LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE
Causes of 1789 Causes of 1830 & Causes of 1917 Effects of Reasons for failure Reasons for
French Revolution. 1848 Revolts Russian Revolt Revolutions success
1.Nature of bourbon 1.Nature of restored 1.Nature of the Positive effects 1. Poor leadership -Able leadership
monarch bourbons, Orleans Tsarist regime -Downfall of 2.Military weakness -Support of the
2.Lack of monarch 2.Weak parliament dictatorial govts 3.Disunity among army
parliament 2.Weakness of 3.Weak of revolutionaries -Support of the
-Rise of new
3.Lack of parliament constitution 4.Lack of foreign masses
constitution 3.Weak constitution 4.Dictatorship personalities. assistance -Foreign assistance
4.Dictatorship 4.Dictatorship 5.Over taxation Napoleon, Louis 5.Interference of Unpopular policies
5.Over taxation 5.Over taxation 6.Religious Philippe, Nap III, foreign powers of ruling govts
6.Religious 6.Religious intolerance Lenin and Stalin 6.Ideological -Good
intolerance intolerance 7.Weakness of Tsar -.Rise of differences mobilization
7.Weakness of 7.Weakness of Louis Nicholas I parliamentary 7.Natural calamities -Abdication of the
Louis XVI Charles XI, Louis 8.Economic leaders
democracy
Philippe backwardness -return of leaders
8.Influence of 8.Influence of 8.Influence of -Constitutionalism 9.Poor transport and from exile
feudalism feudalism feudalism -Judicial reforms communication -failure of leaders
9.Financial crisis 9.Financial crisis 9.Financial crisis -Reduced influence 10. Strength of the to control revolts
10.Role of Britain 10.Role of 10.Role of Finland, of the clergy Metternich system in primary stages
11.Role of Britain/France Swiss, Germany -Feudalism was 11.Poor Specific to
Lafayette, 11. Role of Louis 11.Role of Lenin, abolished mobilization
Mirabeau, Abbey Kossuth in hungry, Trotsky, Stalin, 12.Ignorance and FR 1789
-Political pluralism -Failure of estates
Sieyès Robert Blum in Kerensky, Lvov illiteracy
Vienna, Louis -Social classes general
12 American war of LaTour Rogier in abolished -kings failure to
independence Belgium, Lamartine, -Overthrow of stop revolution in
Louis Blanc, early stages
dictatorial leaders
13.Social Cavaignac in France. -Closure of gates
-Military reforms of main hall
Discrimination 12 Greek war of 12.The Russo
-Rise of middle class -Formation of
14.Natural disasters independence, Syrian Japanese war
15.Role of Marie question, Belgium war, -Economic reforms national assembly
Antoinette FR 13.Social -Educational reforms -National guard
16.Role of peasants 13.Social discrimination -Taxation reforms -The match of
17.Role of nobles Discrimination women to
Negative effects
and clergy 14.Natural disasters 14.Natural disasters Versailles
-Loss of lives -Fall of despotism
16.Role of peasants 15.Role of
17.Role of nobles and -Destruction of -Rights of man
18.Unfair judicial Alexandria Tsarina
system clergy 16.Role of property. -The CCC
19.Dismissal of 18.Unfair judicial Bolsheviks -Economic decline -Kings attempted
financial ministers system 17.Role of nobles and -Inspired other flight to Austria
clergy revolts -1791 September
20.Discrimination in 18.Unfair judicial constitution
-General insecurity in
the army system -Able leadership
19. Dismissal of Europe. -Revolutionary
-Role of 19. Dismissal of
financial ministers. -Rise of dictators ideas of LEF
philosophers financial ministers.
-Free trade treaty Richelieu sacked and 20. Discrimination in -Rise of political
- Calling of the Villeles rise the army clubs
estates general 20.Dissolving of the -Mutiny in the army -Massive support
-Royal session national guard -Russification policy -rise of nationalism
-Formation of -Role of Nihilism and liberalism
national assembly -Role of church -Red blood Sunday -Unity of French
-Seven years’ war -Inefficiency of govt -Weakness of men.
1756-1763 -Corruption Provisional govt -Weakness of king
-Army law 1781 -injustices and his execution.
-Role of church -Inefficiency of govt -Fall of
Inefficiency of govt -Corruption Robespierre
Corruption -injustices -Success of Italian
injustices campaign

LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

THE VIENNA CONGRESS AND OR VIENNA SETTLEMENT 1814-1815

Aims and objectives Achievements Failures Reasons for failure

1. To restore peace 1.Peace was restored in Europe 1.Peace was not fully restored
2. To control 2.Revolutions were controlled 2.Revolts broke out in 1820 1830
revolutions 1848
3.French aggression was controlled 3.Ignored nationalism of small
3. To control French through creating buffer zones states
aggression 4.Restored economic cooperation 5.Restored dictatorial
4. To restore governments
economic cooperation 6.Suffocated nationalism
5. To restore 7.delayed the unification of Italy
legitimate rulers 5.Restored legitimate leaders and Germany
6. To redraw the map 6.Redrew the map of Europe 8.Revival of Bonapartism 1848
of Europe 9.Created imbalance of power
7. To ensure 7.Ensured European BOP -Revival of Bonapartism 1848
European BOP 11. Dominated by big
8. To defeat Napoleon 8.Defeated Napoleon, exiled him at four(Russia, Austria, Britain,
9. To reward victor St. Helena Prussia)
powers 9.Rewarded victor powers 12.Harsh punishments on France
10.To destroy 13. constitutionalism not fully
Bonapartism 10.Destroyd Bonapartism until achieved
11.To form a 1849 -Laid a weak foundation and led
permanent alliance to the collapse of the congress
12to preserve 11.Formed a quadruple alliance system
Monarchism -Ignored liberalism
13.To promote 12.Preserved Monarchism -Gave rise to Metternich system
constitutionalism 13.Promoted constitutionalism in -brought Russia into affairs of
France western Europe esp. the Balkans
-Ignored the Ottoman empire
CONGRESS SYSTEM(1818-1830)

AIMS ACHIEVEMENTS FAILURES REASONS FOR FAILURE

1.To preserve Vienna 1.Preseved Vienna resolutions Failed to preserve Vienna -Britain’s isolationist policy
settlement settlement -Had a weak foundation
2To create unity 2.Created unity 2.Failed to create unity -Death of founder members
3 To maintain peace 3.Mantained peace 3.Failed to maintain peace -Admission of France into the
4To ensure economic 4.Mantained economic co- 4.Failed to promote international congress system
co-operation operation co-operation -Limited membership
5To maintain the re- 5.Mantained redrawn map of 5.Ignored forces of nationalism -Different political ideologies
drawn map of Europe Europe and liberalism -Growth of nationalism and
6To maintain balance 6.Mantained balance of power 6.Dominated by big four liberalism
of power 7.Mantained legitimate leaders 7.Rulers were despotic -Lacked a joint army
7To protect legitimate 8.Controlled revolutions 8.Failed to suppress the Greek -Protected unpopular legitimate
leaders 9.Allowed Jews to have citizenship revolution rulers
8To control in Europe 9 Jews were persecuted -Unpopular Metternich system
revolutions 10.Preserved constitutionalism in 10.Had no clear principles or -The Monroe doctrine 1823
9To solve the Jewish France constitutional guidance -Lack of experience
question 12Controlled French aggression 11Failed to form a joint army -Lack of clear principles
10To preserve through buffer zones 12Suffocared liberalism and -The Greek war of
constitutionalism 13Provided security at St. Helena nationalism independence
11To form a joint -Allowed free navigation on big -Increased Metternich dominance -Discrimination of small
force water bodies -Failed to totally end slave trade countries
12To control French -Addressed the debt question and sea piracy -Selfish interests
aggression between Sweden and Denmark -Delayed unifications -Lacked adequate funds and
13To address the -Maintained European diplomacy -Failed to address the Balkan resources
welfare of napoleon 1 question
To sop slave trade and -Isolated France
sea piracy

LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.


THE VERSAILLES PEACE SETTLEMENT 1919
Aims and objectives Achievements
1.To restore world peace -Concluded world war 1
2,To redraw the map of -Re-drew the map of Europe
Europe -Small states were granted
3To preserve independence
independence of countries -Signed treaties with defeated
4.To reconcile with powers Trianon with
defeated powers Hungary, Neuilly with
5.To ensure economic Bulgaria. St.Germain with
cooperation Austria, Sevres with Turkey
6.To make German pay for (diplomacy)
war the damages -Promoted international trade
7.To disarm countries -German was forced to pay a
8.To preserve territorial war indemnity
integrity. -Disarmed German Esp. the
9.To ensure free Rhine
navigation -Made territorial adjustments
10.To permanently destroy -Neutrality of all important
German water bodies
11.To form an -Formation of the league of
international body that nations
would maintain -Restored balance of power
-Made arrangements to settle
prisoners of war
-Land locked countries were
connected to major seas like
Poland-- the polish corridor
-Promoted the concept of
democracy
-France regained Alsace and
Lorraine
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.
Failures Why German rejected
VPT
-Treaty was imposed on German -Huge war reparation
-Left Italy and japan dissatisfied -Was dictated on German
-Rise dictators -Opposed the guilty clause
-Led to world war II -disarmament was only
-Created weak states restricted to
-Failed to ensure effective German
payments of reparation -Was not based on 14
-Failed to disarm victor powers points of
-The venue was not neutral Woodrow
-The timing (28th June 1919) -refusal of USA to endorse
-Neglected Wilson Woodrow’s the VPT
14points -Loss of territories in
-Conflicting interests of victor Africa
powers -The timing
-Failed to try Kaiser William II -The venue was an insult
-The chairmanship of Clemenceau -The chairmanship of
-German lost her territories Clemenceau
-Lack of an implementation
EFFECTS OF VPT ON GERMAN plan to
-Forced German to accept defeat enforce the terms
-German was humiliated -The signing of the treaty
-Caused economic decline like loss by Weimar
of territories republic(Jews)
-Reduction of the army to only -The appeasement policy
100000 soldiers -Rise of Hitler
-Downfall of the Weimar republic HOW GERMAN
-Lost part of her population in the VIOLATED VPT
new -stopped paying the war
territorial arrangement fine
-Rise of Nazism -interfered in the affairs of
-Forced German into an alliance Austria
system - did not dismiss the
-Forced to cancel the treaty of general staff of
Brest & War
Bucharest -continued with her naval
-Demilitarization of the Rhine program
-Re-armament program -Re-armed German
-German lost colonies in Africa -Re militarization of the
and Rhine
Europe -Policy of anti-Semitism
-Suffered a huge war fine -Annexed Austria ending
-Forced to accept war guilt her
Independence
-Annexed Sudetenland
from Czechoslovakia
-Annexed Memel from
Lithuania
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To preserve peace
2. To promote territorial
integrity.
3. To ensure balance of
power.
4. To maintain
independence of small
States
5. To control aggression
6. To control the rise of
dictators
7. To control arms race
8. To promote economic
cooperation
9. To control sea pirates and
slave trade
10.To control drug
trafficking
11.To preserve the VPT
12.To improve on the health
conditions
13.To manage the mandate
territories
14.To improve on conditions
of workers
15.To promote justice
16.To solve refugee crisis
17.To promote transportation
and
communication
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1920
ACHIEVEMENTS
1.Preserved relative peace
2. Promoted territorial
integrity.
3.Ensured Balance of power
4.Maintained independence of
small states
5.Relatively controlled
aggressions
6.Controlled rise of dictators
7.Controlled arms race
8.Promoted economic
cooperation
9.Controlled sea pirates and
S/trade
10.Tried to control drug
trafficking
11.Preserved the terms of
VPT
12.Improved on the health
Conditions (WHO)
13.Managed the mandates
states
14.Improved on the conditions
of
Workers (ILO)
15.Promoted just (ICJ at the
Hague)
16.Settled refugees in Europe
17promoted transport and
Comm
-Increased membership
-Promoted child welfare
-Promoted education
-promoted diplomacy thru
treaty
signing with disputed
countries
(Kellogg, Locarno, Lausanne
etc)
-Provided economic aid to
countries like Austria
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.
FAILURES
1.Failed to maintain total peace
2.Failed to protect countries
3.Failed to balance power
4.Failed to protect independence
of
small states
5.Faileed to stop aggressions
6.Failed to stop rise of dictators
7.Failed to control arms
race/disarm
8.Failed to maintain unity
9.failled to stop sea pirates
10.Failed to control drug
trafficking
11Failed to preserve terms of
VPT
12Failed to improve on health,
disease persisted
13.mandate system failed
14.faile to improve on workers
conditions
15.-----------------------------------
16Refugee crisis persisted
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.
REASONS FOR FAILURE
-Lack of a standing army
-Ineffective sanctions
-Its association with the VPT
-Absence of USA
-Withdraw of member states,
Japan,Italy, Germany
-Weak economy or lack of funds
-Appeasement policy
-Lack of support from small
countries
-Ideological differences
-Effects of the economic
depression
-Revival of arms race
-Rise of dictators
-Selfish interests of member
states
-Operated on a false assumption
that
all powers were interested in
peace
-Slow in decision making
-Rise of nationalism
-Lack of experience
 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

WORLD WARS

DEFEAT OF DEFEAT OF AXIS

CAUSES OF WW1 CAUSES OF WW 11 EFFECTS OF WW1 EFFECTS OF CENTRAL POWERS
WW11 POWERS
-Alliance system -Revival of alliances 1.Military 1.Military
-Arms race -Revival of arms race POSITIVE EFFECTS POSITIVE EFFECTS superiority of superiority of
-Press propaganda -Press propaganda -Economic cooperation -Economic allied powers allied powers
-German aggression -German aggression -Versailles treaty cooperation 2.Naval superiority 2.Naval superiority
-Franco Prussian war -Spanish civil war -LON formed -Post war of the allied of the allied
-Rise of nationalism -Rise of nationalism -Collapse of despotic conferences powers powers
-Imperialism -Imperialism govts -UNO formed 3.Entry of USA
-Militarism -Militarism -Rise of dictators -Collapse of despotic 3.Entry of after after pearl harbor
-Role of Kaiser -Role of Adolf Hitler -Rise of new leaders govts attack on US attack
William II -Re-drew the map of -Rise of dictators commercial ship 4.Fighting on
-Failure of intern- -Failure of LON Europe -Rise of new leaders 4.Fighting on several war fronts
tional diplomacy -Plight of Jews -Re-drew the map of several war fronts 5.Shortage of
-German invasion of -German invasion of discussed Europe supplies on
Belgium Poland and given Nansen -Creation of the 5.Shortage of German side
-Assassination passports Israelite nation 1948 supplies on 6.Tactical mistakes
incident -Effects of VPT -Women emancipation -Women German side by Germany
-Balkan wars 1912/13 -Promoted education emancipation 6.Tactical mistakes (insisting on use of
-Darwin’s theory -Appeasement policy -Infrastructural devlpt -Promoted education by Germany V. aircrafts)
-Issuing of the blank -Britain’s ultimatum -Promotion of music -Infrastructural (failure of 7.Numerical
cheque and culture devlpt submarine advantage of allied
-Harsh ultimatum -Promoted BOP Promoted BOP warfare) powers
-Austria’s declaration -Workers conditions 8.Death of Hitler
-Workers conditions
of war -Anti-Semitism improved 7.Numerical
improved
-Russia’s mobilization -Communist threat -Independence of advantage of allied 9.Defeat of
-Independence of
of troops -Ideological countries powers German allies
countries
-Moroccan crisis differences Negative effects 8.Abdication of 10.Able leadership
Negative effects
-Negative impact of -World Economic -Loss of lives Kaiser of the allied
-Loss of lives
1878 Berlin congress Depression. -Destruction of property 9.Defeat of powers
-Destruction of
-Led to refugee crisis German allies 11.Natural
property
-Economic decline 10.Able leadership calamities
-Led to refugee crisis
-Revival of alliances of the allied 12.Economic
-Economic decline
-Revival of arms race powers hardships
-Revival of alliances
-Rise of dictators 13.Press
-Revival of arms race
-Led to political unrest 11.Natural propaganda
-Rise of dictators
-Disintegration of calamities 14.German .under
-Led to political
Germany 12.Economic estimation of the
unrest
-Led to WW II hardships strength of allies
-Disintegration of
-Ideological differences 13.Press 15.Use of atomic
Germany
(Democracy vs. propaganda bombs on Japans
-Led to cold war
dictatorship) cities of Hiroshima
-Ideological
-War fine imposed on 14.German .under and Nagasaki
differences
German estimation of the
(Capitalism vs.
strength of allies
communism)
-Occupation of Berlin
by
Superpowers

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 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

PERSONALITIES, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, BENNITO MUSSOLIN, ADOLF HITLER

FAILURES OR
RISE PF RISE OF MUSSOLIN RISE OF HITLER ACHIEVEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATION OF REASONS FOR
NAPOLEON 1799 1922 1934 NAPOLEON, POWER BY NAP 1, DOWNFALL OF
MUSSOLIN AND MUSSOLIN AND NAP, MUSSOLIN
HITLER HITLER AND HITLER
-Naps personality -Mussolins personality -Hitler’s 1.Strengthened the 1.Strengthened the -Dictatorship
-Weakness of DG -Weakness of liberal personality army army -Censored the press
govt of V/E III -Weakness of 2.Economic reforms 2.Economic reforms -Forced
-Financial hardships -Financial hardships Weimar republic 3.Centralized authority 3.Centralized authority conscription
-Effects of French -Effects of WW1 -Economic 4.Reconciled with 4.Reconciled with into the army
revolution depression church church -Nepotism
-Role of the army -Role of black shirts -Effects of WW1 5.Industrial reforms 5.Industrial reforms -Aggressive foreign
-Coup of -Successful match on 6.Transport and Comm 6.Transport and Comm policy
Brummaire Rome -Role of storm 7.Educational reforms 7.Educational reforms -General economic
-Appointment of troopers 8.Agric improvement 8.Agric improvement decline
-Appointment of Mussolini as PM -Hitler’s attempted 9.Promoted law and 9.Promoted law and -Defeated at
Napoleon as army coup order order different
commander -Role of the press 10.Promoted glory 10.Promoted glory battles
-Role of the press -Military abilities -Appointment of abroad abroad -Repressive policies
-Military abilities -Political instability Hitler as chancellor 11.Diplomacy thru 11.Diplomacy thru -Revival of church
-Revolutionary wars -Family back ground treaty signing treaty signing influence in state
-Family back -Education back -Role of the press 12.Constitutional 12.Constitutional affairs
ground ground -Military abilities reforms reforms -Control of
-Education back -Good organizational - Political instability 13.Legal reforms 13.Legal reforms education
ground abilities -Family back 14.Financial reforms 14.Financial reforms -Over taxation
-Good -Role of victor ground Specific for napoleon -Dictatorship -Centralized
organizational Emmanuel III -Education back -Legion of honor -Nepotism military
abilities -Overthrow of Luigi - ground -Career open to talent -Censored press command
-Role of Lucien Facta by the fascists -Fair taxation -Violated treaties Role of Britain to
Bonaparte -Communist threat -Good -Reconciled with the -Promoted ideologies, - the downfall of
-Death of strong -Mussolini’s writings organizational Émigrés. Bonapartism, fascism Nap
political -Role of the fascist abilities -Reorganized the police and Nazism -Member of forth
personalities party -Role of Von -Allowed peasants to -Used alliances (Nap coalition
Schleicher retain land allied with Denmark t -Financed coalitions
-Role of his father (convinced implement continental -Led to failure of
-Role of his brother Hindenburg to Moscow campaign to system continental system
-Marriage to appoint Hitler) downfall of napoleon -Naval superiority
Josephine -Death of -Lost soldiers -Secretly supported
-Scientific and Hindenburg -Inspired other peninsular war
technological countries Continental system to -Stimulated
advancements -Communist threat to form the forth down fall of Nap European
-Association with -Traditional belief coalition -Led to scarcity of nationalism against
revolutionary in dictatorship -Desertion of close British goods in Europe France
leaders -Burning of the allies -↑sed naps unpopularity -Role of strong
-Annexation of German Reichstag -Loss of support from – -Caused Econ problems leaders(lord
Corsica French mass -Caused peninsular war castleregh)
-Imposition of heavy -Led to imprisonment -Historical enmity
taxes of the pope btn France and
-Let to the rise of -Led to Moscow Britain
nationalism in Europe campaign -Defeat of naps at
-Led to failure of the – -Led to 4mation of the
continental system nationalistic movements battle of Trafalgar
-Increased Russia’s -Led to decline of trade -London decree
imperialism -Exposed France’s -Participated in the
-It was final set back of naval weakness battle
continental system -Imposed heavy taxes to of waterloo
-Let to mallet implement the system -Economic strength
conspiracy of Britain

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 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMAN

OBSTACLES OR CHALLENGES FACTORS THAT FAVOURED OUT STANDING PERSONALITIES

ITALY GERMAN ITALY GERMAN CAVOUR & V/E III BISMARCK&

WILLIAM I
Internal Internal Internal Internal 1.Able leadership 1.Able leadership
1.Lack of support 1.Lack of support 1.Massive support 1.Massive support 2.Economic reforms 2.Economic
2.Poor leadership 2.Poor leadership 2Able leadership 2.Able leadership 3.Military reform reforms
3.Weak Military 3.Weak Military 3.Military reforms 3.Military reforms 4.Massive mobilization 3.Military reform
4.Lack of leading 4.Lack of leading State 4.Rise of piedmont 4.Rise of Prussia and awareness through 4.Massive
State 5.Economic 5.Economic reforms 5.Economic reforms Risorgimento mobilization
5.Economic backwardness 5.Promoted unity
backwardness 6.Lack of a national 6. Education reforms 6.Educational reforms 6.Devt roads and rails
6.Lack of a language 7.Made changes in 5.Promoted unity
national language 7.Poor infrastructure 7.Infrastructural devt 7.Infrastructure devt Ch.+ 6.Devt roads and
7.Poor 8.Ideological 8.↑sing patriotism 8.Suppression of 8.Introduced political rails
infrastructure differences liberals reforms ---------------------
8.Ideological 9.Failure of 1848 9. Lessons of 1848 9.Lessons of 1848 9.Educational reforms ---------
differences revolution revolution revolution 10.Promoted trade and 8.Introduced
9.Failure of 1848 10.Poor mobilization 10.Massive 10.Massive commerce political reforms
revolution mobilization mobilization 11.Acquired 9.Educational
10.Poor 11.Illiteracy and 11. Rise of a strong 11.Rise of a strong loans(signed reforms
mobilization ignorance middle class middle class commercial treaties) 10.Promoted
External External External 12.Worked with V/E II trade and
11.Illiteracy and 12.Influence of nap I 12.Influence of Nap I 12.Influence of Nap commerce
ignorance 13.Vienna settlement 13.Vienna settlement 13.Vienna settlement 13.Acquired foreign (Zollverein)
External 14.Congress system 14. Down fall of 14.Downfall congress support 11.------------------
12.Influence of congress system system ---
nap I 15.Metternich system 15.Downfall of 15.Downfall of 14.Participated in the
13.Vienna Metternich Metternich Crimean war
settlement 16.Influence of the 16.Rise of a liberal 16.Suppression of the 15.Pact of Plombiers 12.Consolidated
14.Congress church(pope) pope Catholics 1858 the power of king
system 17.Foreign interference 17.Foreign assistance 17.Foreign support 16.Acquired Lombardy William
18.Danish control of 18.Austian loss of 18.Danish loss of 13. Acquired
15.Metternich Holstein and Schleswig Lombardy and Holstein and Schleswig 17.Worked with other foreign support.
system 19.Exploitation of Venetia, Naples and nationalists (Galbarid) (treaty of
resources Sicily Biarritz) &
16.Influence of 18.Annexed the papal piedmont
the states 14.Participated
Church(pope) 19.Declared the united Danish and
17.Foreign kingdom of Italy in Austria Prussian
interference 1861 war
18.French control Weaknesses 15.Vienna treaty
of papal states 1.Gave away niece 1864
and Rome 2.Withdrew from the
19.Exploitation struggle 16.Acquired
of 3.Bias on southern Holstein and
resources states Schleswig
4.Difference in ideology 17.Worked with
5.Died other nationalists
(Von Roon and
Von Moltke)
18.Annexed the
northern German
states
19.Dissolved the
lose
confederation(18
66) and declared
the new German
empire (1871)
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE OR TURKISH EMPIRE OR THE BALKAN REGION OR THE EASTERN QUESTION
SICKNESS OF TURKEY
1.Loss of military strength
2.Administrative weaknesses
3.Corruption and embezzlement
4.Rise of nationalism
5.Economic decline
6.Religious persecution
7.Revolutionary ideas
8.Roles of elites
9.Selfish interests of European
10.powers
11.Vastness of empire
12.Heterogeneous empire
13.Weak leadership
14.Weakness of Vienna
15.Inconsistence foreign policy
of sultans
EVENTS IN THE BALKANS
THAT THREATENED PEACE
IN EUROPE
1.Greek war of 1821-1832
2.Battle of navarinobay 1827
3.Treaty of Adrianople 1829
4.Syrian questions 1831-1841
5.Unkiar skellesi treaty 1833
6.London conference 1840
7.The straits convention 1841
8.Occupation of Moldavia and
Walachia 1853
9.Sinking of Turkish flotilla ship
nov 1853
10.Crimean war 1854-1856
11.Occupation of Sebastopol
1870
12.Bulgarian massacres 1875
13.Serbian revolution 1903(over
throw of Obrevonic and rise
of King Peter)
14.Annexation of Bosnia &
Herzegovina
15.Balkan crisis 1912-1913
16.Sarajevo incident 28th June
1914
17.Outbreak of WWI 1914
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.
CAUSES OF GREEK
REVOLT 1821-1832
1.Desire for independence
2.Rise of nationalism
3.Rise of liberalism
4.Arrogance of sultan
5.Heavy taxation
6.Religious intolerance
7.Weak admin of turkey
8.Inspiration of French revln
9.Influence of Serbian revln under
Milosh
10.Priviledges & prosperity of
Greeks
11.Rple of the middle class
12.Influence of foreign powers
13.weakness of the congress
system
14.Emergence of Greek language
15.Need to revive the past glory
16.Desire for economic reforms
17.formation of society of friends
SYRIAN QUESTION 1831-
1841 CAUSES
1.Greek war of independence
2.Refusal to sultan to fulfill
promises
3.Collapse of the congress system
4.Weakness of turkey
5.1830 Belgian revolution
6.Unkiar skellesi treaty
7.Russian imperialism
8.Foreign support
9.Mehmet invasion of Syria
10.Desire by sultan to maintain a
declining empire
11.London conference 1840
12.Oppressive rule of Mehmet Ali
13.Britain desire to keep turkey
intact
LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.
EFFECTS REASONS FOR SUCCESS
POSITIVE -High spirit of Greek nationalism
1.Greeks gained there -Economic strength of Greek
independence middle class
2.Redrwaing of European map -Support of Greek masses
3.Revival of European -Foreign support
diplomacy -Rise of tsar Nicholas II
4.Signing of London treaty -Good military skills of the
NEGATIVE Greeks
5.Destruction of property -Success of European diplomacy
6.Collapse of congress system -Able leader ship
7.Rise of nationalism in -1830 revolution
Europe -Defeat of Turkey & Egypt at
8.Exposed selfish interest of Navarino bay
9.European powers -Weakness of Turkey
10.Led to Syrian question -Selfish interest of foreign
11.Inspired other revolutions powers
12.Undermined conservative
nationalists like Metternich
13.Increased persecution of
X-tians
14.Increased Russian
imperialism in the Balkans
15.Disintegration of the
Ottoman empire
16.Undermined Vienna
EFFECTS OF SYRIAN
QTN
-Turkey regained Syria
-Egypt regained independence
-Led to calling of 1841
London conference
-Britain’s position was
Elevated
-Consolidation of
Anglo-Turkish relations
-Mehmet’s ambitions were
checked
-French imperialism was
checked
Negative
-Massive loss of lives
-weakened turkey
-downfall of Orleans monarch
Increased Anglo-Russia
conflicts
-Distabilized European peace
Outbreak of Crimean war
 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

THE CRIMEAN WAR 1854 -1856

Causes
-Occupation of Moldavia and
Wallachia
-Russian imperialism
-sinking of Turkish flotilla ship
at Sinope
-Franco-Russian conflicts
-Napoleons desire to avenge
Moscow campaign
-personal conflicts btn Nap and
Tsar Nicholas I
-Weakness of ottoman empire
-Nap III ambitious policies
-Role of men on spot
-violation of the straits
-Anti Russian sentiments
-Russia’s desire to protect xtns
-Disregard of the Vienna note
-Rise of aggressive leaders
Effects of the war
-Facilitated unification of Italy
-Check Russia’s imperialism
-Forced Tsar to embark on re4ms
-States gained independence
-Integrity of turkey was preserved
-Laid foundation for red cross
-Adoption of maritime law
-beginning of press involvement
in modern warfare
-Forced sultan to treat xtns fairly
-Black sea was neutralized
-Russia was forced out of
Moldavia and Wallachia
-Change of leadership
Negative effects
-Massive loss of lives
-Destruction of property
-Ended forty years of relative
Peace
-Increased nationalism in
Bulgaria
-Ended holly alliance
-Humiliation of Russia
-Economic decline
-Resulted into new alliance that
altered BOP
Defeat of Russia
-The alliance of Britain,
France turkey and piedmont
-Failure of Austria to support
Russia
-Poor roads linking to Crimea
caused delays in supplies
-Supremacy of the allied navy
-Military weakness of Russia
-Weak economy of Russia
-Poor mobilization of soldiers
by Russia
-Death of Nicholas I
demoralized the soldiers.
-British blockade that strained
Russia’s trade
-Civil unrest in Russia
Bulgarian crisis 1875-76
Causes
-Influence of Russia
Religious intolerance
Rise of nationalism
Desire for independence
Influence of Greek revolution
Over taxation of Bulgarians
Persecution of Christians
Failure to implement the terms of
the 1856 Paris treaty
Corruption and embezzlement
Oppressive rule of the sultans
Weakness of turkey
Unifications of German and Italy
Independence of Serbia
Military weakness of turkey
Economic crisis
Denial of top jobs by the sultans
EFFECTS
-Signing of the san Stefano treaty
-Loss of lives
-Tension an terror
-Creation of big Bulgaria
-Distabilized European peace
-Calling of the 1878 berlin -
congress
-Elevated Germans status in
Europe
-Bismarck emerged as a man of
peace
-War hysteria btn Russia on one
hand and Britain and Austria

THE 1878 BERLIN CONGRESS

Aims and objectives
To restore peace
To revise the san Stefano treaty
To avert Russia’s imperialism
To dissect the big Bulgaria
To call for fair treatment of Christians
Save turkey from disintegration
To redraw the map of Europe
Restore cooperation
To grant independence
Achievements
-Peace was restored
-Sanstefano treaty was revised
-Russia’s imperialism was checked
-Bulgaria was reduced
-Sultan was asked to treat xtns fairly
-Turkey was saved from disintegration
-Map of Europe was re-drawn
-Countries were granted independence
-Elevated Germans position
-Germany Turkish relations were cemented
-Austro-German friendship consolidated
-Berlin became center of European
diplomacy
-Austria and Britain acquired territories
Failures
-Peace was temporality restored
-Led to formation of alliances
-League of 3 emperors was dissolved
-Suffocated Balkan nationalism
-Sultan continued to mistreat xtns
-Turkey lost territories
-Led to Balkan wars in future
-Italy was left unhappy
-Promoted imperialism
-Destruction of big Bulgaria was not
sustainable
-Increased tension btn Serbia and Austria
-Growth of Pan-Slavism
-Conflicts btn Italy and France

LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

 LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.

COLD WAR 1945-1970

CAUSES
-Effects of WW II
-Failure of Yalta & Potsdam
conferences
-Ideological differences
-Iron curtain speech
-Truman doctrine
-Marshal Aid plan
-Sovietisation policy of Stalin
-Molotov plan
-Formation of NATO
-Formation of WARSAW
-Fall of china in the hands of –
communism
-Revival of alliances
-Press propaganda
-Role of men on spot
-Misuse of veto powers
-Korean crisis
-Cuban missile crisis
-Formation of spy network
-Revival of arms race.
-Weakness of UNO
-Death of compromising
leaders, like Roosevelt
-Support of proxy wars
-Historical suspicion
-Support of communist rebels
EFFECTS
Positive
-Spread of communism
-Military balance of power
-Formation of NAM
-Economic cooperation based
on political ideology
-Decolonization
-Promotion of educational
scholarships
-Space exploration
-Increased flow of foreign aid
Negative
-International conflicts
-Political unrest
-Revival of arms race
-Revival of alliance system
-Formation of secret spy
network
-Divided world into two camps
-Weakened UNO
-Support of dictatorial
governments in Africa, Cuba
-Loss of resources (Money)
-Wide spread coups
-Division of German
-Division of Berlin
-Berlin blockade
-Berlin airlift

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION. 1945-1970

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To promote peace
To stop aggression
To promote justice
To enforce disarmament/arms
race
To promote decolonization
To promote economic
cooperation
To eliminate drug trafficking
To resettle prisoners
To promote rights of children’s
To stop violation of human
rights
To promote women’s rights
To help ravaged countries
To promote workers’ rights
To combat environmental
threats
To control [poverty
To control refugee crisis
To promote science and
technology.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Promoted peace
Controlled aggressions
Promoted Justice thru ICJ
Encouraged worldwide
disarmament
Encouraged & decolonized
Africa
Promoted economic
cooperation.
Tried to eliminate drug
trafficking
Resettled prisoners of war
Promoted the rights of children
Controlled violation of human
rights
Promoted the rights of women
Extended financial aid to
countries
Promoted the rights of workers
Set a committee to control
environmental threats UNEP
-Established the Jewish state
-Promoted culture (UNESCO)
-Increased membership
-Solved civil conflicts
FAILURES
Failed to promote peace proxy
wars
Failed to control aggressions
Failed to promote justice
Failed to effect disarmament
Some countries were not granted
independence (decolonized)
Failed to promote econ
cooperation,
Failed to eliminate drug
trafficking
--------------------------------------
Failed to protect rights of
children
Failed to protect rights
Failed to protect women
Loans had strings attached
Failed to promote the rights of
workers
-Failed to stop cold war
-Failed to fully wipe out cultural
intolerance
-Failed to stop terrorism
-Neocolonialism
-Failed to stop new alliances
(NATO)
Challenges faced. Reasons for
failure.
-Shortage of funds
-Lack of a permanent army
-Ideological differences
-Weak economic sanctions
-Misuse of veto powers.
-Timing of its involvement in
areas of
dispute(delayed)
-Cold war politics
-Domination of USA and USSR
-Duplication of services provided
by
UNO agencies (IMF & world
bank)
-Revival of arms race
-Formation of regional security
organizations
- Neocolonialism
-Emergency of blocs & alliances
-World economic problems and
under
Development
-Civil wars and coups esp. in
Africa
-Influence of super powers

LAJ/Massh/Hist/Dept. /P210/3 Comprehensive summary.