than 1000 times greater.

Properties and Behavior of Gases

Gasses do not possess any definite volume or shape. They totally fill all the space accessible to them.
The characteristic or properties of gases to fill the available volume within a container is the result of
the freedom that gas particles have to move everywhere in the accessible space. This autonomy of
movement of gaseous molecules is because of the very weak binding forces amidst molecules. In
other words, their intermolecular forces are very weak. Because of this, the molecules of a gas are in
a continuous motion and are related to high velocity and therefore high kinetic energy.
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1. Diatomic

Diatomic molecules are molecules with two atoms in their structure. Most gases exist as molecules.
Usually diatomic.

2. Compressibility

Gases easily compressed when pressure is applied.

Particles of gas have huge intermolecular spaces in
the midst of them. By the exertion of pressure, much
of this space can be diminished and the particles are
brought closer. Thus, the volume of gas can be
hugely reduced. This is termed as compressing the
gas (Figure).

Source: https://byjus.com/physics/properties-of-gases/

3. Expansibility

Gas exerts pressure. When pressure is exerted on gas, it contracts. On the other hand, when
pressure is freed, the gas expands.

When the temperature is augmented, the constituent particles gain more energy, travel faster and
move away from each other. Consequently, the intermolecular pull becomes less prominent.
The gas’s volume increases.

4. Low Density

The densities of gases are relatively small compared to the densities of solids and liquids. Since gases
have large intermolecular spaces, they have very large volumes when compared to their mass.
Therefore, they have less densities
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Source: https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/characteristics-of-particles-of-matter-100519/
5. Negligibility

The force of intermolecular attraction between gas particles is negligible. Gas particles are much
smaller than the distance between particles, therefore the volume of a gas is mostly empty space and
the volume of the gas molecules themselves is negligible.

6. Diffusibility

Gases mixes evenly and completely when contained in the same vessel. The molecules of the gas
are in perpetual motion, at a very high velocity. There is a huge amount of intermolecular space amid
the molecules. When two gases are mixed, particles of one gas can effortlessly pass through the
intermolecular space of the other gas.

As an outcome both the gases get completely and consistently mixed. Thus, a mixture of gases at all
times remains homogeneous.

7. Exertion of Pressure

Solids exert pressure only in the downward direction. Liquids apply pressure downward as well as to
the sides. But gases apply pressure in all directions (a good sample is a balloon). This pressure is
because of the bombardment of the particles against the walls of the vessel as shown in the figure
below.

Source: https://byjus.com/physics/properties-of-gases/
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Measurable Properties of Gases:

1. Pressure
- the pressure of a gas is the force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container divided by the
surface area of the container. It is the force per unit area. Applying a greater force on a given area
creates a greater pressure.
Pressure = Force
Area
A GREATER PRESSURE RESULTS WHEN A GIVE FORCE IS APPLIED ON A SMALLER AREA.

 Pascal (Pa)
- standard unit of pressure.
- Equivalent to force of 1 Newton (N) (1N = 1kg m/s²)
 Atmosphere (atm)
 Torr (torr)
 Millimeter mercury (mmHg)
Conversion:
 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
 1 torr = 1 mmHg
 1atm = 101 325 Pa
2. Volume
- the space a gas occupies.
- The volume of a vessel is equal to the volume of the gas it contains.
(Gas particles occupy all the space available).
 Cubic meter (m³)
 Cubic centimeter (cm³)
 Liter (L)
 Milliliter (mL)

3. Temperature
- it is usually determined by thermometer!
 Degree Celsius (°C)
 Degree Fahrenheit (°F)
 Kelvin (K)
 Conversion Formulas:
°C = 5/9 (°F – 32)
°F = 9/5 (°C + 32)
K = °C + 273
4. Amount of gases
- the quantity of gas being measured is always expressed in moles or n. Units of mass such as Kg
and g should be converted to moles.

 Number of moles = mass of gas

Molar mass of gas
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5. Density
- although gases are very light, they still have measurable densities. The densities of gases are very
small compared with those of solids and liquids. The density of gas by its volume.

 Gram per liter ( g/L)

Property Symbol Common Units

Pressure P atm, torr, mmHg

Temperature T °C, °F, K

Volume V m³, cm³, L, mL

Amount n Mole

Density D g/L

You’ve just finished

Standard Pressure – average pressure of the atmosphere
lessons 3! Bravo! Bravo! Bravo! I
at sea level which is equal to 1 atm or 760 torr.
hope that you enjoyed the
activities and learned something
Standard Temperature – the melting of ice which is 0ºC
from it. Now, it’s time for you to
or 373 K.
evaluate yourself. Merci!
 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the question substantially and concisely. Use the box for your answer.
1. Differentiate solids, liquids and gases based on their properties given.
(See Rubrics on the next page)
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 RUBRICS
POINT CRITERIA SCORE
It clearly answers the questions asked which proves that the learner
5 understood the topic thoroughly. It also has complete sentences and
excellent grammar.
It clearly answer the questions asked which proves that the learner
4 understood the topic thoroughly. It also has complete sentences but with
few errors.
It reveals some parts of the questions asked and provides reliable
3 supporting details. It has good sentence construction with minimal
errors.
It is does not answer the questions completely but has a point. It has
2
acceptable sentence construction with few errors.
1 It does not answer the questions and has poor sentence construction.

What I Can Do
Direction: Find out something on each of these gases. Write your information in the gas cloud.

Hydrogen Oxygen

Carbon dioxide Helium

Anesthetic gases
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 Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____1. Which is describe as the process by which liquids turn into vapor or steam?
A. precipitation
B. evaporation
C. solidification
D. condensation
_____2. Which is True? Force applied on a smaller area has________________.
A. lesser Volume C. Lesser Pressure
B. Greater Pressure D. Greater Volume
_____3. It refers to the forces of attraction between the same molecules.
A. Capillary Action C. Cohesion
B. Adhesion D. Viscosity
_____4. Anisotropic characteristics of crystalline solids are very well observed, which is not?
A. Cleavage B. Conductivity C. Refractive Index D. Tensile Strength
_____5. Network covalent solids are describe as, EXCEPT:
A. extremely low melting point C. atoms are covalently bonded
B. does not conduct electricity D. very hard and somewhat brittle
_____6. Which defines evaporation? It is
A. distributed back to its originating reservoir
B. when frozen liquid turns into its original liquid state.
C. a process by which water turns into vapor or steam.
D. when the resulting vapor or steam is converted to liquid.
_____7. All of these forces are essential for capillary action, EXCEPT:
B. Adhesive Forces B. Cohesive forces C. Surface Tension D. None of the above
_____8. Which is NOT TRUE about liquid’s viscosity? Liquid that
E. flows easily are called mobile.
F. flows easily are high in fluidity.
G. do not flow easily are called volatile.
H. do not flow easily are highly viscous.
_____9. What is pressure?
A. Space a gas occupies.
8

B. Density of gas by its volume.

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 C. Volume of a vessel is equal to the volume of the gas it contains.
D. Force exerted by the gas on the walls of its container divided by the surface area.

_____10. Which measurable property of gas is NOT partnered with a correct measurement unit?
E. Pressure – Atmosphere (atm) C. Temperature – Kelvin (k)
F. Volume – Cubic meter (𝑚3 ) D. All of the above

Congratulations for a job well done!

We’ll meet again on the next module. Merci
for your patience!

References
Websites:

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/capillary-action-and-water?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/surface-tension-and-water?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/critical-
pressure#:~:text=The%20critical%20pressure%20is%20the,resulting%20in%20only%20one%20phase.

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-critical-temperature-pressure-d_161.html

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/capillary-action/

https://www.britannica.com/science/viscosity

https://tallbloke.wordpress.com/2019/06/11/the-physics-of-evaporation-explained-pressure-is-the-key-factor/

https://www.hkdivedi.com/2017/12/vapour-pressure-and-cavitation.html

https://byjus.com/jee/solid-state/#:~:text=Physical%20and%20Chemical%20Properties%20of%20Solids,-
Solids%20are%20incompressible&text=Solids%20are%20rigid.,compact%20arrangement%20of%20constituent%
20particles.

https://byjus.com/physics/properties-of-gases/

https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-are-diatomic-molecules.html
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