方岱嵋师 Teacher H’ng Tai Mei

Ecosystem 生态系统
Interdependence among living organism 物种间的依赖关系

1. Species 物种
• A group of organisms with common characteristic that live in the same habitat,
able to interbreed and produce its own kind
具有一定形态特征和生理特征，并占有一定自然分布区的生物类群，是生物分类的
基本单位
2. Population 种群
• A group of an organisms of the same species
指于一定空间范围内同时生活的同种生物的全部个体；或者说是由个体组成，而且
能够确实进行交配的群体
3. Community 群落/群集/群聚
• Different populations of organisms
指生存在一起并与一定的生存条件相适应的生物的总体
4. Ecosystem 生态系统
• The various communities living in the same habitat as well as the non-living
environment
由生物群落及其生存环境共同组成的动态平衡系统

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Interaction among living organism

1. Competition 竞争
• Happens when an organism living in the same habitat complete for the same
needs such as food, water, breeding mate, shelter, sunlight or minerals
指个体之间为争夺同一资源(食物、空间或水体等)而展开的竞争
2. Symbiosis 共生
• The relationship between two species of organisms that live closely together ad
interact with each other
是指两种不同生物之间所形成的紧密互利关系
3. Prey-predator 捕食现象
• A predator kills a prey for food and normally, the predators are larger than their
prey
是一种生物直接攻击另一种生物并捕以为食的现象

Competition 竞争

1. Intraspecific competition 种内竞争

• The competition between individuals of the same species
同种生物个体之间为争夺共同资源的生存竞争
• E.g., two male birds of the same species might compete for mates in the same
area 同一物种的两只雄鸟可能会在同一地区争夺配偶
2. Interspecific competition 种间竞争
• The competition between individuals of the different species
指两个不同物种之间为争夺同一资源(食物、空间或水体等)而展开的竞争
• E.g., sharks, dolphins, and seabirds often eat the same type of fish in ocean
ecosystems 鲨鱼、海豚和海鸟经常在海洋生态系统中吃同一种鱼

Symbiosis 共生

1. Commensalism 片利共生
• A commensal benefit from its host. However, the host is not harmed and does
not get any benefits
是指两物种间的生态关系，其中一种的生物会因这个关系而获得生存上的利益，但
是，另一方的生物在这个关系中，并没有获得任何益处和害处
• E.g., a bird making a nest in a tree 一只鸟在树上筑巢

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2. Mutualism 互利共生
• Both organisms obtain benefits from each other
是指在生物界中某两物种间的一种互相依赖、双方获利的共生关系
• Examples
i. The bee and the flower 蜜蜂和花
 When bees land in a flower, the bees get some pollen on their
hairy bodies, and when they land in the next flower, some of
the pollen from the first one rubs off, pollinating the plant. 当蜜
蜂落在一朵花上时，蜜蜂的毛茸茸的身体上会沾到一些花粉，当它
们落在下一朵花上时，第一朵花上的一些花粉会擦掉，从而为植物
授粉。
ii. The probiotics bacteria and the human 益生菌和人类
 The probiotics bacteria eat the food that the human cannot
digest and partially digest it, allowing the human to finish the
digestion process. 细菌吃掉人类无法消化的食物，将其部分消
化，让人类完成消化过程。
iii. Anemones and Clownfish 海葵和小丑鱼
 the anemone provides the clownfish with protection and
shelter, while the clownfish provides the anemone nutrients in
the form of waste while also scaring off potential predator fish.
海葵为小丑鱼提供了保护和庇护所，而小丑鱼则以排泄物的形式为
海葵提供营养，同时还吓跑了潜在的捕食性鱼类。

3. Parasitism 寄生
• The parasite benefits from its host. The host is harmed and does not get any
benefits
指一种生物生于另一种生物的体内或体表，并从后者摄取养分以维持生活的现象
• Examples
i. Helminths (worms) in the intestines of the host 宿主肠道中的蠕虫
 Helminths cause damage to their host by disrupting the
absorption of nutrients in the body, causing weakness,
malnutrition and an increased risk for disease and infection. 蠕
虫会破坏宿主对营养物质的吸收，导致虚弱、营养不良，并增加疾
病和感染的风险，从而对宿主造成伤害。
ii. Flea and warm-blooded animals 跳蚤和温血动物
 Flea lives off the blood of humans, dogs, cats, rats, and birds 跳蚤
以吸食人类、狗、猫、老鼠和鸟类的血液为生

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iii. Lice find homes on almost every bird and mammal species, including
humans. 虱子在几乎每一种鸟类和哺乳动物身上都有栖息地，包括人类。
 Lice feed on blood or sebaceous fluid, which can cause discomfort
to the host. 虱子以血液或皮脂液为食，这会导致宿主不适。

Biological control
• A method of reducing the number of pests using the natural predator of the pest
一种利用害虫的天敌来减少害虫数量的方法
• Advantages 好处
i. No pollution 无污染
ii. Does not affect non-targeted organisms 不对目标以外的物种造成影响
iii. Cost-effective over the long term 从长远来看具有成本效益
• Disadvantages 坏处
a. The result is not instant. It takes time 无法立即见证效果，需要一定的时间
b. The introduction of new species may upset the balance of an ecosystem
新物种的引入可能会破坏生态系统的平衡
c. The results are unpredictable 结果难以预料
• Examples
i. Owls are used to control the rat population in oil palm plantation
猫头鹰被用来控制油棕种植园的老鼠数量
ii. Ducks are used to control snail and weed populations in paddy fields
鸭子被用来控制稻田中的蜗牛和杂草种群
iii. Ladybugs are used to control the aphid population in fruit orchards
瓢虫用于控制果园中的蚜虫数量
iv. Fish are reared in ponds to control the population of mosquito larvae
在池塘中养殖鱼类以控制蚊子幼虫的数量

Food Chain 食物链

• Food chain demonstrates the feeding relation between living organisms in an

ecosystem 食物链展示了生态系统中生物体之间的喂食关系
• Producer  Primary consumer  Secondary consumer  Tertiary consumer
生产者  初级消费者  次级消费者  三级消费者
• Explanation of roles in food chain 食物链角色定位
i. Producer 生产者
 Green plant that makes food through photosynthesis
通过光合作用制造食物的绿色植物

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ii. Primary consumer 初级消费者

 Herbivores that eat plant
吃植物的食草动物
iii. Secondary consumer 次级消费者
 Animals that eat primary consumers
以初级消费者为食的动物
iv. Tertiary consumer 三级消费者
 Usually are bigger carnivores that eat secondary consumers
通常是吃次级消费者的大型食肉动物
v. Decomposers (Bacteria and fungus) 分解者（细菌和真菌）
 Are organisms that break down dead plants and animals, and
organic wastes into simple substances
将死去的动植物和有机废物分解成简单物质的生物

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Food Wed 食物网

• A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked.

食物网由多个相互关联的食物链组成。

Pyramid of numbers 数字金字塔

• Pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of organisms at each level of
food chain
数字金字塔显示了食物链每一层的生物体的相对数量
• The energy flows from the bottom to the top of the pyramid
能量从金字塔底部流向顶部