Basic Chemistry Report I

Name Laraib sohail Date 05-May-2023

Topic Refining Sodium Chloride

Objectives
1.Discover the method to generate sodium chloride.
2.Discover how to disintegrate, filtering process, evaporate, concentrate, and dry materials.
3.Understand how to implement the precipitation equilibrium principle.

Principles
The process for purifying sodium chloride entails removing
mechanical impurities from aqueous sodium chloride
solution, which is saturated at 25°C. Next, the solution is
evaporated, crystallised, and dried after being centrifuged
to separate the sodium chloride crystals.
• Both NaCl and saline reagents are typically derived from crude salts
containing soluble ions such as K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and other
insoluble impurities.
• Insoluble materials can be removed by filtering the crude brine, and
soluble materials can be removed by adding appropriate reagents (BaCl2,
Na2CO3, HCl, etc.) to the crude brine.
• Ba2+ +SO42- = BaSO4↓
• The BaSO4 accelerate is sifted, and after that NaOH and Na2CO3
arrangement are included to expel Ca2+ particles, Mg2+ particles, and
the somewhat intemperate Ba2+ particles.
• Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2↓
• 2Mg2+ + 2OH- + CO32- = Mg2(OH)2CO3↓
• Ca2+ + CO32- = CaCO3↓
• Ba2+ + CO32- = BaCO3↓
• The accelerates are sifted, and the over the top NaOH and Na2CO3 can
be neutralized by hydrochloric corrosive.
• H3O+ + OH- = 2H2O
• 2H3O+ + CO32- = 3H2O + CO2↑
• The above-mentioned precipitating agents have no effect on the K+ ions
of crude salt

Instruments and Reagents

1. electronic adjust,
2. container (50 mL, 100 mL ),
3. barrel (2 mL, 50 mL),
4. Test rack,
5. test tube (10 mL×6), pipe,
6. buchner pipe,
7. suction instrument (suction jar, buffer bottle, vacuum pump),
8. vanishing dish
9. light, ring stand, ring clamp,
10.pharmaceutical spoon,
 11.glass pole,
12. washing bottle,
13.dropper,
14.asbestos net,
15.dissipating dish,
16.pot tongs,
17.observe glass.
 

Procedure
1.1 Weighing and removal of dissolved SO42 ions cedures

1. 2 Removal of SO42 ions

2. Add 25×Cl2 solution (approximately 1-2 ml) dropwise into the beaker
with stirring until BaSO4 is completely precipitated (follow the
procedure to check if it is completely precipitated).
3. Remove from heat and allow to settle, then pipet a small amount of
supernatant into a test tube.
4. Add 1-2 drops of BaCl2 solution.
5. No turbidity indicates complete precipitation.
6. Turbidity indicates incomplete precipitation.
7. Therefore, it is important to keep adding the BaCl2 solution dropwise).
8. Remove beaker from heat source.
9. Filter the solution through a Buchner funnel with filter paper in a
vacuum and collect the filtrate in another beaker.

1.2 Removal of Ca2+, Mg2+ and slight excess Ba2+ ions 

• The filtrate is heated to near-boiling.
• In stirring condition, the saturated Na2CO3 solution is added into the
filtrate to precipitate completely.
• (In order to check whether the precipitation is complete, the method is
as follows: after stopping heating and deposition, the dropper is used
to draw a small amount of supernatant into one test tube.
• The 1～2 drops of Na2CO3 solution are added.
• If there is not turbidity, it shows that the precipitation is complete.
• If the turbidity appears, it proves that the precipitation is not complete.
1. 3 Removing the excessive OH- and CO32-
ions 2 mol∙L-1 HCl solution is dropwise added into the filtrate to make pH
3~4.
1.4 Evaporating and drying
The filtration NaCl solid is decanted into an evaporating dish and suitable
water is added with stirring continuously until complete dissolution.
By heating and evaporation condensation with stirring continuously, the
solution is condensed to a paste (no evaporation to dryness).
By small fire heating and evaporation condensation, it becomes a paste.
After cooling to room temperature, the purified crystals are weighed and
the product yield is calculated. 
Results
1. Refining of the sodium chloride
m1 (crude salt) = g, m2 (purified salt) = g,
Yield of product (%) = ×100% =

Teacher
Department of Chemistry Xinxiang Medical University