Experiment Title: Determination of Vapor Pressure

Experiment No. 9

Group Member: Abhinav Anand, Meet Hariyani, Pushkar Parakh, Mansi Kulkarni,
Mohit Sisodia, Khushal Ramani

OBJECTIVE:
● To determine the vapor pressure at various temperatures for a substance and to calculate the
correlation constants in the vapor pressure equation.
● To estimate the latent heat of vaporization of the substance from the vapor pressure data.

APPARATUS:
● Accurate data on equilibrium vapor pressure can be determined over 100 to 760 mm of Hg using a
specially designed glass ebulliometer connected to a manifold and pressure control system.
● The sample of the liquid or solution whose vapor pressure is to be measured is charged to fill the bulb
of the ebulliometer.
● The bulb is electrically heated, and a condenser removes the heat from the vapor.
● The setup is connected to atmospheric pressure and a vacuum pump to vary the pressure from 100 to
760 mm of Hg.

PROCEDURE:
1. The assembled apparatus required for the experiment should be checked before the experiment is
started.
2. 45ml of acetone is collected and filled into the ebulliometer through the funnel.
3. The cold-water valve for condensation is opened, and the flow rate is monitored to achieve a steady
state.
4. The atmospheric pressure valve is opened to set the pressure to 1 atm.
5. The heater and temperature meter are switched on, and the initial voltage power is set to 80-100 watts.
6. Sufficient time, approximately 40-50 minutes, is allowed for the steady state to be reached.
7. The temperature meter reading (approximately 56℃) for the evaporation-condensation steady state is
checked.
8. The readings of temperature are noted once the steady state is reached.
9. The value is changed from open air to vacuum pressure.
10. The vacuum valve is adjusted, and the pressure is set to less than 1 atm (760 mm of Hg).
11. The pressure and temperature readings are noted once the steady state is reached.
12. Steps 10 and 11 are repeated at least 4-5 times.

PRECAUTION:
1. Wear full-sleeve clothes and shoes during the experiment.
2. Temperature should be increased slowly and always kept less than 100°C.
3. Wear safety goggles and gloves at all times.
4. Be careful when handling the acetone, as it is flammable.
5. Do not open the vacuum valve until the pressure has been released.
 6. Do not adjust the vacuum valve while the heater is on.
7. Be careful not to overfill the ebulliometer.
8. Dispose of the acetone properly after the experiment.

THEORY:
We know that a liquid's vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by its vapor in equilibrium with the liquid. The
vapor pressure increases as the temperature increases because the molecules in the liquid have more energy
at higher temperatures, and they try to escape from the liquid and enter the vapor phase.

The Clausius-Clapeyron law is an equation that relates the vapor pressure of a liquid to its temperature. The
equation is:
𝑃 ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 1 1
𝑙𝑛( 𝑃2 = − 𝑅
(𝑇 − 𝑇1
);
1 2

Where;
● 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are the vapor pressures at temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2, respectively
● ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 is the enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid
● 𝑅 is the gas constant

The Clausius-Clapeyron law can be used to calculate the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature if
the vapor pressure and temperature at another temperature are known. It can also be used to calculate a
liquid's vaporization enthalpy.

In the vapor pressure experiment, the acetone is heated in an ebulliometer. The temperature of the acetone is
monitored, and the pressure of the vapor is measured at regular intervals. The experiment results can be used
to plot a vapor pressure graph as a temperature function. The slope of this graph can then be used to
calculate the acetone's vaporization enthalpy using the Clausius-Clapeyron law.

The vapor pressure experiment is a simple and effective way to measure the vapor pressure of a liquid. It is a
commonly used experiment in chemistry and physics laboratories.

OBSERVATION:
● Volume of acetic acid used to conduct the experiment= 45mm.
● Boiling point of acetone = 56℃
● Ambient temperature (𝑇𝑎 ) = 27 ℃

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Determination in height of the

manometer (mm) Pressure (mm of hg) Boiling (°C)
278 771.09 56.6
272 754.45 52.7
268 743.36 46.7
260 721.17 37.5
255 707.3 31.3
CALCULATIONS:
● Plot lnP vs. 1/T

● Correlation constants in the vapor pressure equation

When pressure is in (mm of Hg) and temperature in (K) From the graph, we got the equation ln
𝑃 = −329 𝑇 + 7.64 On comparing the above equation with Antoine equation 𝑙𝑛 𝑃 = 𝐴 − 𝐵/𝑇
𝐴 = 7.64
𝐵 = 329
 2
● Graph when unit of Pressure changes to atm or (𝐾𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚 ).
❖ lnP(in atm) vs. 1/T(in Kelvin)

2
❖ lnP(in Kgf/c𝑚 vs. 1/T(in Kelvin)
 ● Estimation of latent heat of vaporization from the plot
○ From Clausius-Clapeyron equation, we get,
𝑃1 771.09
𝑅*𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 8.314*𝑙𝑛 754.45
∆𝐻 = 1 1 = 1 1 = − 4. 997𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇1
− 𝑇2 329.75
− 325.85

∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = − 4. 997𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (if T2 and T3 are taken) = -2.138𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (if T3 and T4 are taken) = -2.721𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (if T4 and T5 are taken) = -2.463𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

CALCULATION TABLE:

Pressure(
Temperatu Pressure (mm Pressure
2
re (K) 1/T of Hg) lnP (atm) lnP 𝐾𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚 )
329.75 0.003 771.09 6.65 1.01 0.01 1.05
325.85 0.003 754.45 6.63 0.99 -0.01 1.03
319.85 0.003 743.36 6.61 0.98 -0.02 1.01
310.65 0.003 721.17 6.58 0.95 -0.05 0.98
304.45 0.003 707.3 6.56 0.93 -0.07 0.96

CONCLUSIONS:
● First we noticed that when we decrease the pressure, the temperature also decreases and then
increases slowly to achieve the steady state.
● We are getting different experimental values of ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , This could be because of some human
error during calculation.
● It could also be because of inaccurate data we obtained due to the imperfection in the steady state.
● We can find the vapor pressure of any liquid at any given temperature using this method and
vice-versa.

Reference:
1. Lab manual.
2. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textboo
k_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Prope
rties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Clausius-Clapeyron_Equation
3. https://www.vedantu.com/physics/clausius-clapeyron-equation