PROBLEM SET NO 2

26. Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the
first-stage turbine at 1200 lbf/in.2 and 980°F, expands to a pressure of 350 lbf/in.2
, and is reheated to 900°F before entering the second stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 2
lbf/in.2 The net power output of the cycle is 1 x 110Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the reheater.
(d) the thermal efficiency.
27. Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with reheat. Superheated vapor enters the
turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Steam expands through the firststage
turbine to 0.7 MPa and then is reheated to 480°C. Determine for the cycle
(a) the heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in
kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.

28. Steam at 4800 lbf/in.2

, 1000°F enters the first stage of a supercritical reheat cycle including two
turbine stages. The steam exiting the first-stage turbine at 600 lbf/in.2
is reheated at constant
pressure to 1000°F. Each turbine stage and the pump have an isentropic efficiency of 85%. The
condenser pressure is 1 lbf/in.2 If the net power output of the cycle is 100 MW, determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in MW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser, in MW.
(c) the cycle thermal efficiency.
29. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the
turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Steam expands through the firststage
turbine to 0.7 MPa where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to an open
feedwater heater operating at 0.7 MPa. The remaining steam expands through the second-stage
turbine to the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 0.7
MPa. Determine for the cycle
(a) the heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in
kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
30. A power plant operates on a regenerative vapor power cycle with one open feedwater heater.
Steam enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 560°C and expands to 1 MPa, where some of the
steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 1 MPa. The remaining
steam expands through the second turbine stage to the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated
liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 1 MPa. The net power output for the cycle is 330 MW.
For isentropic processes in the turbines and pumps, determine
(a) the cycle thermal efficiency.
(b) the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s.
(c) the rate of entropy production in the open feedwater heater, in kW/K.
31. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater.
Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2
and 1000°F and expands to 120 lbf/in.2
, where some of
the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 120 lbf/in.2
The
remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2
lbf/in.2
Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2
The net power output of the
cycle is 1 x 109
Btu/h. Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
32. Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam
enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to 120 lbf/in.2, where some of the
steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 120 lbf/in.2
The remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2
lbf/in.2 Each turbine stage and both pumps have isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the
condenser, open feedwater heater, and steam generator is at constant pressure. Saturated liquid
exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2 The net power output of the cycle is 1 x 109Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
33. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater.
Superheated vapor enters the first-stage turbine at 16 MPa, 560°C, and the condenser pressure
is 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage turbine is 120 kg/s. Steam expands
through the first-stage turbine to 1 MPa where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to an
open feedwater heater operating at 1 MPa. The remainder expands through the second-stage
turbine to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 1 MPa.
Determine
(a) the net power developed, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water undergoes a
temperature increase of 18°C with negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser.
34. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater
heater. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser pressure is 6
kPa. Steam expands through the first-stage turbine where some is extracted and diverted to a
closed feedwater heater at 0.7 MPa. Condensate drains from the feedwater heater as saturated
liquid at 0.7 MPa and is trapped into the condenser. The feedwater leaves the heater at 10 MPa
and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 0.7 MPa. Determine for the cycle
(a) the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ per kg of
steam entering the firststage turbine.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in
kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
35. Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater heater.
Steam enters the turbine at 2400lbf/in.2
and 2000°F and expands to 220 lbf/in.2
, where some of
the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed feedwater heater. The remaining steam
expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2
Each turbine
stage and the pump have isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the condenser, closed
feedwater heater, and steam generator is at constant pressure. Condensate exiting the feedwater
heater as saturated liquid at 120 lbf/in.2
undergoes a throttling process as it passes through a trap
into the condenser. The feedwater leaves the heater at 1400 lbf/in.2
and a temperature equal to
the saturation temperature at 120 lbf/in.2
The net power output of the cycle is 1 x 109 Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
36. Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater
heater. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 16 MPa, 570°C, and the condenser pressure is 8
kPa. The cycle has a closed feedwater heater using extracted steam at 1 MPa. Condensate
drains from the feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 1 MPa and is trapped into the condenser.
The feedwater leaves the heater at 16 MPa and a temperature equal to the saturation
temperature at 1 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage turbine is 140 kg/s.
Determine
(a) the net power developed, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water undergoes a
temperature increase of 18°C with negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser.
37. Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater heater and
one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to
500 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed feedwater heater.
Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 500 lbf/in.2
undergoes athrottling process to 120 lbf/ in.2as it passes through a trap into the open feedwater heater.
The feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/ in.2 and a temperature equal to the
saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2The remaining steam expands through the second-stageturbine to
120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwaterheater operating
at 120 lbf/in.2Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2Theremaining steam
expands through the third-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2All processes of the
working fluid in the turbine stages and pumps are internally reversible. Flowthrough the condenser,
closed feedwater heater, open feedwater heater, and steam generator isat constant pressure. The net
power output of the cycle is 1 x 109Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
38. Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater heater and
one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2
and 1000°F and expands to 500 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the
closed feedwater heater.Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 500
lbf/in.2undergoes athrottling process to 120 lbf/in.2as it passes through a trap into the open feedwater
heater. Thefeedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2and a temperature equal to
thesaturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2The remaining steam expands through the second-
stageturbine to 120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the
openfeedwaterheater operating at 120 lbf/in.2Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at
120lbf/in.2Theremaining steam expands through the third-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2
lbf/in.2The turbine stages and the pumps each operate adiabatically with isentropic efficiencies of
85%.Flow through the condenser, closed feedwater heater, open feedwater heater, and steam
generator is at constant pressure. The net power output of the cycle is 1 x 109
Btu/h. Determine
for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
39. Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle modified to include one closed feedwater heater and
one open feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 16 MPa, 560°C, and the
condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage turbine is 120
kg/s. The closed feedwater heater uses extracted steam at 4 MPa, and the open feedwater
heater uses extracted steam at 0.3 MPa. Saturated liquid condensate drains from the closed
feedwater heater at 4 MPa and is trapped into the open feedwater heater. The feedwater leaves
the closed heater at 16 MPa and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 4 MPa.
Saturated liquid leaves the open heater at 0.3 MPa. Assume all turbine stages and pumps
operate isentropically. Determine
(a) the net power developed, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the steam generator, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water undergoes a
temperature increase of 18°C with negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser.
40. Consider a regenerative vapor power cycle with two feedwater heaters, a closed one and an open
one, and reheat. Steam enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 480°C, and expands to 2 MPa.
Some steam is extracted at 2 MPa and fed to the closed feedwater heater. The remainder is
reheated at 2 MPa to 440°C and then expands through the second-stage turbine to 0.3 MPa,
where an additional amount is extracted and fed into the open feedwater heater operating at 0.3
MPa. The steam expanding through the third-stage turbine exits at the condenser pressure of 6
kPa. Feedwater leaves the closed heater at 210°C, 12 MPa, and condensate exiting as saturated
liquid at 2 MPa is trapped into the open feedwater heater. Saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa leaves the
open feedwater heater. Assume all pumps and turbine stages operate isentropically. Determine
for the cycle
(a) the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ per kg of
steam entering the first stage turbine.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling water, in
kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine.
41. Water is the working fluid in a reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater
heater and one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2
and 1000°F an expands to 500 lbf/in.2 , where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed
feedwater heater. Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 500
lbf/in.2 undergoes a throttling process to 120 lbf/in.2as it passes through a trap into the open
feedwater heater. The feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2
and atemperature equal to the saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2The remaining steam is
reheatedto 900°F before entering the second-stage turbine, where it expands to 120 lbf/in.2Some of
thesteam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 120 lbf/ in.2
Saturatedliquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2The rest expands through the third-stage
turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2All processes of the working fluid in the turbine
stages and pumps are internally reversible. Flow through the condenser, closed feedwater
heater, open feedwater heater, steam generator, and reheater is at constant pressure. The net power
output of the cycle is 1 x 109Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator,
including the reheat section.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
42. Water is the working fluid in a reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one closed feedwater
heater and one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/ in.2
and 1000°F and expands to 500 lbf/in.2
, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed
feedwater heater. Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 500
lbf/in.2 undergoes a throttling process to 120 lbf/in.2 as it passes through a trap into the open
feedwater heater. The feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2
and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2
The remaining steam is reheatedto 900°F before entering the second-stage turbine, where it expands to
120 lbf/in.2Some of thesteam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 120
lbf/in.2 Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands
through the third-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2 The turbine stages and the
pumps each operate adiabatically with isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the condenser,
closedfeedwater heater, open feedwater heater, steam generator, and reheater is at constant pressure.
The net power output of the cycle is 1 x 109Btu/h.
Determine for the cycle
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the turbine, in lb/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing through the steam generator,
including the reheat section.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
43. A binary vapor power cycle consists of two ideal Rankine cycles with steam and Refrigerant 134a
as the working fluids. The mass flow rate of steam is 2 kg/s. In the steam cycle, superheated
vapor enters the turbine at 8 MPa, 600°C, and saturated liquid exits the condenser at 250 kPa. In
the interconnecting heat exchanger, energy rejected by heat transfer from the steam cycle is
provided to the Refrigerant 134a cycle. The heat exchanger experiences no stray heat transfer
with its surroundings. Superheated Refrigerant 134a leaves the heat exchanger at 600 kPa,
30°C, which enters the Refrigerant 134a turbine. Saturated liquid leaves the Refrigerant 134a
condenser at 100 kPa. Determine
(a) the net power developed by the binary cycle, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the binary cycle, in kW.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the binary cycle.
(d) the rate of entropy production in the interconnecting heat exchanger, in kW/K.
44. A binary vapor cycle consists of two Rankine cycles with steam and ammonia as the working
fluids. In the steam cycle, superheated vapor enters the turbine at 900 lbf/in.2
, 1100°F, and
saturated liquid exits the condenser at 140°F. The heat rejected from the steam cycle is provided
to the ammonia cycle, producing saturated vapor at 120°F, which enters the ammonia turbine.
Saturated liquid leaves the ammonia condenser at 75°F. Each turbine has an isentropic efficiency
of 90% and the pumps operate isentropically. The net power output of the binary cycle is 7 x 107
Btu/h.
(a) Determine the quality at the exit of each turbine, the mass flow rate of each working fluid, in
lb/h, and the overall thermal efficiency of the binary cycle.
(b) Compare the binary cycle performance to that of a single Rankine cycle using water as the
working fluid and condensing at 75°F. The turbine inlet state, isentropic turbine efficiency, and net
power output all remain the same.
45. Consider a cogeneration system operating as shown in the Figure below. Steam enters the first
turbine stage at 6 MPa, 540°C. Between the first and second stages, 45% of the steam is
extracted at 500 kPa and diverted to a process heating load of 5 x 108
kJ/h. Condensate exits the
process heat exchanger at 450 kPa with specific enthalpy of 589.13 kJ/kg and is mixed with liquid
exiting the lower-pressure pump at 450 kPa. The entire flow is then pumped to the steam
generator pressure. At the inlet to the steam generator the specific enthalpy is 469.91 kJ/kg.
Saturated liquid at 60 kPa leaves the condenser. The turbine stages and the pumps operate with
isentropic efficiencies of 82% and 88%, respectively. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage, in kg/s.
(b) the net power developed by the cycle, in MW.
(c) the rate of entropy production in the turbine, in kW/K.