Technical Engineering Portal

Why do #windturbine have three blades?

Why on earth do all wind turbines have exactly three blades? ship propellers can manage
with two – and one would immediately think that 4 or 5 blades would catch even more wind
and therefore provide even more power.

The 3-blade horizontal axis wind turbine is the most advantageous option, in several
technical and operational aspects: weight, stability, balance, performance, and costs.

In fact, wind turbines with fewer blades perform better at low rpm, are lighter, produce less
noise
and last longer.

More expensive to make power with more #blades

#windturbine blades are the most expensive part of the wind turbine.

Yes, the #turbine would produce slightly more power with more blades, but it would be more
expensive to produce because more blades must be used for each turbine

It is also not worth having one or two blades, because they both provide less power and
wear the turbine harder than three blades.

Why 3 #blades

A #windturbine with three blades is aesthetically more pleasing than a similar wind turbine
with two blades.

Three blades provide even pressure – and the most money for the owner. When you have
two blades, you don’t have as bad a pressure, but still one blade up and one blade down
with less pressure.

The counter pressure is therefore not as hard at the bottom as the pressure at the top. If, on
the other hand, you have one blade up and two down – i.e. three blades in total – then it is
smoother

Problems with only single-blade #windturbine

You can make a wind turbine with one blade, but then the blade has to be roughly three
times wider in order to extract as much energy from the wind as possible.

Another problem for turbines with one blade is that the wind blows more the higher up you
go.”

“If you only have one blade, it will exert great forces on the tower when it points upwards –
and less forces on the tower when it points downwards, where there is less wind.
Such a skewed load means that most parts of the turbine actually have to be comparatively
stronger to support one blade rather than three.

Problems with two-bladed wind turbines

Two blades make wind turbines ‘blink’.

A two-bladed wind turbine acts like an optical lighthouse. When the blade is in a horizontal
position, it fills up a lot purely visually, and when the blade is in a vertical position, it ‘hides’
along the tower.’

“That way it ‘blinks’ and it seems more restless and disturbing than the three-bladed version.
But it is now probably the overall economy that has made the three-bladed wind turbine
dominant. #energy #power #economy
Cathodic Protection - Interview Questions CP
1. What is ANODE?
Ans. Anode is an electrode through which positive electric charge flows into a polarized
electrical device.

2. What is CATHODE?
Ans. Cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical
device, Cathode polarity with respect to the anode can be positive or negative it depends on
how the device will operate. (The Current flow of this device are Leaving (-) and Approaching
(+).) (Binomial Characteristics)

3. What is ELECTROLYTE?
Ans. Electrolyte Is a Liquid or corrosive, medium that conducts electricity; it contains ions,
which are particles of matter that carry a positive or negative charge.

4. What is CATHODIC PROTECTION?

Ans. It is a method of protection in iron and steel for electrochemical corrosion.

5.  What is CORROSION INHIBITOR?

Ans. CORROSION INHIBITOR Is a substantial Chemical that, when added to an
environment, decreases the rate of attack by that environment. And are commonly added in
small amount to acids, cooling waters, steam and other environments.

6. What is ICCP?
Ans. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection, it provides an electrical current source to
oppose the current of the corrosion cell(s).

7. What are the kinds of Sacrificial Anode Materials?

electrochemical series
- Magnesium (Mg) Most Active
- Zinc (Zn)
- Aluminum
- Mild Steel
- Cast Iron
- Copper
- Stainless Steel
- Silver
- Gold
- Platinum Least Active

8. What are the causes of corrosion?

- Humidity
- Oxygen
- Chemical Salts
- Temperature
- Chemicals and Airborne gases

9. Give some Environment and Corrosion?

- Chemical/marine (More Severe)
- Chemical with high humidity
- Marine with high humidity
- Chemical with low humidity
- Rural (Less Severe)

10. What are the effects of Corrosion?

- Safety
- Cost
- Appearance

11. How to Control Corrosion?

- Design
- Inhibitors
- Materials Selection
- Cathodic Protection
- Protective Coatings
- Alteration of Environment

12. How to Detect Corrosion?

- Metal Path, Install Mg. Anode(-) in one side and the Cathode(+) will flows.

13. What are the most Common and Popular application to control corrosion?
- Coating
- Cathodic Protection

14. What are the kinds of Cathodic Protection?

- Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)
- Sacrificial Anodes Cathodic Protection (SACP)
Station Protection - Power Transformer
Protection 
Introduction:

•Transformer is a static device used to transform the

electrical energy from one alternating current circuit to
another without any change in frequency.
• Power Transformer is a vital link in a power
transmission system and distribution
• A Power Transformer is an important and expensive part of a
power network.
• The impact of a transformer fault is more serious than a
transmission line outage.

Introduction

• High availability of the power Transformer is therefore very

important in order to prevent disturbances in the power networks
transfer of power.
• Following are important.
• High quality transformer.
• Operating the transformer within specified limits of
 temperature and voltage.
• Proper checking and maintaining OLTC.
• Providing suitable protective relays and monitoring devices.

Why we need to protect a Transformer?

2. Time required to rectify the Transformer in case

of damages is more and it is very difficult.
1. To Protect the Transformer from severe damages.
3. Operation of a power network,when the power
transformer is out of service is always difficult.
4. A Power Transformer fault therefore often is
a more severe disturbance for the network,than
an overhead line fault which usually can be
repaired rather quickly.

TYPE OF FAULTS

 1.Incipient faults
2.Internal faults
3.External fault

What are the faults which can occur in a

transformer or conditions leading to faults?

 1.Insulation Breakdown
2.Phase to phase and Phase to Ground Fault
3.Reduced Cooling
4.Over heating due to overexcitation
5.Oil contamination and leakage
6.Aging of Insulation
7.Turn to Turn Fault
8.OVERLOAD PROTECTION

REASONS FOR FAULTS AND ITS EFFECTS.

Insulation Breakdown
 Main causes of this are
• Aging of insulation due to over temperature during long time.
• Contaminated oil.
• Corona discharges in the insulation.
• Transient overvoltages due to thunderstorms or switching
 in the network.
• Current forces on the windings due to external faults with
 high current.
• Insulation Breakdown of the windings will cause short circuits
 and /or earth faults.
• These faults causes severe severe damaging on the windings
 and the transformer core.

Aging of Insulation

• Aging of insulation is a function of time and temperature.

• Part of the winding operated at highest temperature undergoes
 greatest deterioration.
• Improved cooling of transformer helps avoid accelerated
 aging of the insulation.

Overheating

Oil contamination and leakage

• Quality of oil should be checked to ensure dielectric strength

 at site.
• Silica gel breather helps avoid moisture.
• Oil level monitored to avoid breakdown of insulation.
• The overexcited transformer flux is forced through metal tank
 and other unlaminated parts of the transformer and result in
 heating up.
• To get correct representation V/Hz relay should be connected
 to PT measuring voltage of an untapped transformer winding.

Reduced Cooling

• Forced cooling systems should be supervised to get alarm.

• Oil temperature should be watched and appropriate action
 taken if transformer gets overheated.

Turn-to-turn Faults

• Turn to turn faults between a few turns is difficult to detect

 by current measuring relays. Fault current is of the order of
 rated current when 2 to 4% of the turns are short circuited.
• The current in the short circuited loop is high (50-100 times In)
 and causes local damage and release of gas.
• Therefore rate of rise of pressure relay may detect this fault.
Phase to phase faults

• Short circuits between the phases will give rise to substantial

fault current only limited by the source impedance and the leakage
impedance of the transformer

Phase to ground faults

• When the faults current flows through earth return path, the fault
is called ground fault.

𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗚𝗮𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗴𝗲𝗮𝗿

High Voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) is a type of switchgear that uses gas as the
insulating medium for its electrical components. GIS is used in high voltage transmission
networks to manage and control power flow.

The Global High Voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Market Size was estimated at USD
5236.90 million in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 6708.00 million by 2028, exhibiting a
CAGR of 3.60% during the forecast period.

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝗦𝗲𝗴𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗯𝘆 𝗧𝘆𝗽𝗲)

• 72 KV to 550KV
• 36 KV to 72.5KV
• Above 550 KV

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗲𝘁 𝗦𝗲𝗴𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗯𝘆 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻)

• Power Plant
• Factory