Experiment No: 03

Experiment Name: Convert an analogue signal to corresponding digitally coded signal.

Objectives:
1. To Quantize the sampled values to a finite set of digital levels.
2. To Encode the quantized values using a binary representation to create the digitally coded
signal.
Theory:
Quantization:
In this section, a discrete time continuous-valued signal is converted into a discrete-time
discretevalued (digital) signal. The value of each signal sample is represented by a value selected
from a finite set of possible values. The quantizer assigns each sample of to the nearest quantization
level by either rounding or truncation.

In the case of rounding, the step size is divided into upper and lower halves. The value in the upper
half are stepped into the next level and the value in the lower half remains in that level.

In the case of truncation, the extended value for a particular

level is cut down and the sampled point stays at that
particular level.
Performing the quantization operation on x(n), the quantized output xq (n) is obtained. The difference
between unquantized sample x(n) and quantized output xq (n) is called quantization error, eq (n). The
finite set of possible values are called quantization levels. The distance ∆, between two successive
quantization levels is called the quantization step size or resolution.

Example -1:
Quantization and encoding of the Signal: x(t)=sin(2π10t)+ sin(2π50t)+ sin(2π100t) Uniform

Code:
clc; close all; clear all; t=0:.001:.1;
y=sin(2*pi*10*t)+sin(2*pi*50*t)+sin(2*pi*100*t);
subplot(1,4,1), plot(t,y) title ('Analog Signal');
Fs=300; i=1;
for j=1: round((length(t)-1)/((max(t)-min(t))*Fs)):length(t) ts(i)=t(j);
ys(i)=y(j); i=i+1; end C=[6 7 8]; for w=1:3 b=C(w); L=2^b;
del=(max(ys)-min(ys))/(L-1);
for i=1:L l(i)=min(ys)+del*(i-1);
end yq=ys; for i=1:length(l)-1
temp= yq>l(i) & yq<l(i+1) & abs(yq-l(i))<abs(yq-l(i+1));
yq(temp)=l(i);
temp= yq>l(i) & yq<l(i+1) & abs(yq-l(i))>abs(yq-l(i+1));
yq(temp)=l(i+1); end
for p=1:length(t) yr(p)=interp1(ts,yq,t(p)); end
subplot (1,4,w+1), stem(t,yr) title
(['Quantized for Bits: ', num2str(b)]) end
Output:

Encoding: The coding process in an A/D converter assigns a unique binary number to each
quantization level. If L is the number of levels, then L levels can be represented by b bits. where
2b = L or b = log2 L.
Encoding the Quantized Sequence:
clc; close all; clear all; t=0:.0001:.1;
y=sin(2*pi*10*t)+sin(2*pi*50*t)+sin(2*pi*100*t);
subplot(2,2,1), plot(t,y) title ('Analog Signal');
Fs=600; i=1;
for j=1:round((length(t)-1)*10/Fs):length(t) ts(i)=t(j);
ys(i)=y(j); i=i+1; end B=[2 6 9]; for w=1:3 b=B(w);
L=2^b;
del=(max(ys)-min(ys))/(L-1);
for i=1:L
l(i)=min(ys)+del*(i-1);
end yq=ys; for
i=1:length(l)-1
temp= yq>l(i) & yq<l(i+1) & abs(yq-l(i))<abs(yq-l(i+1));
yq(temp)=l(i);
temp= yq>l(i) & yq<l(i+1) & abs(yq-l(i))>abs(yq-l(i+1));
yq(temp)=l(i+1); end
for z=1:length(yq)
ye(z)=round((yq(z)-min(yq))/del); end
if w==1 encoded_3=dec2bin(ye);
elseif w==2 encoded_4=dec2bin(ye);
else encoded_6=dec2bin(ye); end
subplot (2,2,w+1), stairs(ts,ye)
title(['Quantized Bits: ', num2str(B(w))]) end
display(encoded_3) display(encoded_4)
display(encoded_6)
Output:

Conclusion:
In conclusion, converting an analog signal to a digitally coded signal involves a process called
analog-to-digital conversion. This process samples the continuous analog signal at regular
intervals, quantizes the sampled values, and represents them as binary numbers. This enables the
transmission, storage, and processing of the signal using digital systems, providing improved
accuracy and reliability in various applications.