Department of Mechanical Engineering, KBT College of Engineering

Experiment No: 03.

3.1 Aim: Determination of dryness fraction of steam using separating calorimeter

3.2 Objectives: 1. Measurement of dryness fraction of steam.

2. Understanding various methods of measurement of dryness fraction

3.3 Hardware used: Experimental Setup/Instruments/ Devices:

Boiler with controller
Pressures gauge 2 nos. (One at inlet and other at throttling units).
Condenser: Shell and tube type.
K-type Thermocouple sensor
Temperature Indicator
Measuring Jar

Experiment No: 03
 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KBT College of Engineering

Throttling Calorimeter
3.4. Theory:
Introduction: -
Separating and throttling calorimeters are used to determine the dryness fraction of steam. The
‘Separating Calorimeter’ is the mechanical process in which the incoming wet steam is made
to change the direction through a series of obtuse angles. As the steam travels through these
angles the inertia of the water droplets prevents them from following the changes in direction
of the steam and causes them to drop out from the steam into the collection chamber.
In the ‘Throttling Calorimeter’ the incoming steam is fed into the throttling calorimeter body
via a fixed orifice, the pressure inside the calorimeter body slightly above the atmospheric
pressure. This causes the steam to become superheated and by measuring the final temperature
and pressure of this steam the dryness fraction of the steam can be calculated.
However, both these types of calorimeters have shortcomings. The separating calorimeter
cannot separate out all the water and some is carried over the dry steam. The throttling
calorimeter relies on the steam being throttled into the superheat region which is not possible
if the steam is too wet before throttling.
The solution to these two problems is to combine the two types of calorimeter by connecting
them in series which is called separately as the Combined Separating and Throttling
Calorimeter’.

Dryness fraction of Steam through Separating Calorimeter: -

𝑀
𝑋1 =
𝑀+𝑚
Where,
𝑀 = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑚 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑋1 = 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

Experiment No: 03
 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KBT College of Engineering

Dryness fraction of Steam through Throttling Calorimeter: -

(ℎ𝑔 + 2.01(𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑡𝑠2 ) − ℎ𝑓1 )
𝑋2 =
ℎ𝑓𝑔
Where,
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑓1 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝐾𝑗
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 = 2.01
𝑘𝑔
𝑡𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑔 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑠𝑡 𝑃3 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑇1
𝑋2 = 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Dryness fraction of Steam through Combined Separating and Throttling Calorimeter: -

𝑋 = 𝑋1 𝑋2
3.5. Procedure:
1. Fill the water in the boiler up to the ball valve present in the center of the boiler.
2. Connect the continuous water supply line to the condenser inlet & connect the outlet the
outlet of condenser to the drain.
3. Ensure that both the gate valves present above boiler are closed.
4. Connect the power supply & switch on the boiler. Wait until the controller gets cut off.
5. Open the steam outlet valve carefully. Precaution must be taken as the valve gets hot.
6. Adjust the steam pressure to 1 kg/cm2. Open the valve of separating in such a way that only
water separated in the separating calorimeter drains out. Some amount of steam also passes
along with the water.
7. Note down the readings a per the Observation table.
8. After completion of experiment allow all the steam to move in atmosphere and switch off
the supply.

3.6. Specification of Equipment’s used:

1. Steam Capacity of boiler : 600 kg/hr.
Experiment No: 03
 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KBT College of Engineering

2. Fuel Used : Liquid, Diesel, and Oil [LDO]

3. Calorific Valve of Fuel : 41870
4. Fuel Density : 900 kg/m3
5. Maximum Working Pressure : 12 kg/cm2
6. Area of fuel tank (A) :0.4 x 0.4 m2
7. Burette : 1.11
8. Water Consumption : 5 liters
9. Fuel Consumption : 2mm
10. Boiler Room Temperature : 28°C
11. Steam Pressure : 10 kg/cm2
12. Steam temperature : 174°C
13. Fuel and Consumption : 100 absolute 36 kg/hr.
14. Burglar Control : ON/OFF
15. Electric Supply : AC – 3 phase, 4 wire, 413 Volts
16. Blower Motor : 211.5 Hp/kW Motor
17. Fuel Pump : 0.5/0.375 Hp/kW
18. Water Pump Motor : 110.25 Hp/kW
19. Total Connected Load : 3.512 kW

3.7. Observation Table:

Weight of water separated
Quantity of steam passing though separating
Sr. No in the separating
calorimeter (M)
calorimeter (m)
1

𝑀 = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑚 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑋1 = 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

Calculation: -
𝑀
𝑋1 =
𝑀+𝑚

𝑋1 =

Experiment No: 03
 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KBT College of Engineering

3.8. Result:

Calorimeter Used Dryness Fraction of the Steam

Separating Calorimeter

3.9. Conclusion:
Thus, the dryness fraction of steam by using combination of separating and throttling
calorimeter is x = hence the steam is wet.

Experiment No: 03