2 marks questions:

1) What is primary energy and secondary energy?

Ans: Primary Energy: Primary energy is the energy that's harvested directly from natural
resources.It mainly includes crude oil, oil shale, natural gas, solid mineral fuels, biomass, solar
radiation, hydraulic energy, wind energy, geothermic energy and the energy taken from uranium
fission.
Secondary Energy: Secondary energy is all energy obtained from transforming primary energy (in
particular electricity of thermal origin). For example, when we burn coal in a power plant to produce
electricity, electricity is a form of secondary energy.
2) Define commercial energy and non-commercial energy.
Ans: Commercial energy: The energy sources that are used to generate electricity and that are
available in the marketplace with a specific price are known as commercial energy sources. The most
commercialized forms of commercial energy sources are electricity, coal, and advanced petroleum
products.
Non-commerial energy: The sources of energy that are usually available free of cost from nature, are
referred to as non-commercial sources of energy. For example, firewood, agriculture waste and dried
dung.
3) Which country has the highest crude oil reserve?
Ans: Venezuela
4) What is the position of India in crude oil reserve in the world?
Ans: 24th in the world.
5) When the energy conservation act for India has been framed?
Ans: 2001
6) Write the full form of ECBC?
Ans: The Energy Conservation Building Code
7) What is latent heat?
Ans: energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state (phase) that
occurs without changing its temperature.
8) What is specific heat?
Ans: the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius
degree.
9) Define gauge pressure.
Ans: Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. For the pressures above
atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure is positive. For the pressures below atmospheric pressure, gauge
pressure is negative.
10) What is viscosity of fluid?
Ans: Viscosity is defined as the measure of the resistance of a fluid to gradual deformation by shear or
tensile stress.The SI unit of viscosity is poiseiulle (PI).
11) What is specific gravity of fuel?
Ans:
12) What is the need for energy audit?
Ans: The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per
unit of product output or to lower operating costs.
13) What is production factor?
Ans:
14) What is the use of fyrite?
Ans: The Fyrite® Classic is a tried-and-true instrument for measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The Fyrite® Classic is available for O2 or CO2, and each gas type of Fyrite® is available in multiple
ranges to meet a variety of applications, from combustion analysis to incubators to anesthesiology.
15) What is the use of fuel efficiency monitor?
Ans: It measures Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide and Temperature of flue gas. From these values it
computes Combustion Efficiency, Excess Air and Carbon Dioxide values. It is suitable for all gas, oil
& solid fuels.
16) What is the exact coal reserve and coal production of India?
Ans: Exact coal reserve: 361411.46 million tonnes
Exact coal production: The all India coal production in the year 2021-2022 was 778.19 Million
Tonne (MT)
17) Name top two oil producing countries in the world.
Ans: United States & Saudi Arabia
18) What is meant by PPP in energy management system?
Ans: They are also looking to different financing, legal and commercial frameworks, including
public-private partnerships (PPPs) to leverage private capital and expertise to support the development
of renewable energy projects.
This section includes links to RE policies, laws, and regulations from countries around the world, key
sample and standardized contracts used for the implementation of RE projects, as well as, reading
materials and links to useful online resources.
19) Define the term ABT.
Ans: Availability Based Tariff (ABT) is a frequency based pricing mechanism applicable in India for
unscheduled electric power transactions.
20) What do you mean by BEE?
Ans: BEE full form is the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. It is an Indian governmental agency under the
Ministry of Power. It acts as an intermediary body between the Government, manufacturers and
consumers with the goal of energy efficiency.
21) Define power factor mathematically.
Ans:
22) What is super heat?
Ans: In thermodynamics, superheating is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature
higher than its boiling point, without boiling.
23) Define enthalpy of heat.
Ans: Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy
equals to the total content of heat of a system, equivalent to the system’s internal energy plus the
product of volume and pressure.
24) Define fuel density.
Ans: Fuel density relates the mass of a fuel to the amount of energy that is stored within the fuel. Fuel
density data is entered by fuel type, and by default is measured as kg / m3
25) What do you mean by energy content of fuel?
Ans: Energy content is the amount of heat produced by the burning of 1 gram of a substance, and is
measured in joules per gram (J/g).
26) What is given in preliminary energy audit?
Ans: The Preliminary Energy Audit focuses on the major energy suppliers and demands usually
accounting for approximately 70% of total energy. It is essentially a preliminary data gathering and
analysis effort. It uses only available data and is completed with limited diagnostic instruments.
27) What is given in the detailed energy audit report?
Ans: It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy
streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions.
28) Where is the use of combustion gas analyser?
Ans: A combustion analysis is commonly performed on appliances such as boilers, heaters, ovens,
pool heaters, and furnaces. Test results provide gas levels and insight into safe and efficient appliance
operation.
29) How manometer is used with pitot tube?
Ans:
30) What are the levels of materials balance?
Ans: Usually there are three periods, start up, continuous processing (so-called steady state) and close
down
31) What are the typical voltage levels of a power system network?
Ans: Low Voltage − From 120 V to 600 V. Medium Voltage − From 2.4 kV to 34.5 kV. High Voltage
− From 46 kV to 230 kV. Extra-High Voltage − From 345 kV to 1100 kV
32) What is meant by maximum demand?
Ans: Maximum demand is the highest level of electrical demand monitored in a particular period
usually for a month period.
33) State the advantage of power factor improvement by capacitor addition.
Ans:

34) What are the losses in a transformer?

Ans: The four main types of loss are resistive loss, eddy currents, hysteresis, and flux loss.
35) What conditions need to be satisfied for parallel operation of transformers?
Ans: For parallel connection of transformers, primary windings of the transformers are connected to
source bus-bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus-bars. Various conditions that
must be fulfilled for the successful parallel operation of transformers are

● Same voltage ratio and turns ratio (both primary and secondary voltage rating is same)

– Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio.

● Identical position of tap changer

● Same KVA ratings
● Same phase angle shift (vector group are same)
● Same frequency rating
● Same polarity
● Same phase sequence.

36) State the formulas to calculate the AT & C losses in a distribution system.
Ans: The formula to figure out AT&C loss is: AT&C Loss = (Energy input – Energy billed) * 100 /
Energy input. When you consider what technical losses and commercial losses are, that formula
begins to look like this: AT&C Opportunity = (Improved maintenance + Decreased energy theft) *
100 / Energy input.
37) Define the process of Demand Side Management.
Ans: Demand Side Management (DSM) is a strategy electric utilities use to control electricity demand
by incentivizing customers to modify their energy consumption patterns during peak hours or reduce
their overall energy consumption
38) What is total harmonic distortion?
Ans: The total harmonic distortion (THD or THDi) is a measurement of the harmonic distortion
present in a signal and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to
the power of the fundamental frequency
39) What is free air delivery in an air compressor?
Ans: In a compressed-air system, free air delivery (FAD) is the enlarged volume of air that the
compressor releases into the network within a given measure of time.
40) Define isothermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency.
Ans: Isothermal efficiency: The isothermal efficiency compares the power requirement for an
isothermal compression with the actually required power input. The isothermal power is the product
of mass flow and the mass specific work required at ideal isothermal conditions.
Volumetric efficiency: Volumetric efficiency (VE) is the actual amount of air flowing through an
engine, compared to its theoretical maximum. Basically, it is a measure of how full the cylinders are.
VE is expressed as a percentage.
41) What is heatless purge type dryer?
Ans: Heatless air dryers are pressure swing adsorbers designed to retain the heat of adsorption within
the desiccant beds during the drying process. The stored heat of adsorption is consumed during the
regeneration process to remove moisture from the desiccant to provide continuous service.
42) What are the refrigerants used in air conditioning system?
Ans: There are two main categories of refrigerants that residential AC systems use. These are R-22
(Freon) and R-410A (Puron)
43) What is the use of centrifugal compressor?
Ans: Centrifugal compressors are used in pipeline booster service where high volume and low
compression ratios exist. They are also used in very high flow rate gas lift service. They are not very
well suited for high ratio, low-volume applications.
44) Name different types of air compressor.
Ans: Rotary screw, vane and reciprocating air compressors are the three most common types of air
positive displacement compressors found in small and medium sized industries
45) What is meant by energy efficiency ratio in air conditioner?
Ans: The EER is the ratio of the cooling capacity (in British thermal units (Btu) per hour) to the
power input (in watts). The higher the EER rating, the more efficient the air conditioner.
46)Why heat pumps are used?
Ans: Heat pumps offer an energy-efficient alternative to furnaces and air conditioners for all climates.
Like your refrigerator, heat pumps use electricity to transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space,
making the cool space cooler and the warm space warmer.
47)Name different flow control strategies in industrial fans.
Ans: There are five primary airflow control strategies for centrifugal fans in industrial settings,
including various damper and drive solutions:
● Outlet Damper.
● Inlet Box Damper.
 ● Variable Inlet Vane (VIV) Damper.
● Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
● Combination of a VIV and a VFD.
48) Define hydraulic power and pump shaft power.
Ans: Hydraulic Power: hydraulic power, also called Fluid Power, power transmitted by the
controlled circulation of pressurized fluid, usually a water-soluble oil or water–glycol mixture, to a
motor that converts it into a mechanical output capable of doing work on a load.
Pump shaft power: A pump shaft power is the amount of power delivered or provided by the shaft
of a pump. It is dependent on the hydraulic power and the efficiency.
49) List out different types of pumps used in industry.
Ans: Different Types of Industrial Pumps: Dynamic Pumps
● Centrifugal Pumps.
● Submersible Pumps.
● Fire Hydrant Systems.
● Lobe Pumps.
● Screw Pumps.
● Diaphragm Pumps.
● Gear Pumps.
● Piston Pumps.
50) Draw the pump operating point curve neatly.
Ans:

51) What type of pump is used in sewage water treatment plant?

Ans: The type of pumps most commonly used at wastewater treatment plants include the centrifugal,
progressive cavity, and positive displacement.
52) Name different types of industrial fans.
Ans:
● Centrifugal fans. ...
● Axial fans. ...
● High-Pressure fans (HP) ...
● Multi-vane fans (MV) ...
● Backward curved fans (BC) ...
● Backward lamina fans (BL) ...
● Backward aerofoil fans (BA)
53) Draw the sketch of a typical cooling tower water system.

Ans:

54) What is the lumen equivalent of one watt?

Ans: 1 Watt =12.5 lumens
55) What is Illuminance? What is its unit?
Ans: lluminance describes the amount of light falling onto or illuminating a given surface area. Lux is
it’s unit.
56) State inverse square law of illuminance.
Ans: The inverse square law states that "the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of distance of the surface from a point source of light." E=1/d^2
57) Define luminous efficacy and lamp circuit efficacy.
Ans: Luminous efficacy: Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible
light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens per watt in the International
System of Units (SI).
Lamp circuit efficacy: Lamp efficacy (or luminous efficacy) is 'The ratio of the light output from a
light source to the power consumed; measured in lumens per Watt (lm/W). The higher the efficacy
value of a lamp or lighting system, the more energy-efficient it is.
58) What is colour rendering index? Why is it used?
Ans: The Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of a light source’s ability to show object colours
realistically or naturally. In other words, to accurately render all frequencies of its colour spectrum
when compared to a perfect reference light of a similar type.
The higher the CRI, the better the artificial light source is at rendering colors accurately. The lower
the CRI value, the more unnatural colors appear when illuminated by the light source. Equally
important to finishes and hues are how people look in the space.
59) Draw the energy flow diagram of LED lamp.
Ans:
60) What is the use of electronic ballast?
Ans: An electrical ballast is a device that limits the current through an electrical load. These are most
often used when a load (such as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current
through the load increases.

5 marks questions:
1) Demonstrate the process of availability based tariff.
Ans Availability Based Tariff (ABT) is a frequency based pricing mechanism applicable in India for
unscheduled electric power transactions. The ABT falls under electricity market mechanisms to
charge and regulate power to achieve short term and long term network stability as well as incentives
and dis-incentives to grid participants against deviations in committed supplies as the case may be.
ABT Mechanism in Electricity sector in India is adopted since the year 2000 and in a few other
countries for pricing bulk power across various stakeholders. ABT concerns itself with the tariff
structure for bulk power and is aimed at bringing about more responsibility and accountability in
power generation and consumption through a scheme of incentives and disincentives. As per the
notification, ABT was initially made applicable to only central generating stations having more than
one SEB/State/Union Territory as its beneficiary. Through this scheme, the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (CERC) looks forward to improve the quality of power and curtail the
following disruptive trends in power sector:

Unacceptably rapid and high frequency deviations (from 50 Hz) causing damage and disruption to
large scale industrial consumers
Frequent grid disturbances resulting in generators tripping, power outages and power grid
disintegration.
2) Define oil shale and oil sands.
Ans: Oil shale is a sedimentary rock. As it reaches its oil window, oil shale releases a liquid known as
shale oil. Oil shale is the rock from which shale oil is extracted. Shale oil is similar to petroleum, and
can be refined into many different substances, including diesel fuel, gasoline, and liquid petroleum gas
(LPG).

Oil sands, tar sands, crude bitumen, or bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum
deposit. Oil sands are either loose sands or partially consolidated sandstone containing a naturally
occurring mixture of sand, clay, and water, soaked with bitumen, a dense and extremely viscous form
of petroleum

3) Give a sector wise energy consumption breakup for India.

4) What is energy intensity? How it is related with purchasing power parity?

Ans:Energy intensity is a measure of the energy inefficiency of an economy. It is calculated as units
of energy per unit of GDP. High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy
into GDP. Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
Energy intensity level of primary energy is the ratio between energy supply and gross domestic
product measured at purchasing power parity. Energy intensity is an indication of how much energy is
used to produce one unit of economic output. Lower ratio indicates that less energy is used to produce
one unit of output.
5)Explain the method of demand side management in electric power supply.
Ans: DSM, also known as energy demand management or demand-side response (DSR) is the
curtailing of the client’s energy demand by numerous strategies, including behavioral changes
(through awareness) and financial benefits. The objective of DSM is to inhibit consumers from
depleting less energy during the peak time frame or from shifting the energy use to an off-peak time
frame such as weekends or nighttime. This does not necessarily reduce overall energy usage. On the
contrary, it focuses on reducing the need for investing in power plants or networks excessively for
meeting the optimal demands, for example, conserving the energy storage during off-peak hours and
discharging it during peak hours. The latest strategy of DSM to overcome power consumption is to
assist the grid operators in stabilizing intermittent generation from solar and wind sources, especially
when the amount and timing of energy demand do not coincide with the renewable energy production.
6) What is the role and function of central electricity authority?
Ans:
Role : to regulate the inter-State transmission of electricity ; to determine tariff for inter-State
transmission of electricity; to issue licences to persons to function as transmission licensee and
electricity trader with respect to their inter-State operations; Improve access to information for all
stakeholders
Function:
to regulate the tariff of generating companies owned or controlled by the Central Government;.
to regulate the tariff of generating companies other than those owned or controlled by the Central
Government specified in clause (a), if such generating companies enter into or otherwise have a
composite scheme for generation and sale of electricity in more than one State;
to regulate the inter-State transmission of electricity ;
to determine tariff for inter-State transmission of electricity;
to issue licences to persons to function as transmission licensee and electricity trader with respect to
their inter-State operations;
Improve access to information for all stakeholders.
to levy fees for the purposes of the Act;
to specify Grid Code having regard to Grid Standards;
to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by
licensees;
to fix the trading margin in the inter-State trading of electricity, if considered, necessary;
to discharge such other functions as may be assigned under the Act.
7) Define energy management and frame its objectives.
And: Energy management is the art and science of optimum use of energy to maximise profits
(minimise costs) and thereby improve the economic competiveness. The energy should be used
efficiently, economically and optimally.Energy management can also be defined as the science
involving planning, directing, con­trolling the supply and consumption of energy to maximise
productivity and comforts and minimise the energy costs and pollution with conscious, judicious and
effective use of energy.

Objectives:
Objectives of supply side:
To formulate energy strategies, plan energy supply on short term, mid-term and long term basis and to
ensure adequate supply of various forms of secondary (usable) energy to various consumers in the
allocated geographical zone with minimum cost and minimum environmental pollution, to regulate
energy flow.
Objectives of End-user side:

To select optimum energy forms for consumption and to optimize energy consumption of each form
of energy for reducing energy costs and for improving productivity, standard of living and
environment.

In accordance with this generic objective, every end-user organisation should have an en­ergy
objective statement in written form as a management policy statement. This is an obliga­tory function
for every organisation on supply side and demand side in individual and national interest.
8) Define energy audit and frame its objectives.
Ans:
Definition:
Energy Audit is a vital link in the entire management chain. The energy man­ager, while proposing
various courses of action and evaluating their conse­quences, requires a detailed information base to
work from energy audit at­tempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use and serves to identify
all the energy streams in the system and quantifies energy usages according to its discrete function.
Objectives of Energy Audit:
i. Assessing present pattern of energy consumption in different cost centres of operations

ii. Relating energy inputs and production output

iii. Identifying potential areas of thermal and electrical energy economy.

iv. Highlighting wastage in major areas

v. Fixing of energy saving potential targets for individual cost centres

vi. Implementation of measures of energy conservation and realisation of sav­ings.

9) Analyze the concept of Integrated Energy Policy.

Ans: At the direction of the Prime Minister and Deputy Chair of the Planning Commission, an expert
committee was established to develop a comprehensive energy policy in 2004. The Integrated Energy
Policy, released in August 2006, addresses all aspects of energy, including energy security, access and
availability, affordability and pricing, efficiency and the environment. The broad vision behind the
energy policy is to provide safe and convenient energy at the lowest cost in a technically efficient,
economically viable, and environmentally sustainable manner -thereby reliably meeting the demand
for energy services of all sectors, including the energy needs of vulnerable households in all parts of
the country.On energy efficiency, the IEP proposes a number of goals:Reduce energy intensity by
20%; andIncrease average gross efficiency of power generation from 30.5% to 34%.
10) Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy.
Ans:
Depletion
Renewable resources cannot be depleted over time. Non-renewable resources deplete over time.
Sources
Renewable resources include sunlight, water, wind and also geothermal sources such as hot springs
and fumaroles. Non-renewable resources includes fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum.
Environmental Impact
Most renewable resources have low carbon emissions and low carbon footprint. Non-renewable
energy has a comparatively higher carbon footprint and carbon emissions.
Cost
The upfront cost of renewable energy is high. For instance, generating electricity using technologies
running on renewable energy is costlier than generating it with fossil fuels. Non-renewable energy has
a comparatively lower upfront cost.
Infrastructure Requirements
Infrastructure for harvesting renewable energy is prohibitively expensive and not easily accessible in
most countries. Cost-effective and accessible infrastructure is available for non-renewable energy
across most countries.
Area Requirements
Requires a large land/ offshore area, especially for wind farms and solar farms. Comparatively
lower area requirements.
11) Frame the basic features of energy conservation act.
Ans: This act gives the power to the central government and in some cases, the state also gets the
power to:

Fix the energy usage standards for specific appliances and equipment.
Give direction that there should be a mandatory display of labels specific equipment and appliances.
Stop the building, import, and sale of the items which are not to the standards.
Inform energy concentrated businesses, different foundations, and business structures as assigned
customers
Set up and recommend energy utilization standards and guidelines for assigned buyers
Prescribe or make changes in Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC) to local conditions for
energy conservation and efficient use of energy in a new commercial building with a contract load of
500 kW.
Make and provide Central and State Energy Conservation Fund.
12) What is the process of energy audit?
Ans:
Data collection: the auditor starts collecting some preliminary information on the energy consumption
of the facilities and some technical details such as process diagrams, drawings and equipment
inventory - usually provided by the organization.
Field work: at least one on-site visit is required, with the aim of gathering all the information needed
for the study depending on the defined scope. This information includes collecting details of the
energy consuming equipment such as brand, model, power and hours of operation. Some interviews
with staff will also be required. Depending on the type of energy audit, some metering devices will be
used.
Analysis of energy consumption and performance of energy accounting: all the operations of the
organization must be analyzed, as well as the equipment consuming higher energy.

The processes which have higher energy consumption must be identified in order to determine the
potential for reducing it and to define the energy saving measures to improve global energy
performance.
All information collected is used to evaluate the different uses of energy within the process and to
establish a breakdown of the energy consumed. This energy accounting is also called Energy Balance.
Analysis and development of energy saving measures: once all the data collected has been analyzed,
energy saving measures can be identified. The information collected and analyzed enables the auditor
to detect energy saving measures to reduce energy consumption. Energy and cost savings of these
measures will be assessed, together with investment needed and payback.
Energy audit report: following the energy audit, an energy audit report must be issued, which should
include at least the following information:
Technical scope: this point includes facilities, services and included areas and level of depth in the
analysis and detail required.
Methodology: this point includes the analysis of the state of art of the facilities (energy inputs,
technologies and services), measurement results and energy balance.
Suggested energy saving measures: this point includes a description of each energy saving measure,
including potential energy savings, economic savings, investment needed and payback.
Conclusions: this point includes the recommended measures, total energy savings, total economic
savings, total investment and payback.
13) What is the use of star rating in electrical appliances and how is it being done?
Ans:
14) What are dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures?
Ans:
Dry Bulb Temperature - Tdb
The Dry Bulb temperature, usually referred to as "air temperature", is the air property that is most
commonly used. When people refer to the temperature of the air they are normally referring to the dry
bulb temperature.

The Dry Bulb Temperature refers basically to the ambient air temperature. It is called "Dry Bulb"
because the air temperature is indicated by a thermometer not affected by the moisture of the air.

Dry-bulb temperature - Tdb, can be measured using a normal thermometer freely exposed to the air
but shielded from radiation and moisture. The temperature is usually given in degrees Celsius (oC) or
degrees Fahrenheit (oF). The SI unit is Kelvin (K). Zero Kelvin equals to -273oC.

Wet Bulb Temperature - Twb

The Wet Bulb temperature is the adiabatic saturation temperature.

Wet Bulb temperature can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet muslin.
The adiabatic evaporation of water from the thermometer bulb and the cooling effect is indicated by a
"wet bulb temperature" lower than the "dry bulb temperature" in the air.

The rate of evaporation from the wet bandage on the bulb, and the temperature difference between the
dry bulb and wet bulb, depends on the humidity of the air. The evaporation from the wet muslin is
reduced when air contains more water vapor.

The Wet Bulb temperature is always between the Dry Bulb temperature and the Dew Point. For the
wet bulb, there is a dynamic equilibrium between heat gained because the wet bulb is cooler than the
surrounding air and heat lost because of evaporation. The wet bulb temperature is the temperature of
an object that can be achieved through evaporative cooling, assuming good air flow and that the
ambient air temperature remains the same.
15) Organize different types of energy audit and its approach.
Ans:
Preliminary Energy Audit (Walk-through audit). In a preliminary energy audit, readily-available data
are mostly used for a simple analysis of energy use and performance of the plant. This type of audit
does not require a lot of measurement and data collection. These audits take a relatively short time and
the results are more general, providing common opportunities for energy efficiency. The economic
analysis is typically limited to calculation of the simple payback period, or the time required paying
back the initial capital investment through realized energy savings.

Detailed Energy Audit (Diagnostic Energy Audit). For detailed (or diagnostic) energy audits, more
detailed data and information are required. Measurements and a data inventory are usually conducted
and different energy systems (pump, fan, compressed air, steam, process heating, etc.) are assessed in
detail. Hence, the time required for this type of audit is longer than that of preliminary audits. The
results of these audits are more comprehensive and useful since they give a more accurate picture of
the energy performance of the plant and more specific recommendation for improvements. The
economic analysis conducted for the efficiency measures recommended typically go beyond the
simple payback period and usually include the calculation of an Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net
Present Value (NPV), and often also Life Cycle Cost (LCC).
16) Analyze the concept of benchmarking in the context of energy audit.
Ans :
Energy benchmarking is the process of tracking your building’s energy consumption over time and
comparing it across regular time periods. You can incorporate related factors such as electricity usage,
building occupancy, fixture upgrades, and weatherproofing. When done correctly, energy
benchmarking allows you to analyze your building’s energy performance and set new goals.The
process typically begins with an energy audit that establishes a baseline consumption. This hard data
can then be compared to metrics collected on a regular basis, allowing you to set goals for reducing
energy consumption.

The audit also identifies areas of inefficiency and wastage, along with potential causes. Energy
benchmarking is the first step toward correcting wasteful behaviors, upgrading equipment that drains
electricity, and improving the building’s energy envelope
17) Convert the following into tonnes of oil equivalent
i) 10,000 kg of coal with a calorific value of 4000 kcal/kg
ii) 10,00,000 kWhr

18) Explain the process of energy conservation building codes.

Ans:
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) set minimum energy performance standards for
commercial buildings. Under section 14 (p) of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Central
Government has powers to prescribe ECBC for non-residential buildings, having connected load of
100 KW and above or a contract demand of 120 KVA and above or recommended built-up area of
1000 sqm and above. or building complex for efficient use of energy and its conservation. The state
governments have the flexibility to modify ECBC to suit local or regional needs. Energy performance
standards for the following building systems will be included in the ECBC:

Building Envelope
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Lighting
Service Water Heating
Electric Power and Distribution
19) Apprise the three laws of thermodynamics.
Ans:
The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy passes into or out of a system (as work,
heat, or matter), the system's internal energy changes in accordance with the law of conservation of
energy.
The second law of thermodynamics states that in a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the
entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems never decreases. A common corollary of the
statement is that heat does not spontaneously pass from a colder body to a warmer body.

The third law of thermodynamics states that a system's entropy approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses), the
entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero.
20) Judge the plant energy performance concept as stated in detailed energy audit report.
Ans:
21) Describe the working principle of ultrasonic flow meter.
Ans:
Ultrasonic flow meters use sound waves at a frequency beyond the range of hearing (typically 0.5, 1,
or 4 MHz). This ultrasound signal is sent into a stream of flowing liquid by using wetted (insertion)
transducers that make direct contact with the liquid or external (clamp-on) transducers that send the
ultrasound through the pipe wall. Clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters allow users to measure the
volumetric flow rate of a fluid in a pipe without having to penetrate the pipe which decreases
installation and maintenance costs.

A typical transit-time ultrasonic liquid flow meter utilizes two ultrasonic transducers that function as
both ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. The ultrasonic flow meter operates by alternately transmitting
and receiving a burst of ultrasound between the two transducers by measuring the transit time that it
takes for sound to travel between the two transducers in both directions. The difference in the transit
time (∆ time) measured is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid in the pipe.

Below is a drawing of a typical application using the most common, V (2 pass) mounting method with
clamp-on transducers. In this application, the ultrasound is transmitted from the first transducer and
travels through the pipe wall, through the liquid, then reflects off the back wall of the pipe, then
travels through the pipe wall, and is picked up by the second transducer.

22)Explain the cascaded efficiency process in a power system network.

Ans:
23) What are the methods of improving power factor? Briefly explain them.
Capacitor Banks
Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage and current. Since the
majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some amount of reactive power for them to
function.A capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the load provides this reactive power.
They act as a source of local reactive power, and thus less reactive power flows through the line,

Synchronous Condensers
Synchronous condensers are 3 phase synchronous motors with no load attached to their shaft.The
synchronous motor has the characteristics of operating under any power factor leading, lagging, or
unity depending upon the excitation. For inductive loads, a synchronous condenser is connected
towards the load side and is overexcited.Synchronous condensers make it behave like a capacitor. It
draws the lagging current from the supply or supplies the reactive power.

Phase Advancers
This is an AC exciter mainly used to improve the PF of an induction motor.They are mounted on the
shaft of the motor and are connected to the rotor circuit of the motor. It improves the power factor by
providing the exciting ampere turns to produce the required flux at the given slip frequency.

24) The utility bill shows an average power factor of 0.72 with average kW of 627. How much
kVAR is required to improve the power factor to 0.95?
Ans:

25) How to control the voltage fluctuation using the on load and off load tap changing
transformer?
Ans:
The voltage control in transmission and distribution systems is usually obtained by using tap changing
transformers. In this method, the voltage in the line is adjusted by changing the secondary EMF of the
transformer by varying the number of secondary turns. Secondary voltage of a transformer is directly
proportional to the number of secondary turns. Thus, the secondary voltage can be adjusted by
changing the turns ratio of the transformer. Secondary number of turns can be varied with the help of
tappings provided on the winding. Basically, there are two types of tap changing transformers.
off-load tap changing transformers
on-load tap changing transformers
Voltage Control Using Off-Load Tap Changing Transformers
In this method, the transformer is disconnected from the supply before changing the tap. Off load tap
changing transformers are relatively cheaper. But the main drawback with them is that the power
supply is interrupted while changing the tap.
Voltage Control Using On-Load Tap Changing Transformers
In modern power system, continuity of the supply is important. Therefore, on-load tap changing
transformers are preferred to control the voltage.

26)What are the ways for distribution system loss optimization?

Ans:
Load balancing among various feeders. To relieve over load among feeders. Improve voltage profile.
Service restoration during fault conditions.
Reduce ohmic losses by using a good electrical conductor with minimum resistance and maximum
conductivity.
Use a dielectric substrate of a low loss tangent and high dielectric constant to reduce dielectric losses
and losses due to leakage currents.
27) Explain the different methods of demand side management.
Ans:
28) Design and explain a compressed air system with its different components.
Ans:
Compressed air systems usually consist of the following components:
compressor
air cooler
air receiver tank
filter
dryer
condensate trap
distribution system

The compressor produces compressed air at the required pressure.

The air receiver tank acts as a reservoir to store and cool the compressed air and helps make sure the
system can cope with variations in demand.

The air cooler, filter and dryer all treat the air at different points in the system. They remove
impurities such as water, dirt and oil from the air taken in by the compressor, as well as those added
by the compressor.

Compressed air may be fed to various uses on a site via a distribution system. These distribution
systems can be relatively straightforward or very complex. Some businesses use portable units, which
consist of all of these components in a compact package. Portable units are usually used for
small-scale applications, or when a mobile source of compressed air is needed.
29) Draw and explain the heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system.
Ans:
HVAC system works on heat transfer theory. Basically, there are various processes in HVAC where
the heat exchange takes place to cool the medium (water or air).
Indoor Air Loop
If you want to cool air, then the warm air will be passed through evaporator cooling coils. In these
coils, the refrigerant gas is flowing.
Chiller Water Loop
If you want to cool water, then the warm water will be passed through evaporator cooling coils. In
these coils, the refrigerant gas is flowing.
Refrigerant Loop
The warm refrigerant thrown by the evaporator cooling coils is given to the compressor.The
compressor compresses this gas which makes it of a very high temperature and pressure. The output is
then given to condenser coils.
Condenser Water Loop
The hot refrigerant gas passes through coils in the condenser, where it makes contact with the cooling
water given by the cooling tower.This decreases the temperature of the gas and the heat is transferred
to the cooling water which becomes warmer now.
Cooling Tower Loop
The warm water from the condenser makes contact with the air drawn by cooling tower fans. This
decreases the temperature of the water and the heat is transferred to the surrounding air which
becomes warmer now. The cooler water is again given back to the condenser.
30)Calculate the power transmitted to the water if the shaft power of the motor driving a pump
is 30 kW. Take the motor efficiency as 0.9 and pump efficiency as 0.6.
Ans:

31) Explain the effect of speed variation in a hydraulic pump system.

Ans:

32) Explain the operation of fanless cooling tower.

Ans:
In industries, cooling towers are placed for removing the unwanted heat, which gets generated from
the running machinery during any manufacturing process. Due to more heat in the factory, the
efficiency of the machine decreases, which affects the production of the products.

A natural cooling tower cools the hot water naturally by use of air. It does not contain any types of
fans or fills so it is called a fill less and fanless cooling tower.

Water is chilled by increasing air traveling in the Natural type cooling towers, and the water is sprayed
with Spray nozzles and covered with louver covers. Because there are no mechanical fans in this
approach, it saves money on running costs.
The towers only need to be fastened down on the RCC/brick formwork foundation at the job site. The
client is responsible for the implementation. Higher-capacity towers may be quickly constructed
on-site and then erected in the same way as small ones are.

The objective of cooling tower fills is to get as much water to the surface area in touch with about as
much air as possible for as long as necessary. Water forms thin streaming layers in film fills to expose
as much surface of the water time as needed to the mixing flow.
33) Explain the zonal cavity method for indoor lighting calculation.
Ans:
34) State the customer, societal and utility benefits of demand side management.
Ans:
Firstly, it helps reduce market prices for electricity by freeing the utility from the expense of building
backup (and sometimes fossil-fueled) plants that are brought online to cope with peak demand.
It reduces the costs of managing the electricity grid.
By smoothing out demand, it results in a more efficient and dependable electricity network
Customers can save on their energy bills as they shift demand to off-peak hours, particularly if they
are large businesses or industries.
The environment, since renewable energy becomes more user-friendly.Network operators can ensure
network reliability, because DSM programs give them the tools to schedule usage and therefore avoid
the risk of unexpected surges in demand that can cause power outages .The community overall, which
is provided with more reliable electricity without building new power plants.Utilities, because they
avoid having to build new generating capacity to meet peak demand loads, and can avoid the expense
of buying electricity on the open market in the event of a sudden spike in demand.

35) What are the factors affecting energy efficiency of the motors and how to minimize those?
Ans:
Motor performance depends on three elements such as voltage across terminals, resistance across
terminals, and magnetic force.
The measures to reduce mechanical consumption mainly include high efficiency fan structure and
reasonable air path, improving blade surface roughness, making air flow smooth, improving fan
efficiency, reducing wind friction consumption, selecting high quality low friction bearing and grease,
reducing friction loss, improving shape and position tolerance accuracy, ensuring motor assembly
quality, reducing friction loss, etc. The measures to reduce stray loss mainly include the use of
multiple slots in stator slots, the reduction of slot width of stator and rotor, the use of non-conducting
magnetic materials at both ends of the core, the use of "sinusoidal" windings to weaken high-order
harmonics in the magnetic field, the weakening of additional loss, and the appropriate increase of air
gap. the rotor adopts few slots, magnetic slot wedges, accurate control of inclined slots, special
inclined slots and so on.
36) What is Psychrometrics? How it is used in air conditioning process?
Ans:
Psychrometrics is the study of atmospheric air, which is a mixture of pure air and water vapor at
atmospheric pressure. The pure air portion of an air–water vapor mixture is commonly called dry air;
consequently, atmospheric air is said to consist of a mixture of dry air and water vapor.
Psychrometric analysis can be used to predict changes in the environment when the amount of heat
and/or water in the air changes.
Psychrometric analysis is crucial in accurately computing the volume flow rates of air through the
air-conditioning ducts.Psychrometric analysis enables the HVAC designer to compute the load
imposed on the conditioning equipment (grand load) including outside air load.Psychrometric analysis
is inherently capable of distinguishing between the sensible and latent load quantities of outside and
conditioned space (room) air, thus providing an insightful picture of how to handle the existing
moisture.Psychrometric chart is a useful tool for visualizing moist air relations for instance; it will
answer why heated air can hold more moisture, and conversely, how allowing moist air to cool will
result in condensation.
Psychrometric analysis help you can estimate energy flows; evaluate performance and plan energy
conservation.

10 marks questions:
1) Explain the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) and the way by which it can be achieved.
Ans: Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) is the obligation mandated by the Maharashtra
Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC) under the Act, to purchase minimum level of renewable
energy out of the total consumption by the Obligated Entity.
Targets

Every Obligated Entity may meet its RPO target by way of (i) Own generation or procurement of
power from RE developer or (ii) Purchase from other licensee or (iii) Purchase of renewable energy
certificate or (iv) Combination of any of the above options.
2) List out the schemes of BEE from energy conservation act and brief them.
Ans:
3) What is the load factor of a continuously operating facility that consumed 9,00,000 kWhr of
energy during a 30 day billing period and establish a peak demand of 2000 kW.
Ans:

4) What are the ways of thermal temperature measurement? Explain each of them briefly.
5) Execute the electricity act 2003 and list out all major outcomes and features of this act.
Ans:

6) Explain the process of mass and energy balance with suitable energy flow diagram.
Ans: If the unit operation, whatever its nature is seen as a whole it may be represented
diagrammatically as a box, as shown in Figure. 4. 1. The mass and energy going into the box must
balance with the mass and energy coming out.
The law of conservation of mass leads to what is called a mass or a material balance.

Mass In = Mass Out + Mass Stored

Raw Materials = Products + Wastes + Stored Materials.

ΣmR = ΣmP + Σ mW + ΣmS

(where Σ (sigma) denotes the sum of all terms).

ΣmR = ΣmR1 + Σ mR2 + ΣmR3 = Total Raw Materials

ΣmP = ΣmP1 + Σ mP2 + ΣmP3 = Total Products.

ΣmW= ΣmW1 + Σ mW2 + ΣmW3 = Total Waste Products

ΣmS= ΣmS1 + Σ mS2 + ΣmS3 = Total Stored Products.

If there are no chemical changes occurring in the plant, the law of conservation of mass will apply
also to each component, so that for component A:

mAin entering materials = mA in the exit materials + mA stored in plant.

For example, in a plant that is producing sugar, if the total quantity of sugar going into the plant is
not equalled by the total of the purified sugar and the sugar in the waste liquors, then there is
something wrong. Sugar is either being burned (chemicallychanged) or accumulating in the plant or
else it is going unnoticed down the drain somewhere. In this case:

MA = (mAP + mAW + mAU)

where mAUis the unknown loss and needs to be identified. So the material balance is now:

Raw Materials = Products + Waste Products + Stored Products + Losses

where Losses are the unidentified materials.

Just as mass is conserved, so is energy conserved in food-processing operations. The energy coming
into a unit operation can be balanced with the energy coming out and the energy stored.

Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored

ΣER = ΣEP + ΣEW + ΣEL + ΣES

where

ΣER = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 + ……. = Total Energy Entering

ΣEp = EP1 + EP2 + EP3 + ……. = Total Energy Leaving with Products

ΣEW = EW1 + EW2 + EW3 + … = Total Energy Leaving with Waste Materials

ΣEL = EL1 + EL2 + EL3 + ……. = Total Energy Lost to Surroundings Σ

ES = ES1 + ES2 + ES3 + ……. = Total Energy Stored

Energy balances are often complicated because forms of energy can be interconverted, for example
mechanical energy to heat energy, but overall the quantities must balance.

7) Analyze the following:

i) specific enthalpy
ii) specific enthalpy of saturated water
iii) specific enthalpy of saturated steam
iv) specific enthalpy of superheated steam
Ans:
i) Specific enthalpy is the enthalpy per unit mass of a system. Constant-pressure specific heat is a
property of a substance. It equals to the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one unit
mass (i.e., 1 kg) of the substance by one degree in an isobaric process.
Specific enthalpy is a property of the fluid and can be expressed as:

h=u+pv (2)

where

u = internal energy (kJ/kg)

p = absolute pressure (N/m2)

v = specific volume (m3/kg)

ii) Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends
on the pressure.
For saturated water at standard atmosphere - 2) -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At standard
atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at 100 oC (212 oF).

The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from:

hf = cw (tf - t0) (3)

 where

hf = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg)

cw = specific heat water (4.19 kJ/kg.oC)

tf = saturation temperature (oC)

t0 = refer temperature = 0 (oC)

iii) Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - hg - can be obtained from tables as above. The value
depends on the pressure.
For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - 2) - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2676 kJ/kg.

The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:

he = hg - hf (4)

where

he = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is:

he = (2676 kJ/kg) - (419 kJ/kg)

= 2257 (kJ/kg)

iv) The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from:

hs = hg + cps (ts - tf) (5)

where

hs = enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg)

cps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC)

tf = saturation temperature (oC)

ts = superheated steam temperature (oC)

cps = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that cps varies with temperature

8) Explain the process of energy balance in a power plant cycle.

9) List out five strategic measures for meeting energy security of a country and justify how to
implement those.
Ans:
1. Set the target and implementation framework
The government must set a target for every year to reduce the total household energy consumption
and design a suitable implementation framework to achieve this target. This will be helpful for all
involved stakeholders to work in the same direction and implement strategy effectively.
2. Effective feedback measures
Inform people and provide them real-time feedback regarding their daily energy consumption with
modern technology such as smart meters, display units, and dashboards. This will help people to track
their consumption and motivate them to find a solution for reducing energy consumption to save
billing cost.
3. Fiscal measures
The government should reduce duties and taxes on energy-saving products and increase the same on
conventional and high energy-consuming products. This will make energy-saving measures cheaper,
and people will get the motivation to implement them. The government can also provide subsidies for
using energy-efficient products.
4. Regulatory measures
The government can set up rules and guidelines to promote energy-saving behaviour. This includes
restricting sales on high energy-consuming products and reducing barriers in energy-saving measures
with policy interventions. The government can charge higher rates for consuming more than required
energy units.
5. Restructure surrounding environment
Environmental restructuring is the changes in physical and social surroundings to encourage particular
behaviour. It includes creating awareness and educating people with various plays, moral stories,
signboards, and posters. Also, developing social norms in the community to practice energy-saving
behaviors.
The strategy mentioned above aims to reduce the unnecessary high energy consumption behavior in
people with behavioral change interventions. The effective implementation of this strategy is based on
various internal and external factors.

10) Select proper features and justify the national mission on enhanced energy efficiency
(NMEEE) based on them.
Ans:
The National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) is one of the eight national missions
under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). NMEEE aims to strengthen the market
for energy efficiency by creating conducive regulatory and policy regime and has envisaged fostering
innovative and sustainable business models to the energy efficiency sector. The Mission is
implemented since 2011.

Initiatives under NMEEE

NMEEE consist of four initiatives to enhance energy efficiency in energy intensive industries which
are as follows:
Perform Achieve and Trade Scheme (PAT) - Implementing a market assisted compliance mechanism
to accelerate implementation of cost effective improvements in energy efficiency in large
energy-intensive industries
Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) - Accelerating the shift to energy efficient
appliances in specific application through innovative measures to make the products more affordable.
Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) - Facilitating Financial Institutions to invest in Energy
Efficiency Projects and Programmes
Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development (FEEED) - Developing fiscal instruments to
leverage financing for Energy Efficiency through risk mitigation:
Partial Risk Guarantee Fund for Energy Efficiency (PRGFEE) and
Venture Capital Fund for Energy Efficiency (VCFEE) to promote energy efficiency
National Energy Conservation Award and Painting Competition

11) Evaluate the workings of bureau of energy efficiency at each sections of energy audit.

12) What are the components of the materials and energy balance of a process?

13) A 250 W sodium vapour lamp is installed on a street. The supply for the street light is from
230 V and it operates around 11 hrs a day. Considering the current of 2 A and a power factor of
0.85 lagging. Calculate the energy consumer for the month of March.
Ans:

14) If air consists of 77% weight of nitrogen and 23% by weight of oxygen calculate:
i) Mean molecular weight of air
ii) Mole fraction of oxygen
iii) Concentration of oxygen in mole/m3
and kg/m3
if the total pressure is 1.5 atmospheres and the temperature is 25 .
Ans: (i) Taking the basis of 100 kg of air: it contains 77/28 moles of N2 and 23/32 moles
of O2,
Total number of moles = 2.75 + 0.72 = 3.47 moles.
So mean molecular weight of air = 100 / 3.47 = 28.8
Mean molecular weight of air = 28.8
(ii) The mole fraction of oxygen = 0.72 / (2.75 + 0.72) = 0.72 / 3.47 = 0.21
Mole fraction of oxygen = 0.21
(iii) In the gas equation, where n is the number of moles present: the value of R is
0.08206 m3 atm/mole K and at a temperature of 25 7deg;C = 25 + 273 = 298 K, and
where V= 1 m3
pV = nRT
and so, 1.5 x 1 = n x 0.08206 x 298 n = 0.061 mole/m3
weight of air = n x mean molecular weight = 0.061 x 28.8 = 1.76 kg / m3
and of this 23% is oxygen, so weight of oxygen = 0.23 x 1.76 = 0.4 kg in 1 m3
Concentration of oxygen = 0.4kg/m3 or 0.4 / 32 = 0.013 mole / m3
15) Elucidate the step by step approach for maximum demand control.
Ans:
1. Load Curve Generation
Presenting the load demand of a consumer
against time of the day is known as a ‘load
curve’. If it is plotted for the 24 hours of a
single day, it is known as an ‘hourly load
curve’ and if daily demands plotted over a
month, it is called daily load curves. A typi-
cal hourly load curve for an engineering
industry .These types of curves are useful in predicting patterns of drawl, peaks and valleys and
energy use trend in a section or in an industry or in a distribution network as the case may be.
2. Rescheduling of Loads
Rescheduling of large electric loads and equipment operations, in different shifts can be planned
and implemented to minimize the simultaneous maximum demand. For this purpose, it is advis-
able to prepare an operation flow chart and a process chart. Analyzing these charts and with an
integrated approach, it would be possible to reschedule the operations and running equipment
in such a way as to improve the load factor which in turn reduces the maximum demand.
3. Storage of Products/in process material/ process utilities like refrigeration
It is possible to reduce the maximum demand by building up storage capacity of products/ materi-
als, water, chilled water / hot water, using electricity during off peak periods. Off peak hour oper-
ations also help to save energy due to favorable conditions such as lower ambient temperature etc.
Example: Ice bank system is used in milk & dairy industry. Ice is made in lean period and
used in peak load period and thus maximum demand is reduced.
4. Shedding of Non-Essential Loads
When the maximum demand tends to reach preset limit, shedding some of non-essential loads
temporarily can help to reduce it. It is possible to install direct demand monitoring systems,which will
switch off non-essential loads when a preset demand is reached. Simple systems give an alarm, and
the loads are shed manually. Sophisticated microprocessor controlled systems are also available,
which provide a wide variety of control options like:
■ Accurate prediction of demand
■ Graphical display of present load, available load, demand limit
■ Visual and audible alarm
■ Automatic load shedding in a predetermined sequence
■ Automatic restoration of load
■ Recording and metering
5. Operation of Captive Generation and Diesel Generation Sets
When diesel generation sets are used to supplement the power supplied by the electric utilities,
it is advisable to connect the D.G. sets for durations when demand reaches the peak value. This
would reduce the load demand to a considerable extent and minimize the demand charges.
6. Reactive Power Compensation
The maximum demand can also be reduced at the plant level by using capacitor banks and
maintaining the optimum power factor. Capacitor banks are available with microprocessor
based control systems. These systems switch on and off the capacitor banks to maintain the
desired Power factor of system and optimize maximum demand thereby.

16) What are the different types of air compressors? Explain each of them briefly.
Ans: Air compressors are categorized as either positive displacement or dynamic displacement, based
on their internal mechanisms. The four most common types of air compressors are:
1.Rotary Screw Compressors
common type of displacement compressor, rotary screws are some of the easiest types of air
compressors to take care of, as they are equipped with an internal cooling system that doesn’t require
much maintenance. They are typically large industrial-sized machines that can be either lubricated
with oil or run oil-free.
2.Reciprocating Air Compressors
Reciprocating compressors are another popular type of displacement compressor. They are typically
found at smaller work sites such as garages and home construction projects. Unlike the rotary screw
compressor, the reciprocating compressor is not designed for continuous use. A reciprocating air
compressor also has more moving parts, which are lubricated with oil for smoother movement.
3.Axial Compressors
Axial air compressors are not typically used in construction projects. Instead, they are commonly
found in high-speed engines on ships and planes. Axial compressors have a high efficiency rate but
are much more expensive than other types of air compressors, making them best suited for aerospace
applications requiring high horsepower.
4.Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal air compressors slow and cool incoming air through a diffuser in order to build up
potential energy. Because of their multi-phase compression process, centrifugal compressors are able
to produce a high amount of energy in a relatively small machine.These compressors require less
maintenance than rotary screw or reciprocating compressors, and some types can produce oil-free air.
Because they can reach around 1,000 horsepower, centrifugal compressors are typically used for more
demanding construction sites like chemical plants and steel manufacturing centers.
17) Draw a neat diagram of the vertical water pump used in the municipal water supply system
and explain its operating principle.
Ans:
Working Principle
The vertical pump working principle is, they usually work with a diesel engine or an AC electric
induction motor throughout an exact angle drive. The last part of this pump can be designed with
minimum one spinning impeller. This can be connected toward a shaft through the well water into a
bowl or a diffuser casing.
The several impellers can be used by different configurations over the similar shaft to make high
pressure. This will be required for deep wells at earth level.These pumps work whenever water flows
through the pump at the base throughout a suction bell and the shape of this is like a bell part. After
that, it moves into the primary stage impeller to raise the velocity of the water. Then the water flows
into the diffuser bowl immediately over the impeller, wherever this high-velocity energy can be
changed into high-pressure.The fluid from the bowl also supplies into the secondary impeller which
can be situated instantly on top of the bowl. So this method continues throughout the phases of the
pump. Once the water supplies away from the previous diffuser bowl, then it flows during a lengthy
vertical column pipe when it flows up from the well-bore in the direction of outside.The rotating shaft
within the column can be supported at 3 or 5-foot intervals through sleeve bushings. These are placed
within the column & greased by the water flowing past them. The discharge head of the pump will be
located at the surface of this pump that allows the water flow to modify direction, in the direction of
the discharge pipe. A vertical high push AC motor is placed on the top of the discharge head.
18) List out the components used in a cooling tower. Draw and explain different types of cooling
Towers.
Ans:
Components:
Gearboxes
Fill media
Drift reducers
Nozzles
Fans
Driveshafts
Air intake louvers
Electric float valves
Crossflow cooling towers:
Crossflow cooling towers use a splash fill that allows in-flowing to air move in a horizontal path over
the stream of water from the upper reservoirs. Crossflow systems are some of the more expensive
equipment types, but they are also some of the easiest to maintain. However, these cooling systems
are more vulnerable to frost than others.
Counterflow cooling towers:
In a counterflow system, the in-flowing air travels in a vertical path over the splash fill as the water
streams down from the reservoir above. Counterflow systems are usually smaller than their crossflow
counterparts. These cooling towers are more expensive due to the fact that more energy is needed to
push the air upward against the down-flowing water.
Hyperbolic cooling towers:
Hyperbolic systems are well-built and require a minimal amount of resources. Though they require
few resources, these cooling towers are able to efficiently manage large-scale tasks within big
chemical or power plants. Hyperbolic systems use a chimney stacking technique that allows the
cooler, outside air to push the damp, warmer air inside the tower. Splash fill is placed around the
bottom of the tower and the water that sprays over it is cooled by the passage of upward-flowing air.

19) What are the different types of lamps used? Briefly explain each of them with energy flow
Diagrams.
Ans:
Incandescent: The incandescent light or lamp is an electric light source that functions through
incandescence, which means the light emission can be caused through filament heating. These are
available in an extensive range of wattages, voltages & sizes.
Tungsten Halogen:tungsten halogen lamp is also called quartz iodine & quartz-halogen, is one kind
of incandescent lamp that includes a tungsten filament enclosed within a solid transparent cover. This
cover is packed with a combination of a halogen & an inert gas like bromine or iodine.
Fluorescent:It is a less pressure gas-discharge with mercury-vapor lamp and it generates visible light
by using fluorescence. In this bulb, once the electric current supplies then the gas will excite the
mercury vapor to generate short-wave UV light, and then it causes a phosphor coating within the lamp
to blink.
The main function of a fluorescent lamp is to change the energy more efficiently from electrical to as
compared to incandescent lamps.
Compact Fluorescent:The compact fluorescent lamp is one kind of fluorescent lamp that is normally
designed to replace halogen or incandescent lamps. These lamps are available in two types like
screw-in & plug-in.
Mercury Vapour:A gas discharge lamp like a mercury-vapor lamp utilizes an electric arc throughout
vaporized mercury for generating light. Generally, the arc discharge is restricted to a tiny fused quartz
arc pipe that is placed in a bigger borosilicate glass bulb.
Metal Halide:metal halide lamp is also called an MH lamp & it is a high-intensity discharge lamp
that means it generates its light using an electric arc in a small discharge tube.So these lamps are
becoming very famous because of their light quality as well as their efficiency. These lamps are
mostly used in sports fields, stadiums, parking lots & street lights in urban places.
High-Pressure Sodium Vapour:high-pressure sodium-vapor lamp is an electric discharge lamp
including ionized sodium. These lamps are mainly used in street lighting &other lightings.Once
current supplies in between the two electrodes, then it ionizes the argon & neon to provide a red glow
till the hot gas evaporates the sodium
Low-Pressure Sodium Vapour:low-pressure sodium-vapor lamp or LPS lamp includes an internal
discharge tube that is made with borosilicate glass. This glass is arranged through metal electrodes &
filled with argon & neon gas with small metallic sodium. LPS lamps are extensively used in street
lights due to their efficiency & the capability of their yellow color light to go through fog.
LED: LED lamps are electric lights that generate light through LEDs & these are extensively more
energy-efficient as compared to incandescent lamps & fluorescent lamps. The commercially available
& most efficient LED lamps have 200 lumens for each watt

20) Explain the concept of variable speed drive (VSD) with its operating principle and graph.
What is the need for VSD motors?
Ans: The basic function of a variable speed drive (VSD) is to control the flow of energy from the
mains to the process. Variable speed drives sit between the electrical supply and the motor. Power
from the electrical supply goes into a drive and the drive then regulates the power that is fed to the
motor.Inside the drive the input power is run through a rectifier, that converts the incoming AC power
to DC power. The DC power is fed into the capacitors inside the drive. This is done to smooth out the
electrical waveform which provides the clean power supply for the next step. Power then flows from
the capacitors to the inverter, that changes the DC power to the output AC power that goes to the
motor.This step allows the drive to adjust the frequency and the voltage that fed into to the motor
based on your current process demands. This means you run your AC motors at the speed or with the
torque according to the demand needed. This is why you can save large amounts of money using the
AC drives.Besides saving energy, variable speed drives also help you reduce maintenance costs, waste
and even ambient noise emissions. They are also a great way to help meet your environmental goals.

VSD controls the speed and torque of an AC motor by converting fixed frequency and voltage input
to a variable frequency and voltage output. System performance can be greatly improved by
controlling speed to precisely match the load.

21) In the leakage test in a process industry, following results are observed: Compressor
capacity= 35 m3 /minutes, cut in pressure= 6.8 kg/m3 , cut out pressure= 7.5 kg/m3 , Load
drawn= 188 kW, Unload drawn= 54 kW, Average load time= 1.5 minutes, Average unload time=
10.5 minutes. Calculate the leakage quantity and avoidable loss of power due to air leakage.
Ans:

22) Explain the operating principle of absorption drying. What are its different types? Briefly
explain each of them.
Ans:
Working principle: The working principle of an adsorption dryer is based on the ability of the
desiccant material to absorb water vapor from the compressed air. The filters before the dryer
protect it, then the filters after the dryer eliminate desiccant dust.
Here are the four types of adsorption dryers:

1. Heatless-type dryers: These dryers are best suited for smaller air flow rates,
high inlet temperatures and very low dew points. The regeneration process
takes place with the help of expanded compressed air, or purge air, and
requires approximately 15 to 20 percent of the dryer’s nominal capacity to
regenerate the media bed.
2. Heated purge regenerated dryers: These dryers heat up to the expanded
purge air by means of an electric air heater. They use 25 percent less energy
than heatless-type dryers while limiting the required purge flow to around 10
percent.
3. Blower regenerated dryers: Ambient air is blown over an electric heater and
brought into contact with the wet desiccant to regenerate it. With this type of
dryer, compressed air isn’t used to regenerate the desiccant material, which
helps lower the energy consumption to 40 percent less than heatless-type
dryers.
4. Heat of compression dryers: In heat of compression dryers, the desiccant is
regenerated by using the available heat of the compressor. Instead of
evacuating the compressed air heat in an aftercooler, the hot air is used to
regenerate the desiccant. This type of dryer provides a typical pressure dew
point of -4°F without adding any energy. A lower pressure dew point can also
be achieved by adding extra heaters.
23) What are heat pumps? Explain its operating principle with a neat heat exchange diagram.
Why it is used?
Ans: A heat pump is a device that can provide heat to a building by transferring thermal energy
from the outside using a refrigeration cycle. Many heat pumps can also operate in the opposite
direction, cooling the building by removing heat from the enclosed space and rejecting it outside

Working of a Heat Pump

24.) A V-belt centrifugal fan is supplying air to a process plant. The performance test of the fan
gave the following parameters. Find out the static fan efficiency.
Density of air at 0 oC 1.293 kg/m3
Ambient air temperature 40 oC
Diameter of the discharge air duct 0.8 m
Velocity pressure measured by Pitot tube in discharge duct 45 mmWC
Pitot tube coefficient 0.9
Static pressure at fan inlet -20 mmWC
Static pressure at fan outlet 185 mmWC
Power drawn by the motor coupled with the fan 75 kW
Belt transmission efficiency 97 %
Motor efficiency at operating load 93 %
Ans:
Air temperature = 40°C
Diameter of the discharge air duct = 0.8 m
Velocity pressure measured by Pitot tube = 45 mmWC
Static pressure at fan inlet = - 20 mmWC
Static pressure at fan outlet = 185 mmWC
Power drawn by the motor = 65 kW
Transmission efficiency = 97%
Motor efficiency = 93 %
Area of the discharge duct= 3.14 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1/4
= 0.5024 m2
Pitot tube coefficient 0.9
Corrected gas density (273 x 1.293) / (273 + 40) = 1.1277

Volume =

= 12.65 m3 /s
Power input to the shaft = 75 x 0.97 x 0.93
= 67.6kW

Fan static efficiency = 12.65 x (185 – (–20)/102 x 67..6

= 37.6 %

25.) An evaporator is fed with 10,000 kg/hr of a solution having 1% solids. The feed is at 38 oC.
It is to be concentrated to 2% solids. Steam is entering at a total enthalpy of 640 kcal/kg and the
condensate leaves at 100 oC. Enthalpies of feed are 38.1 kcal/kg, product solution is 100.8 kcal
/kg and that of vapour is 640 kcal/kg. Find the mass of vapour formed per hour and the mass of
steam used per hour.
Ans: