Approaches in

Writing the
Discussion
Section
(Chapter 4)
PREPARED BY
MARIELLE DOMINIQUE DE LA CRUZ

Presentation by reallygreatsite.com
Objectives
2. USE APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE
TO CONSTRUCT THE DISCUSSION
BY THE END OF THIS MODULE, SECTION
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

1. IDENTIFY DIFFERENT 3. IDENTIFY VARIOUS GRAPHIC

APPROACHES TO WRITING ORGANIZERS TO ORGANIZE THE
DISCUSSION SECTION DISCUSSION
 WHAT IS THE DISCUSSION
SECTION?

The discussion section is a chance for the

researcher to verbalize her findings and
what those findings mean to the subject
matter of the experiment. Writing the
discussion is not difficult, provided you
have guidelines and the body of your paper
and research is well organized.
Approaches to • The discussion section of an empirical
Writing the research paper is your opportunity to

Discussion conclude the research and help the reader

interpret the results of your research.
 WHAT IS THE DISCUSSION
SECTION?

The discussion section is essentially

written for the sake of explaining
your findings.
• In very simple terms, what you did
do to answer the research questions,
and why you did do it that way.
Approaches to
• It explains the results of your
Writing the study and connects the results to each
Discussion research question.
There are 4
1) Explain your findings
approaches to 2) Compare the findings
writing the 3) Evaluate the findings
discussion 4) Infer from the findings
section:

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Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data

It's all about ORGANIZATION.

Follow this arrangement:
Introduction - table/graph -
text/explanation
Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data
•Whatever you choose, text, table, or chart (or all
three), your visual information should be self-
explanatory.
•Any headings should be clear and informative.
•Any text accompanying a table or chart should reference
the key points you want to highlight, but the visual
should be understood even if the text is not read.
Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data
Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data
No matter which visual display you use for your data, keep these
things in mind:

Only include information pertinent to your key points. Too much

extra data can be distracting.

If you include very involved visuals, those that will require

time and attention to wade through, use them as appendices, not
in your summary.

When formatting, whether decimal spaces or fonts and column

widths, be consistent throughout.
Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data
•Only get as technical as your audience and your data demands.

•Sort your data before finalizing any display. An unsorted

table, chart, or graph is not self-explanatory. With sorting
comes enlightenment.

•As much as possible, group your information so there are fewer

data points to wade through. Grouping leads to clarity.

•Graphs, charts, and tables should answer more questions than

they pose.
Graphic
Organizers to
use in
presenting data
In qualitative research, the most commonly-used organizer is
TABLE.

Tables are very effective when used for reference purposes.

•Title your table in a meaningful way.
•Avoid abbreviations if possible.
•It will be more meaningful to your audience if you convert
actual counts into percentages.
•If you have historical data, include columns for comparison.
•Your data should make sense: earliest years to later years,
largest down to smallest amounts, highlight the most important
points.
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

Remember to understand the goals of your study and

the results you have collected. Recapitulate all the
tools and procedures you used to gather the study.
After reviewing these important parts, you can now
start writing your discussion. You can use any of the
approaches stated in the previous pages.
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

Title: Millennial Perceptions on Death: Positive? or

Negative?

Respondents: 100 millennial teenagers aged 15-18 yo

Tools: unstructured interview, focus group discussion
Findings (raw):
-most teenagers view death positively and are not
afraid to die
-teenagers started planning for their death by
leaving wills, death wishes, what coffin to use, and
what to do with their bodies when they die
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

-death as a positive idea contributed to millennials not

prioritizing their life. They forgot the beauty of life.

-some millennials see death negatively as they are afraid

to end up in hell

-millennials often see death as a joke through the use of

dark humor

-death as a negative notion made us remember the grief it

brings to families, friends, and couples
-suicide is often the result of taking death as a solution
to life's problems
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

Approach 1.A. Give reasoning

According to a study on millennial perceptions of

death, it was found out that most millennials view
death positively. This is because they are not afraid
to die. They find it as a solution to their life
problems, thus committing suicide as they see fit.
Then, they start to plan for their death by leaving
wills, last wishes, what coffin to use, and
instructions for what to do with their body when they
die.
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

Approach 1.B. Explain the scenario during the data

collection period which might have some influence on
the results of the research

Millennials nowadays make jokes about death and seem

to see it as a good topic for dark humor. They are not
afraid to die and even plan how their death should be
celebrated. Suicide is also rampant among troubled
teenagers and also a fascination to young ones. This
made the idea of death a positive perception to
millennials aged 15-18 y.o.
Sample Discussion using any
approaches

Approach 1.C. Explain the results based on the

limitations or constraints of the research

Suicide rates among millennials have been dangerously

high. This might have been a result of how young people
see death. Based on the study, millennials see death as
a joke or as a solution to their problems. However,
this is not always the case. Only 100 millennials were
interviewed and they may not represent all of the
perceptions of the youth in the world.
 Directions: Write a 1 paragraph discussion on
the given study (with results) using any of

Activity the approaches

section.
to writing the discussion

Title: Stress at school: A

correlational study between the
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS Impacts of the learning environment
ON 1 WHOLE SHEET OF and education system
PAPER.
Respondents: 800 randomly selected
senior high school students

Tools used: Unstructured interview,

qualitative research design

Results:
-students get stressed in a disruptive
learning environment such as noise in
the classroom, abusive peers, and
demanding teachers
 Directions: Write a 1 paragraph discussion on
the given study (with results) using any of

Activity the approaches

section.
to writing the discussion

Results:
--The learning environment is crucial to a
student’s growth as a member of society.
WRITE YOUR ANSWERS The education system helps achieve the goal
ON 1 WHOLE SHEET OF of producing conducive individuals for the
PAPER. country.

-The education system has some useless

subjects to teach.

-the education system adds a lot of stress

to the students due to the schedule of
numerous subjects in a day.
-the education system focuses more on the
intellect rather than emotional and
practical intelligence. Due to this,
students didn’t learn how to go about in
the ‘real’ world.