A group of a similar organism which can A group of organisms same species lives

interbreed to produce fertile offspring in the same habitat at the same time

Living place of organisms

All population of different species that
live in a habitat and interact to each
other

Several communities in a habitat

interact to each other , including the non
– living component

Roles or interactions of a species with

other components in a habitat

Environmental factors which can affect

the organisms in an ecosystem
All oerganisms in an ecosystem

Organisms which obtain nutrients from An organism benefits from other without
their host harm the organism

Both organisms obtain benefit in the Organisms which obtain nutrients from
iinteraction organis subtances

An organism copetes with other An organism hunts and eats other

organisms for the same niche organisms
- Photoautotrophic - Saprotrophic
- chemoautotrophic - Holozoic
- parasitic

1. Biotic components obtain energy from food to carry out living processes.
2. Based on the types of nutrition, the biotic components can be categorised
into three groups, producers , consumers and decomposers

3. In a food chain, the energy of a trophic level can be flowed to the next
trophic level when the organism is consumed.
a. The flow of energy in a food chain is begun from light energy to be used by
producers for photosynthesis .
b. In general, only 10 % energy can flow from one trophic level to the next
trophic level.
c. About 90 % energy lost from the flow of energy within food chain in the
form of heat energy released from consumers, undigestible parts, excretion
and others.
d. The flow of energy to higher trophic levels becomes less .
e. Hence, the fifth trophic level is the highest trophic level in any food chain.
4. In an ecosystem, several food chains interrelate to form a food web
Parasitisme Persaingan intraspesies

Mutualisme Persaingan interspesies

Komensalisme
 Exposed to strong wind blows.

Soft, silted and muddy soil that lacks aeration.

Exposed to waves and water tides.

Germination of seedlings tidal area.

Exposed to very strong light intensities.

Soil with high salt content as well as very low content of dissolved oxygen in
water.

• Silvered leaf monkey

• Proboscis monkey
• Snake
• Mudskipper
• Horsehoe crab
• Crab
• Mangrove trees
• Mushroom
• stork
 PROTECTION ZONE

FISHERY RESOURCES

FORESTRY RESOURCES

FOOD AND MEDICINE RESOURCES

1. Population distribution is the dispersal pattern of organisms of same species
within a habitat.
2. Three patterns of population distribution:

3. Factors that affect distribution of plant population:

Light Pollinator
Temperature Methods of fruit seed
dispersal
Pollution

Soil fertility

Soil pH

Water
4. Factors that affect distribution of animal population:

Food Predation
Temperature

Pollution

Breeding place
Water
5. Population size is the total number of individual of a species within a
habitat.
6. Population density is the number of individual of a species per unit area .
7. The population size and population density can be estimated by using
sampling techniques .
8. Quadrat sampling technique can be used to determine population size, density
and distribution for plants and inactive small animals.
a. Quadrat is a square frame made up of wood or metal with a measurement 1
m × 1 m or smaller.
b. Each quadrat can be subdivided into 1 per 10 small squares.
c. The quadrat can be placed randomly or systematically in the field to be
studied.
d. The more sampling to be done, the more accurate result will be obtained.
e. Population size can be determined by calculating the frequency of a
species, species density and species coverage in a studied field.