NETWORK CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

Topic: Band Pass Filter

Project Name: complex engineering Activity

Submitted By:
Name Reg. ID Class/Section
Waleed Hussain 210323 BEEP-2A
Shahzaib Malik 210325 BEEP-2A
Muhammad Talha 210363 BEEP-2A

Submitted To: Sir Zohaib Hassan

AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Introduction:
In NCA Network Circuit Analysis, in this course we learned or recall the
basic concepts learned in ECA Electric Circuit Analysis. In this course we basically deal with
three basic components used repeatedly through semester or throughout degree. We learned
the methods of solving RC & CR circuit and RL & LR circuit using different techniques. We
have learned how to solve basic RL & LR and CR & RC circuit. Also show how circuit
behaves in first order transient circuit and second order transient circuit. In Natural Response
of Circuit we learned different damping conditions how circuit behaved i.e. over-damped,
under-damped and so on. We also verified our theoretical calculation by using PSpice
Software and by through hardware by showing waveform as a output signal in Oscilloscope
and responses of circuit. We have also discussed how to analyze AC Circuit in two ways:

 Frequency-Domain.
 Time-Domain

Objective:
 The band pass filter is a combination of low pass and high pass filters. Therefore, the
circuit diagram contains the circuit of high pass and low pass filters. The circuit
diagram of our project is of passive RC band pass filter is as shown in the fig.

 The first half of the circuit diagram is a passive CR high pass filter. The main
objective of using this filter, to allow the signals which have frequencies higher than
the lower cutoff frequency. The reason behind using this high pass filter for this
C-R ciruit (first half) because capacitor at the low frequencies acts like an open
circuit and at higher frequencies (means at the frequencies higher than the cut off
frequency capacitor) acts like a short circuit. The capacitor will block the lower
frequencies entering into the capacitor due to the capacitive reactance of the capacitor.
We know that the capacitor itself opposes some amount of current through it in order
to bind with in the capacitance range of the capacitor. After the cut off frequency the
 capacitor allows all the frequencies because of the reduction of capacitive reactance
value. This makes the circuit to pass the entire input signal to the output when input
signal frequency is greater than the cut-off frequency fc.

At lower frequencies the reactance value increases thus when reactance increases the
ability to oppose the current flow through the capacitor increases. The band of
frequencies below the cut off frequency is referred as ‘Stop Band’ and the band of
frequencies after the cut off frequency is referred as ‘Pass Band’.

 The second half of the circuit diagram is a passive RC low pass filter. The main
purpose of using this filter, to allow the signals which have frequencies lower than the
higher cutoff frequency. But what will be the reason behind, why we are using
low pass filter for RC circuit? Because at low frequencies the capacitive reactance,
(XC) of the capacitor will be very large compared to the resistive value of the resistor,
R. This means that the voltage potential “VC” across the capacitor will be much larger
than the voltage drop, “VR” developed across the resistor.

Explanation:

 Firstly, we will set the value of high pass filter’s cutoff frequency which is
“F1 = 63KHz” and through calculations we find the value of resistor which is
“ R1 = 25.316 ohm’s ”.
 Now, we will also set the value of low pass filter’s cutoff frequency which is
“ F2 = 83KHz” and through calculations we find the value of resistor which is
“ R2 = 19.18ohm’s ”.
 We have made a specific value of capacitor of “ 0.1 µF” for both filters.
 We will give an input voltage “Vin = 10V”.
 Firstly, when we apply a voltage “10V” to a CR circuit (high pass cuttoff frequency),
low frequencies will be blocked by “C1” and high pass frequency will pass through
“C1” and these frequencies will also pass through mid of the given circuit.
 Secondly, in the second part of the circuit RC circuit (low pass cutoff frequency), high
frequency signals will be set to ground by “C2” because the capacitive reactance will
be low.
Circuit Diagram:

AC SWEEP Graph:

When we use AC sweep part to generate the graph, we set the frequency value;
Start frequency: 63 Khz
End Frequency: 83 Khz
And the input voltage “Vin = 10V”
We get this graph;
Here;

Central Frequency:

F = √ f 1∗f 2
=√ 63∗83
F =72.31 KHz

Band Width:

B.W= F2 – F1
= 83 – 63
= 20 KHz

From the AC sweep graph, we can see that the slope of voltage (y axis) and frequency (x –
axis) gradually increases from 63khz to 72.31 Khz because these values are of a slope of
high pass filter and decreases from 72.31 khz and so on because these values are of the slope
of low pass filter.
Voltage – time graph:

When we put different values of frequencies in “Vsin” (circuit diagram on Pspice) then these
changes has been occured.

Value before 63 Khz – 83 Khz:

F = 53 Khz

V = 3.5316V

Value between 63 Khz – 83 Khz:

F = 72 Khz

V =3.6222
Value after 63 Khz -83 kHz:

F = 85 Khz

V = 3.5725
Table:

Frequency Voltage

51 Khz 3.4843 V

53 Khz 3.5316 V

55 Khz 3.5587 V

57 Khz 3.5677 V

60 Khz 3.6132 V

65 Khz 3.6343 V

72 Khz 3.6222 V

80 Khz 3.5682 V

85 Khz 3.5725 V

87 Khz 3.5630 V

89 Khz 3.5629 V

93 Khz 3.5305 V

98 Khz 3.3042 V

51 Khz to 72 Khz ----------------------- gradually increase in voltage.

72 Khz to 98 Khz ----------------------- gradually decrease in voltage.