ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 123

Tutorial 2 Memorandum

QUESTION 1
Approach: Identify whether the different substances can be separated via physical means (i.e. no
change in substances’ molecular structure):
a) Distillation – Ethanol can be distilled due to its lower boiling point
Distillasie – Etanol kan gedistilleer word gebaseer op ʼn laer kookpunt
b) Filtration – Sand can be filtered from water based on its physical size
Filtrasie – Sand kan filtreer word gebaseer op groet fisiese grootte
c) Evaporation – Salt crystals will remain after all water has evaporated
Verdamping – Sout kristalle sal agter bly nadat alle water verdamp het
d) None – The Ca-CO3 bond would have to be broken which requires chemical means
Geen – Die binding tussen Ca-CO3 moet gebreek word wat ʼn chemiese metode benodig

QUESTION 2
a) Mixture contains 3 atoms of an element, 2 molecules of one compound and 2 molecules of a
second compound / Mengsel bevat 3 atome van ʼn element, 2 molekules van een verbinding en 2
molekules van ʼn ander verbinding
b) Mixture contains 2 atoms of one element, 2 molecules of a diatomic element and 2 molecules of
a second compound / Mengsel bevat 2 atome van ʼn element, 2 molekules van ʼn diatomiese
verbinding en 2 molekules van ʼn ander verbinding
c) Mixture contains 2 triatomic molecules of an element and 3 diatomic molecules of the same
element / Mengsel bevat 2 triatomiese molekules van ʼn element en 3 diatomiese molekules van
dieselfde element

QUESTION 3
a) Homogeneous mixture / Homogene mengsel
b) Heterogeneous mixture / Heterogene mengsel
c) Element / Element
d) Molecule / Molekule
e) Ion (anion) / Ioon (anioon)
f) Compound (also molecule) / Verbinding (ook molekule)

QUESTION 4
a) Approach: The mass of sulphur is the difference between the total mass and mass of lead:
𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 290 𝑔𝑔 − 251 𝑔𝑔 = 39 𝑔𝑔

b) Approach: The mass fraction is the ratio of the mass of the specie of interest to the total mass:
𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 251 𝑔𝑔
𝑥𝑥𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = = = 0.8655 = 0.87
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 290 𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆 39 𝑔𝑔
𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆 = = = 0.1344 = 0.13
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇 290 𝑔𝑔
c) Approach: The mass percent is the mass fraction expressed as a percentage:
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤%𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑥𝑥𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 × 100% = 0.87 × 100% = 87%
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤%𝑆𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆 × 100% = 0.13 × 100% = 13%

QUESTION 5
Approach: Calculate the compound mass and use the given composition as a conversion factor
(compounds are made up of fixed elemental composition):
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇,1 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,1 + 𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼,1 = 63.94 𝑔𝑔 + 61.06 𝑔𝑔 = 125.00 𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,1 63.94 𝑔𝑔 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,2 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇,2 × = 38.77 𝑔𝑔 × = 19.83 𝑔𝑔 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇,1 125.00 𝑔𝑔
𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼,1 61.06 𝑔𝑔 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼,2 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇,2 × = 38.77 𝑔𝑔 × = 18.94 𝑔𝑔 𝐼𝐼
𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇,1 125.00 𝑔𝑔

QUESTION 6
Approach: Recall that isotopes only differ in the number of neutrons, as an element has the same
amount of protons and electrons as its atomic number (giving it its unique properties), with
its mass number being the sum of the protons and neutrons:

ISOTOPE ATOMIC # MASS # # PROTONS # NEUTRONS # ELECTRONS

35
Cl 17 35 17 18 17
37
Cl 17 37 17 20 17

QUESTION 7
Approach: The atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes is calculated as the average of the
masses of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundance:
𝑀𝑀𝑟𝑟 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = ∑ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 23.9850 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 0.7899 + 24.9858 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 0.1000 + 25.9826𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 0.1101
= 18.94575 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 2.49858 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 2.86068 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 24.30501 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
= 24.31 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

QUESTION 8
Approach: Ionic bonding is typically between metals & non-metals, or oppositely charge ions (cations
& anions), while covalent bonding is typically between non-metals:
The bonds present in potassium nitrate (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑂𝑂3 ) shows both ionic and covalent bonding:
Covalent: Between the non-metals 𝑁𝑁 and 𝑂𝑂 in the polyatomic ion 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3− .
Ionic: Between the cation 𝐾𝐾 + and anion 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂3− .
QUESTION 9
Approach: Recall Coulomb’s law and compare the different compounds on size and ionic charge:
Coulomb’s law:
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 × 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ ∝
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Given that the ions comprising the two different compounds all have similar size, comparison only
needs to be made on ionic charge:

The metals, Li and Mg, will both form cations with the same amount of electrons as its nearest noble
gas. Li will thus form Li+ while Mg will form Mg2+. Similarly the two non-metals, F and O, will form
anions. F will form F- while O will form O2-.

The compound with the stronger ionic bonds will thus be MgO, as the product of the charges between
Mg2+ and O2- is greater than that between Li+ and F-.

QUESTION 10
a) Copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate / Koper(II)sulfaat pentahidraat
b) Calcium hydroxide / Kalsiumhidroksied
c) Sulfuric acid / Swawelsuur
d) Sodium carbonate / Natriumkarbonaat
e) Hydrochloric acid / Soutsuur of waterstofchloried
f) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate / Magnesiumsulfaat heptahidraat
g) Calcium carbonate / Kalsiumkarbonaat
h) Carbon dioxide / Koolstofdioksied
i) Sodium hydrogen carbonate / Natriumwaterstofkarbonaat
j) Sodium hydroxide / Natriumhidroksied

QUESTION 11
a) Perchloric acid / Perchloorsuur (HClO4)
b) Nitric acid / Salpetersuur (HNO3)
c) Bromous acid / Bromigsuur (HBrO2)
d) Hydrofluoric acid / Fluoorsuur of Waterstoffluoried (HF)

QUESTION 12
Approach: Convert each quantity to the required quantity and compare:

a)
Entities are equal – Each quantity consists of the same amount of particles

b)
0.400 mol O3 3(16) g O3
i) = 19.2 g O3
1 mol O3
0.400 mol O3 has a greater mass
0.400 mol O 16 g O
ii) = 6.40 g O
1 mol O
c)
4.0 g N2O4 1 mol N2O4
i) = 0.043 mol N2O4
92.02 g N2O4
3.3 g SO2 consists of more moles
3.3 g SO2 1 mol SO2
ii) = 0.052 mol SO2
64.07 g SO2

d)
0.600 mol C2H4 28.052 g C2H4
i) = 16.8 g C2H4
1 mol C2H4
0.600 mol F2 has a greater mass
0.600 mol F2 38 g F2
ii) = 22.8 g F2
1 mol F2
e)
2.3 mol NaClO3 2 mol ions
i) = 4.6 mol ions
1 mol NaClO3
2.2 mol MgCl2 contains more ions
2.2 mol MgCl2 3 mol ions
ii) = 6.6 mol ions
mol MgCl2

f)
1.0 g H2O 1 mol molecules
i) = 0.056 mol molecules
18.016 g H2O
1.0 g H2O has more molecules
1.0 g H2O2 1 mol molecules
ii) = 0.029 mol molecules
34.016 g H2O2

g)
0.500 L 0.500 mol NaBr 1 mol Na+ ion
i) = 0.250 mol Na+ ions
1L 1 mol NaBr
Equal
14.6 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1 mol Na ion
+
ii) = 0.250 mol Na+ ions
58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl

h)
238
U will have the greater total mass as it contains more sub-atomic particles (neutrons) than 235U.