Choto and Fetene (2019) also depicted increasing of sediment yield due to expansion of

agricultural land and decreasing of vegetation cover using SWAT model in Gojeb watershed.
Additionally, Tesema and Leta (2020), Choto and Fetene (2019), Nadew et al. (2019), and Betrie
et al. (2010) designed and indicated the effectiveness of different types of BMPs using the
SWAT model in different watersheds for sediment yield reduction

research was to use the SWAT model to analyze surface runoff generation and soil erosion rates
for Sustainable Land Management in the Gidabo watershed. the model result showed that
average annual sediment yield could be reduced by the application of grassed waterway, filter
strips, terracing, and contouring by 49%, 37.53%, 62.32%, and 54.6% respectively. It was
concluded that sediment yield reduction by applying terracing was more effective than other
conservation measures for affected sub-basins.

(Mihret et al., 2022)

Terracing practices
According to Andualem A. (2019) study on evaluating watershed management change on soil
erosion in Anjeni Blue Nile watershed. Was showed that the current SWC practice in the
watershed reduction the surface runoff and sediment yield feasible in the catchment was 70%
and 30% respectively, and total water yield by 40% reduction. Thus, by implementing SWC
practices specially fanyajuu terracing practices activities there was substantial reduction of
sediment yield in the watershed nearly 31 t/ha/yr. In addition, average annual sediment load (t) in
the whole watershed was 5075.91t for before SWC piracies was adopted and 1582.5t for after
SWC practices was adopted.

In Lake Ziway reservoir, the developed sediment yield reduction scenarios result showed that
average annual sediment yield were reduced at entire watershed level after the management
practices had been applied. Taking the existing condition of the watershed as a baseline scenario
for reference purpose, three scenarios were built. The first scenario, terracing reduces Average
sediment yield by 72% from 2.69 Mton/ha to 0.76Mton/ha. While filter strips reduces Average
sediment yield by 42% from 2.69 Mton/ha to 1.56Mton/ha and grassed water ways by 58% from
2.69 to 1.12 Mton/ha so that terracing is taken to be the best management practice among the
three Scenarios (Kassa A. 2021).

On the basis of Mihret et al. (2022) Assessing the Water-Resources Potential and Soil Erosion
Hotspot Areas for Sustainable Land Management in the Gidabo Watershed. it was found the
potential areas of intervention were prioritized, and four management scenarios were designed
and simulated using the SWAT model in order to assess the basin’s most appropriate
management/conservation actions: scenario I (grassed waterway), scenario II (filter strip),
scenario III (terracing), and scenario IV (contouring). The baseline scenario was used as a
reference for comparisons of the effectiveness of the developed sediment reduction scenarios. In
conclusion, after the application of terracing, the greatest reduction in sediment yield (62.32%)
was observed.

Soil/stone bund practices

Tsegaye and Bharti (2022) in this study, scenarios of agricultural management practices were
identified and their potential effects in reducing soil erosion and sediment yield were assessed
and quantified with the SWAT in Rib watershed. The effectiveness of soil/stone bund and grass
filter strips with two scenarios on each practice (four scenarios) on soil erosion and sediment
yield in the agricultural fields were analyzed. Results showed that grass filter strips of 1 m and 5
m width reduced sediment loss by 30% and 48.7%, respectively. Sediment yield declined
between 76.7 and 77.9% by employing soil/stone bunds in the watershed. A high reduction in
sediment yield was observed with soil/stone bund practices compared to grass strips.

Dibaba et al. (2021) study on Identification of hot spot Areas and Evaluation of Best
Management Practices in the Toba Watershed was using (SWAT) to evaluate the effectiveness
of best management practices (BMP) in reducing soil loss. The study also showed that SY in
most watersheds (about 53.8%) were higher than the average. Cultivation on steep slopes leads
to the highest SY, while forested areas have lower SY contribution. Five management scenarios
were evaluated using the Calibrated model. Seventeen sub-basins with SY exceeding the
tolerable erosion of Ethiopia (t ha-1 yr-1 31) were considered for the analysis of the BMP
scenario. The results show that reforestation combined with vegetative strips was the most
effective for soil erosion control (87.8% reduction) followed by the combination of soil/stone
bund and vegetative strips (83.7% reduction).

According to Tufa (2016) Sediment Management in Reservoir (Gilgel Gibe-I), applying filter
strip and terracing (stone bunds) in low slope areas of the catchment could give potential effect
of best management practice. according to (Tamene et al., 2013) the simulation of filter strips
scenario reduced the total sediment yield to 79.82 × 103 t/yr from current condition at the same
outlet location, which is equivalent to 35% reduction. The simulation of stone/soil bunds reduced
the sediment yield to 23.26 × 103 t/yr from the current conditions, which is equivalent to 81%
reduction.