HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE

Assessment of Groundwater Potential and recharge zones for Irrigation in

Erer Sub-Basin, Wabeshebelle River Basin, Ethiopia

M.Sc. Research Thesis Proposal

Kibebew Damtew

Faculty: Institute of Technology

School: Water Resources and Environmental Engineering
Department: Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering
Program: Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (Regular)
Major Advisor: Dr. Asfaw Kebede (Phd, Associate Professor)

Nov 2022
Haramaya University, Haramaya
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process

DEM Digital Elevation Model
FAO food and agricultural organization
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Geographical Positioning System
GES Geological Survey of Ethiopia
GWP Groundwater Potential
ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
IDW Inverse Distance Weight
m.a.s.l Meter above sea level
OWWDSE Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise
OIDA Oromia irrigation development authority
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
USGS United States Geological Survey
WLC Weighted Linear Combination
BGS British geological survey
PWCM Pairwise Comparison

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Statement of Problem 2
1.3. Objectives 3
1.3.1. General Objectives 3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives 3
1.4. Significance of the Study 3
1.5. Scope of the Study 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Groundwater 5
2.2. Groundwater Occurrence 5
2.3. Groundwater Resource Potential in Ethiopia 6
2.4. Groundwater Recharge 6
2.5. Factors Affecting Groundwater Potential and Recharge 6
2.6. Groundwater Recharge Estimation 7
2.7. GIS and Remote Sensing techniques 7
2.8. Analytical Hierarchy Process Methods 8

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 9

3.1. Description of the Study Area 9
3.1.1. Location 9
3.1.2. Geology and soils 10
3.1.3. Hydrology and drainage 10
3.1.4. Land use land cover 10
3.2. Methods 11
3.3. Data Description and Software 12
3.3.1. Software Used 13
ii
 3.4. Input data set 13
3.5. Analytic hierarchy process analysis 16
3.6.Identification Criteria for Groundwater Recharge Zone 19
3.7. Identification Criteria for Groundwater Potential 21
3.7.1. Geology 21
3.7.2. Lineament 21
3.7.3. Geomorphology 21
3.7.4. Slope 21
3.7.5. Drainage density 22
3.7.6. Rainfall 22
3.7.7. Land use/land cover 22
3.7.8. Soil 22
3.8. Weighing 23
3.9. Evaluation of groundwater potential for Irrigation 23
3.10. Validation of Groundwater potential zone maps 23

4. WORK PLAN 24

5. BUDGET BREAKDOWN 25

6. REFERENCES 26

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. Sources of data and its purpose 13
2. Saatty’s, scale of intensity relative importance 17
3. Random consistency index (RI) 19

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1. Location of the study area 9
2. The workflow and methods of the study 12

v
 1

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background

Water is necessary in adequate quantities to meet the growing demands of home, agricultural,
and industrial processing units (Zone, 2019; Worqlul et al., 2017). Due to its plant-based
distribution on the Earth's surface, however, it has a restricted supply. As described in previous
and recent research, Ethiopia is gradually meeting its critical water needs (Ahmed, 2006).
According to (Adane, 2014), groundwater accounts for roughly 60% of the world's freshwater
supply, or about 0.6 percent of the total amount of water on the planet. Surface water and
groundwater are the most common types of water resources identified; however, surface water
is not a reliable source due to seasonal variations (Kahsay et al., 2019). Groundwater, on the
other hand, is better suited quantitatively and is more readily available (Gebremedhin et al.,
2018). It is the world's largest liquid freshwater reservoir, and it is vital to the planet's survival
since it is used to support a wide range of human and environmental needs (K. G. Berhanu &
Hatiye, 2020).

Because of food security concerns and global climatic change, groundwater usage for irrigation
and home needs has been at an all-time high when compared to other uses, such as farm animals
and commercial use. As a result, groundwater has become a major source for irrigation, and it
must become a critical part of the irrigation plan "to overcome food scarcity" in many
developing countries across Africa. Such efforts have aided in the expansion of irrigation over
time, notably since the 1950s, when the rate of growth has accelerated (Kebede, 2015b). The
agriculture business relies on groundwater to function (Ahmed, 2006). Groundwater, on the
other hand, is a resource that is underutilized throughout Africa. Because of greater development
and operational costs, as well as a lack of expertise on resource dynamics, groundwater in
Ethiopia is not always utilised as it should be (Awulachew Seleshi Bekele, 2010).
Geology/lithology, Geomorphology/Landforms, drainage density, rainfall, Geological
structures/lineaments, slope, Land use/Land cover, and soil of the groundwater regime all
influence the occurrence, origin, movement, and chemical composition of groundwater (Tolche,
2021; Hartmann and Moosdorf, 2012; Kebede, 2015). The use of remote sensing and GIS to
demarcate possible groundwater zones is a powerful tool.
 2

The use of satellite data in conjunction with traditional maps and corrected ground truth data
has made establishing the baseline information for groundwater potential zones more easier.
Based on a field survey, the obtained results are deemed to be adequate, however they differ
from one place to the next (Aneesh and Deka, 2015). Integration of remote sensing with GIS for
producing various thematic layers that have direct or indirect control over groundwater
occurrence with assigned weightage in a spatial place would guide the identification of probable
groundwater zones due to various geoenvironmental variables (Berhanu and Hatiye, 2020). Due
to a wide range of geo-environmental variables. Integration of remote sensing with GIS for the
preparation of various thematic layers with assigned weightage in a spatial domain that have
direct or indirect control over groundwater occurrence would aid in the identification of possible
groundwater zones (Kebede, 2015b).

Freshwater is by far the most scarce, vital, and multipurpose natural resource on the planet, and
the demand for it is expanding worldwide as a result of urbanization, financial development,
and population growth (Kebede, 2015b). In Ethiopia, water for irrigation is still scarce. Because
of their scarcity, proper planning and control of such resources in terms of distribution,
management, use, and environmental capabilities are critical in order to maximize resource
utilization in a sustainable manner (Berhanu and Hatiye, 2020).

1.2. Statement of Problem

Ethiopia is one of the most drought prone countries in the world, with a significant
proportion of the net gross domestic product dependent on rain fed agricultural practices. The
intensity and duration of rainfall is highly erratic and variable, resulting in significant reductions
in agricultural production and in some cases total crop failure. The demand for groundwater
resources is increasing day by day due to the ever-increasing population.

The study area has high potential groundwater resources but currently, there are many
challenges including high spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, global climate change and
deforestation, land degradation, and high population growth rate. These challenges put
immense pressure on the groundwater resources. This has resulted in abstracting more water
from the groundwater reservoir. Erer sub basin is known by its highly abstraction of
groundwater supply for potable drinking water and irrigation water to different urban and rural
areas of Harari and woredas of Oromia region. Recently, there were great conflicts in the study
 3

area between the farmers and the neighboring government authority due to increased ground
water depth of their irrigation water supply. Therefore, identification of the seasonal changes
of groundwater potential and recharge is a basis for efficient groundwater resource management
to solve the conflicts of the society.

1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General Objectives
The general objective of this research will be to assess the availability of groundwater potential
and recharge zone for irrigation in the Erer sub-Basin of the Wabeshebele river basin.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the study include:
 To evaluate the groundwater potential for irrigation of the study area.
 To delineate groundwater potential and
 To identify recharge zone of the study area by using remote sensing and geospatial
data analysis.

1.4. Significance of the Study

Groundwater resources, on the other hand, are not controlled or managed, therefore determining
their potential is critical. There is a need to analyze groundwater potential and maximize
irrigated agricultural yields because of the high energy costs of pumping water from wells and
the challenge of on-farm water management. Despite the fact that some Erer sub-basins have a
lot of potential for agricultural irrigation, the lowland area has insufficient rainfall to support
higher agricultural productivity. Farmers frequently fail to meet the required soil moisture
requirements for growing crops due to unpredictable rainfall distribution in the area. As a result,
the area will be hit by drought on multiple occasions. The use of groundwater for irrigation is
becoming more common nowadays, and it is increasingly being used as a primary supply of
water. Beneficiaries and development agents in the study region now lack thorough information
on the suitability of groundwater for irrigation to grow the crops. In the Erer sub-basin area, no
investigations on this topic have yet been conducted. However, in order to use groundwater as
a source of irrigation water in the long run, the quantity of groundwater must be Assessed.
1.5. Scope of the Study
In the research area, assessing irrigated agricultural groundwater is often regarded as a key step
 4

in improving smallholder, low-yield farming systems. More farmers in the Erer river sub-basin
are installing hand-dug wells and manual well tubes for irrigation, according to the Oromia
Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise project document (OWWDSE, 2017b). Only
a few studies on the irrigation water potential of ground and surface water sources have been
conducted in Ethiopia's eastern half, in the Wabeshebele river basin (Getachew, 2019;
Kassahun, 2015; Tadesse et al., 2010). According to their findings, the water utilized by farmers
is insufficient for irrigation, so it is necessary to examine the potential and sustainability of a
water supply for irrigation. Furthermore, the study attempted to assess groundwater potential in
the Erer Sub basin of the identified irrigable area using groundwater for cultivating crops.
 5

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Groundwater

Groundwater potential and recharge zone are defined differently by different writers at different
eras. Groundwater is the most important natural resource discovered beneath the earth's surface,
kept in a void space of geological stratum, and employed in economic development, home life,
and any ecological diversity, according to (Sharma, 2016). He also concludes that groundwater
occurrence and flow systems are dependent on geological characteristics such as porosity and
permeability, as well as the formation of landforms such as high mountains, rift valleys, and flat
areas, as well as the role of landform on surface runoff and infiltration to the ground.
Furthermore, (Arulbalaji et al., 2019) define groundwater recharge as the percolation/
infiltration of water from an unsaturated to a saturated zone through the porosity and
permeability of earth materials above the water table, which culminates in precipitation,
infiltration/ percolation of surface water to the subsurface influenced by geology and
geomorphology.

2.2. Groundwater Occurrence

The natural geological environment influences the occurrence and movement of groundwater,
as well as the productivity of aquifers (Kassa et al., 2015). Due to several complicated geological
evolutionary processes such as tectonic movement and climatic change, Ethiopia has a complex
hydrogeology with considerable geographical diversity (Nugraha et al., 2020). As a result,
groundwater occurrence varies across the country and is influenced by a variety of geological
and environmental variables.

(Nugraha et al., 2020) undertook a study of groundwater availability and utilization in fifteen
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. He concludes that hydrological conditions in Sub-Saharan
Africa have a greater impact on groundwater than in other countries, and divides the
hydrological aquifers parameters of Sub-Saharan Africa into crystalline basement complex rock,
consolidated sedimentary rock, unconsolidated sedimentary rock, and volcanic rocks. (Kebede,
2015a) investigated the occurrence of groundwater in Ethiopia and described the most essential
parameters influencing the flow and storage of groundwater in volcanic rocks. He also states
that variations in the mineralogy, texture, and structure of volcanic rocks generate variations in
 6

the area's water-bearing capacity. (Seifu, 2012) conducted research on the occurrence of
groundwater in Ethiopia, dividing the sources of groundwater recharge in Ethiopia into flood
recharge, wadi flood recharge, rainfall recharge, mountain block recharge, graben runoff, and
water isotope is the proof.

Although the location of aquifers has been reasonably mapped across extensive parts of
Ethiopia, quantitative data on aquifer features and recharge rates, groundwater flow regimes,
and abstraction rates is inconsistent, and water quality data is often poor (Demlie, 2015).

2.3. Groundwater Resource Potential in Ethiopia

Groundwater in Ethiopia is influenced by complex geological formations, diversified
topography, and soil, and its people lacks abilities to investigate, develop, and manage the
resource, resulting in a lack of awareness of groundwater as a viable and strategic resource
(Belihu et al., 2020). According to the paper, annual renewable groundwater resources are
projected to be over 36,000 million cubic meters (36 billion cubic meters), with total
groundwater storage estimates ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 billion m3 (Ayenew et al., 2013).
According to ( Hussien et al., 2019), groundwater storage volume in Ethiopia varies greatly,
ranging from 1 to 50 million m3 km2 (1000 to 50,000 mm water depth) at a depth of 7 to 250
m below the surface.

2.4. Groundwater Recharge

The percolation/infiltration of water to the earth happens when any surface water goes to the
groundwater table and infiltrates the saturated zone, resulting in groundwater recharge.
Precipitation, surface waters, and irrigation losses can be recharged via diffuse (direct) or
preferential (localized/indirect) mechanisms, and groundwater can be recharged via direct and
indirect mechanisms from rainfall, surface water storage, sub-basin adjoining, infiltration
through streams and rivers, and artificial recharge from ponds and reservoirs (Kassaye Hussien,
2019; Seifu, 2012).
2.5. Factors Affecting Groundwater Potential and Recharge
According to many prior studies, numerous elements that control/facilitate this process have an
impact on groundwater potential and recharge zone. As described by ((Jaafarzadeh et al., 2021))
in his paper on using GIS to understand the ground potential zone in hard rock water. He talked
 7

about lithology, geomorphology, lineament, slope soil, drainage pattern, land usage, and
rainfall, among other things. Finally, he summarizes, pointing out that the aforementioned
characteristics are critical in determining groundwater potential and recharge zone mapping
(Ahmed, 2006). Investigate the source of groundwater occurrence and movement utilizing
remote sensing data based on an indirect study of physically observable terrain elements such
as geological formations, geomorphology, land-use/land-cover, slope, rainfall, drainage density,
and lineaments.

2.6. Groundwater Recharge Estimation

Estimating groundwater recharge can be done in a variety of ways. Several strategies for
estimating groundwater recharge have been identified in the literature. (Adem, 2012) employed
Groundwater Resource Evaluation and Sustainable Management in Adelle and Haromaya Dry
Lake Catchment, Eastern Ethiopia. A total water volume of 10.06 MCM per year is estimated
to recharge the aquifer system. The present annual groundwater abstraction is 13.78 MCM. The
estimated exploitable groundwater reserve and safe yield of the catchment are 6.73 MCM/year
and 8.29MCM/year.

He also discovered that the total groundwater abstraction from the catchment exceeds the annual
recharge. This is owing to the soils' relatively high permeability and mild terrain, which
encourages more water infiltration and recharging. Similarly, research in Ethiopia's eastern
regions (Tolche, 2021; Kebede, 2015) identified groundwater potential locations and
corroborated their findings using borehole observations .

2.7. GIS and Remote Sensing techniques

(Ikegwuonu et al., 2021) used integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques to map
groundwater potential zones in the basement complex terrain of Ekiti area, southwestern
Nigeria. (Sub-basin & Adula, 2016) Characterizing and Understanding of the Hydrological
System of Didesa Sub-Basin and. Similar studies (Kebede, 2015; Tolche, 2021)were conducted
in Ethiopia's eastern regions to identify groundwater prospective locations and corroborate their
findings using borehole observations. These studies show that using remote sensing and GIS
approaches can assist narrow down target areas for extensive hydrogeological and geophysical
assessments on the ground, and eventually find the best drilling location.
 8

2.8. Analytical Hierarchy Process Methods

Based on Saaty's Analytical Hierarchy Process, a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation will be
utilized to calculate rates for the classes in a layer and weights for each thematic layer (AHP).
The Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method will be used to aggregate the theme layers.
The rates for classes in a layer, as well as the weights for thematic layers, will be calculated
using Saaty's AHP (Saaty, 1980). The most frequently accepted method for scaling the
rates/weights of factors whose entries show the strength with which one component dominates
the other in terms of the relative criterion is Saaty's AHP (Gebreselassie et al., 2018).

Using thematic layers of elevation, land-use/land-cover, lineaments, and drainage (Ahmed,

2006; Kebede, 2015b) generated correct information on groundwater occurrence and generated
the result from Weight Index Overlay Analysis (WIOA) by utilizing analytical hierarchy process
approaches. Finally, the analytical hierarchy approach is a promising tool for groundwater
exploration, according to the authors.
 9

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area
3.1.1. Location

The Erer Sub-Basin is located in the east Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. The
astronomic location of the watershed extends from 8° 12' 35" N to 9° 31' 07" N latitude and
from 42° 04' 27" E to 42° 31' 07" E longitude, with elevation ranging between 805 and 2959
meters above mean sea level (Figure 1). The Erer Sub-Basin, with a surface area of around 3860
km2 is one hydrological watershed within the Wabi Shebelle Basin. Erer sub basin has common
border with Somali Regional State in the south and northeast, Harari Region in the north, babile
town in the east and fedis woredas in the west. it starts from the foot of babile town, 541 km
away from Addis Abeba and 12 km from Harar in the southeast direction. The Erer River is a
perennial river of eastern Ethiopia. it rises near the city of Harar, and flows in a primarily
southeastern direction to its confluence with the Shebelle.

Figure 1. Location of the study area

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3.1.2. Geology and soils

Precambrian metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Tertiary and Quaternary
volcanic rocks, and unconsolidated sediments make up the geology of eastern Ethiopia.
Underlying the deep Mesozoic sedimentary succession are minor occurrences of Late Paleozoic
to Early Mesozoic sedimentary rocks (Kebede, 2015; OWWDSE, 2018). Jurassic, Precambrian,
Triassic-Permian and Lower Jurassic geology are found in the Erer sub-basin (Hartmann and
Moosdorf, 2012).

According to FAO reports from 1985, Ethiopian soils vary greatly from place to place, and the
same is true in the research regions. The dominant soil types include Calcaric regosols, Eutric
nitosols, Eutric regosols, Dystric cambisols, Haplic xerosols, and Humic cambisols, with a
proportion of each class contributing 4%, 8%, 20%, 19%, 49%, and 16%, respectively, of the
total study area (FAO, 1995).

3.1.3. Hydrology and drainage

The drainage area of the Erer Sub-Basin is about 3860 km2 of which, about 73.5% is classified
as Kolla (warm semiarid), which ranges from 500 to 1500 meters, while Woinadega (cool sub-
humid; 1500–2300 meters) and Dega (cool humid; 2300–3200-meters) account for about
25.12% and 1.36%, respectively, of the total drainage area (MOA, 2000). The mean annual rainfall
ranges between 744 and 1017 mm (based on data from three meteorological stations:
Kombolcha, Babile, and Bisidimo) and mostly occurs during summer (NMA, 2015). The mean
monthly maximum temperature reaches up to 29.95 ◦C and a mean monthly minimum air
temperature reaches up to 16.72 ◦C (NMA, 2015).

3.1.4. Land use land cover

Maize, barley, wheat, and sorghum are the most important seasonal crops in the Erer basin,
while coffee, chat, and fruit trees are perennial crops ((OWWDSE, 2017b). bare land, cropland,
forestland, settlement, shrubland, and water body, with a proportion of each LULC class in 2000
contributes 8.03%, 47.92%, 2.99%, 0.2%, 40.67%, and 0.18% of the total study area,
respectively. Each LULC classes in 2018 accounts for 9.71%, 64.36%, 1.42%, 0.61%, 23.87%,
and 0.03% of the total study area, respectively (Woldemariam and Harka, 2020). Accordingly
the classified LULC images illustrate that cropland was the most dominant LULC class in the
study landscape in both 2000 and 2018, followed by shrubland and bare lands.
 11

3.2. Methods
GIS and remote sensing techniques were applied to delineate groundwater potential and
recharge of the middle Awash River basins through analytical hierarchy process. The methods
for this research work includes the following stages: i) identification and evaluation of criteria;
ii) data collection; iii) preprocessing; iv) input dataset; vi) reclassified input layers; vii) Pair wise
comparison of criteria and give weight with Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP); x)overlay
analysis with Weight sum overlay analysis in ArcGIS tools, Ranking the final value. Ix) Validation of
Groundwater potential zone maps. The overall methods are illustrated as shown in (Figure 2)
 12

LANDSAT 8 SRTM Existing Data

Existing Data
Lineament Extraction DEM Generation
Collection

Slope
Soil GW Inventory
Drainage Density
Geology Rainfall Data
Lineament Density Geomorphology
LULC BGS

Sub criteria identification and ranking

AHP Weight analaysis

GIS Overlay analaysis

Groundwater Potential and recharge Zone Mapping

Validation with GW Inventory data

Figure 2. The workflow and methods of the study

3.3. Data Description and Software

The information will be used to map groundwater potential, and the sources are shown in the
table below..
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Table 1. Sources of data and its purpose

No Types of Data Source of Data Purpose

1 Geomorphology satellite imagery and DEM To prepare a geomorphology
map of the study area
2 Metrological data Ethiopia Metrological Agency To interpolate and create a
and rainfall map of the study area
Ministry of Water Resources
3 Geology map Geological Survey of Ethiopia To prepare a geologic map of
the study area
4 Soil Oromia Water Works Design to prepare a soil map of the
and Supervision Enterprise study area
(OWWDSE),
5 Lineament satellite imagery To prepare a lineament map
of the study area
6 DEM SRTM DEM 30m To prepare slope and drainage
density map
7 LULC East Harerge Agricultural To extract a Land use/cover
irrigation office map of the study area
Google Earth pictures and Io produce LULC
Landsat 8
8 Water inventory East Harerghe Water, Mineral Groundwater potential map
data (l/s) and Energy Office validation
East Harerge small scale irrigation scheme of agricultural office

3.3.1. Software Used

The following software programs will be used to process the photos and extract the needed
variables/parameters:
 Arc Hydro module ArcGIS 10.4 extension will be used for catchment delineation
and drainage extraction
 ArcMap 10.4 and QGIS will be used for GIS Analysis
 Microsoft office excel and xlstat for AHP analysis and satirical analysis
 Surfer 18 For 3-D visualization of land surface and others
 INVI 5.3 PCI Geomatica 17 For lineament generation

3.4. Input data set

LULC data from East Hararge Zones Land Use Plan, Study Project Document, which will be
investigated by Oromia water works design and supervision enterprise (OWWDSE) Will be
used for LULC classification map. The total length of all recorded lineaments divided by the
area of the catchment under consideration, which is expressed as Ld, is the thematic layer for
 14

lineament density (Ld) (Adeyeye et al., 2019).

𝑛
𝐿𝑖
𝐿𝑑 = ∑ ( ) (3.1)
𝐴
𝑖=1

where Li is the length of the ith lineament and Ld is the total length of all lineaments in kilometers
and A is the area of the grid in square kilometers. To get the secondary lineaments, semi-
automated lineament extraction will be applied to Landsat-8 OLI data of the research area. First,
the pan-sharpening method will be used to display the satellite image in greater detail, and the
image resolution will be enhanced from 30 m to 15 m. Then, using ENVI 5.3 software, the
principle component analysis (PCA) method will be used to clarify the lineaments. Using the
LINE module of the PCI Geomatica software, the lineaments will be retrieved from the image
acquired following the PCA (PC1) application. (Ibrahim and Mutua, 2014) was observe the use
of the LINE tool in PCI Geomatica.

Soil data will be collected from the East Hararge Land Use Plan Study Project investigated by
the Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (OWWDSE).

The global U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) format with a spatial resolution of 30m x 30m.
Before being used, the revised DEM is projected to WGS1984 UTM Zone37N for the study
area with the raster projection tool in the ArcMap toolbox. Slope, topographic wetness index,
topographic position index, drainage density, and geomorphology will all be calculated using a
30m resolution digital elevation model. A digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial
resolution of 30 m will be utilized in the Arc Map of ArcGIS at the start of the area's slope
preparation. The slope of the study area will be assessed using the (B. Berhanu et al., 2013)
classification system.

Drainage density is the other decisive factor that affects groundwater predominance. It will be
generated and mapped directly in ArcGIS's Arc map, a spatial analysis extension tool that
employs a DEM with a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The drainage density is defined as the
flow channels' close spacing (Sar et al., 2015). consistent with (Rahmati et al., 2015), the
drainage density (Dd) is the degree of the total length of the stream section of all orders that
 15

coincide with the unit area, which can be given as:

𝑛
𝐷𝑖
𝐷𝑑 = ∑ ( ) (3.2)
𝐴
𝑖=1

where ∑Di is the total length of all streams in stream order i (km) and A is the area of the sub-
Basin(km2). The drainage line will be delineated, and then the drainage density will be
calculated using Eq (3.2).

Geomorphology will be computed by QGIS Desktop with GRASS applying using TPI tool. This
tool identifies ten landforms by analyzing the DEM. The Topographic Position Index (TPI) is a
mechanism for quantifying topographic slope locations and automating landform categorization
that is commonly used (Skentos and Ourania, 2017). The topographic position index is linked
to several physical evolutions on the landscape, including hilltops, valley bottoms, exposed
ridges, fat plains, and upper and lower slope activities (Jenness, 2006). The research area's
topographic position index-based landforms are created using QGIS Desktop and GRASS
software, as well as the TPI tool, from a digital elevation model (Conrad et al., 2015)). The
following equation (3.3) will be used to calculate TPI.

𝑀𝑜 − ∑𝑛−1 𝑀𝑛
𝑇𝑃𝐼 = (3.3)
𝑛

where, Mo - elevation of the model point under evaluation, Mn - elevation of the grid, n - the
total number of surrounding points employed in the evaluation (Jenness, 2006). Groundwater
yields will be collected from the East Harerghe Water, Mineral and Energy Office and
OWWDSE. Metrological data of Metta, Kersa, Haremaya, Harar, Kurfa Chele, Bedeno, Fedis,
Girawa, Gola Oda, Meyu, Kulubi, Water and Erer from the Ethiopian meteorological agency
will be used as a source of point data. Precipitation maps will be interpolated in ArcGIS 10.4
from available metrological data. Then, GIS numerical interpolation techniques based on
inverse distance weighting will be applied to generate a precipitation surface.

The normal ratio will be used to estimate missing precipitation records, and the station average
method will be used to calculate a weighted average of the mean annual precipitation at each
station. If the total yearly precipitation at any of the n stations differs by more than 10% from
the annual precipitation at the place of interest, the station averaging approach may not be
 16

accurate. When the preceding conditions are met, the normal ratio technique, according to
(Lawler et al., 2009), is preferred. In this investigation, both strategies will be applied.

𝑁𝑥 − 𝑁𝑖
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∗ 100 (3.4)
𝑁𝑋

Where: Nx= total precipitation in any region and Ni = annual precipitation at the point of interest.
The station average method of estimating missing data uses n gauges from one region to estimate
the missing point precipitation Px at another gauge.

𝑛
1
𝑃𝑥 = ∗ ∑ 𝑃𝑖 (3.5)
𝑛
𝑖=1

Where: Pi = the precipitation at gauge i. Equation 3.5 is accurate if the total annual precipitation
at any of the n stations if the mean difference is less than 10%. If the mean difference is greater
than 10%, the normal ratio method should be used using the following formula.

𝑛
1 𝑁𝑚
𝑃𝑥 = ∗ [∑( ) ∗ 𝑃𝑖 ] (3.6)
𝑛 𝑁𝑖
𝑖=1

where, Pm = missing data at stations x, m, and Nm = normal annual rain at the rain gauge for
which data is missing, and Ni = normal annual rain at gauge i and n is the number of nearby
gauges.

3.5. Analytic hierarchy process analysis

Knowledge-based factor analysis of a total of 10 layers of information from the area, including
geology, geomorphology, and Land use/land cover (LULC), drainage density, lineaments,
rainfall, TPI, TWI, soil, and slope, will be used to delineate the groundwater potential zones of
the Erer sub-Basin. To assess the consistency of collected expert opinions and published articles,
the consistency ratio (CR) will be determined using the Pairwise Comparison (PWC) technique.
PWC will be useful to check that the weights for the selection criteria given by the experts are
reliable. The groundwater potential of each pairwise comparison matrix for the AHP analysis
will be checked by calculating CR for all of the obtained expert views to see if it is less than or
equal to 0.1. The weights of each thematic map criterion for groundwater potential will be
 17

governed by the thoughts of interviewed experts, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
method will be used to judge the consistency of the expert opinions by using the consistency
ratio (CR), which will be less than or equal to 0.1.

The relative weight for thematic layers (rainfall, slope, geomorphology, lineament density,
drainage density, soil texture, land-use/land-cover and geology) will be assigned based on their
relative importance for each analyzed based on the decision of researchers or knowledge of
expertise gained through similar groundwater potential zone mapping work (Kassawmar, 2017).
On Saaty's scale of 1 to 9, matrices will be produced in which each criterion is related to the
other criteria in terms of relevance (Table 2). A score of 1 represents equal importance between
the two factors, and a score of 9 indicates the extreme importance of one factor compared to the
other one. Saaty’s scale for assignment of weight and its interpretation shows the pair-wise
comparison process (Saaty, 1980, 1987).
Table 2. Saatty’s, scale of intensity relative importance

Verbal judgment AHP numeric value (scale)

Extremely important 9
Very strongly to extremely important 8
Very strongly important 7
Strongly to very strongly important 6
Strongly important 5
Moderately to strongly important 4
Moderately important 3
Equally to moderately important 2
Equally important 1
According to Saaty, the Consistency Ratio (CR) will be used to examine the normalized weights
of distinct thematic layers and their separate classes (1980). The following processes were taken
to calculate the CR of numerous thematic layers and their classes..

Analysis of Weight
The relative weight rank between criteria will be supplied on a numerical scale from 1 to 9, as
shown in Table 1, with the selected parameters being equal to or more important than other
selected parameters. In this study, relative weight will be allocated to thematic layers (rainfall,
slope, soil types, lineament density, drainage density, land-use/land-cover, geology and
geomorphology) for delineating and mapping groundwater recharge.
 18

Normalization of weight
The results of normalized weights for each parameter will be generated by averaging the values
in each row to provide a consistent ranking. The overall weight will be determined by the
computed weights. If the resulting matrix equals bij, aij = wi/wj, where w is the weight of each
parameter, I j=1.... n of the entries of every positive number to everywhere, and meet the
reciprocal properties, bnij= i/bij, reciprocal matrices are generated..

𝑎𝑖11 𝑎𝑖12 … . 𝑎1𝑛

⋯ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑎
𝐴1 [ ], 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = ∑ 𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2 … . . 𝑛 (3.7)
𝑎21 𝑎22 … 𝑎2𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑗
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛𝑛

Principal Eigen Vector Normalized

The normalized principal eigenvector value (𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) will be computed to check the weight
allocated to each parameter, using equations 3.8 and 3.9 to drive the consistency ratio calculation
(equation 3.10). Finally, the Consistency vector (𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) is obtained by adding these values. The
eigenvector and eigenvalue are calculated. as:

𝑊1 𝑊1′
𝑊 𝑛
∑ 𝑎 𝑊2′
𝑊 = [ 2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑖 = 1𝑛 𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … . 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 ′ = [ ] (3.8)
⋮ ⋮
𝑊𝑛 𝑊𝑛′

1 𝑊′ 𝑊′ 𝑊′
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = + +⋯+ (3.9)
𝑛 𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊𝑛

Where W: Eigenvector, wi: Eigenvalues of criterion i, and. λmax: Average eigenvalue of the

pairwise comparison matrix. The acceptability of the reciprocal matrix is indicated by the
consistency ratio. The following equation is used to determine CR, which is a measure of the
consistency of a pairwise comparison matrix.

𝐶𝐼
𝐶𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼 (3.10)

Where CI is consistency index and RI is random consistency index

 19

𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑛
𝐶𝐼 = (3.11)
𝑛−1

A property of matrices that defines their consistency is the consistency ratio (CR). If the
consistency ratio of the matrix is more than 0.1, it should be re-evaluated.
Table 3. Random consistency index (RI)
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
RI 0 0 0.58 0.9 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 1.5 1.56 1.57 1.59

After that, all of the maps will be combined into ArcGIS, and a weighted overlay approach will
be utilized to supplement the groundwater potential model. A groundwater potential map will
be generated by aggregating the thematic layers using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC)
method (Malczewski, 2006) in a GIS environment after computing rates for the classes in a layer
and weights for the thematic layers. To create the GWP map using the WLC approach, multiply
each rate value of the categorized layer by the weight (or percent effect) of the layer. The final
output raster represents potential groundwater areas by combining the cell values obtained:

𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑍 = ∑ (𝑊𝑖 𝑋𝑖 ) (3.12)

Where GWPZ = groundwater potential zone, Wi = weight for each thematic layer, Xi= rates for
the classes within a thematic layer. Groundwater has a stronger potential with advanced sum
values. The WLC will be completed with ArcGIS software's Raster Calculator tool. The GWP
map that results will be reclassified into five possible zones. However, additional validation is
required to ensure that the selected appropriateness classes are correct. For an accurate
assessment of the model validation, point data on tube wells, boreholes, and dug wells acquired
from OWWDSE and East Hareghe water, mining, and energy will be used.

3.6.Identification Criteria for Groundwater Recharge Zone

The groundwater recharge zone investigation considers the analysis of thematic layers (rainfall,
soil texture, slope, land- use/ land- cover, lineament, geomorphology, drainage density and
geology), which the same maps that will be used for groundwater potential zone are mapping.
The parameters values will be given based on the saatty scale as shown in Table 2 above. As
per the pairwise comparison matrix, the relative weight matrix and normalized Principal Eigen
 20

vector will be calculated for getting the relative weights of the variables. The influence
percentage of thematic layers and the rank for its parameters will be assigned based on the
judgment of works carried out by researchers or knowledge of expert gained through similar
work on groundwater recharge mapping (Shifaji and Nitin, 2014 ). Determination of the relative
importance and the weight of each thematic map with another paired comparison matrix will be
done by saatty importance scale. In this pairwise comparison matrix, the weight of consistency
ratio value of groundwater recharge will be computed and the result will be less than 0.1 for all
experts. This indicates that all experts' weightings are consistent and suitable for the
implementation. Parameters influencing groundwater potential and recharge and their relative
importance will be reviewed from previous literature and from hydrological perspectives.

The study will be uses rainfall, slope, geomorphology, soil texture, drainage density,
geomorphology and geology for groundwater recharge which affects groundwater potential and
recharge. In determining the value given to each parameters and in establishing the level of
desirability of each attribute, different measurements and ranges will be used where most
applicable to existing national norms and standards. Rainfall is one of the factors for the
formation of ground water potential and recharge. The structural Drainage network will be used
to explain the characteristics of groundwater potential and recharge zone. The area where High
drainage density values will have high runoff and indicates low possibility of groundwater
availability and hence higher weights will be assigning to the low drainage density area and vice
versa. Slope is the steepness or the change of elevation between two locations and it has a direct
influence on ground water recharge (Chowdhury, 2009). High slope regions will have high
runoff and low infiltration rate that are not suitable for groundwater recharge, because of water
cannot get enough time to infiltrate to the ground (Chenini et al., 2010).

High lineament density area will be good for ground water recharge and low lineament density
will be less suitable for groundwater recharge and discharges. Soils are also one of the important
factors for ground water recharge and its quality. The percolation or infiltration rate of water to
the water tables influenced by soil permeability. Land-use/land-cover have a direct effect on the
hydrological process of surface runoff, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge. Water
body, agriculture land and the waterlogged area are excellent sources of groundwater recharge,
while the bare lands and exposed rock surface areas are less important for groundwater recharge.
 21

The geomorphology will be reclassified in terms of groundwater recharge and potential.There

is a maximum runoff associate with Landforms which characterized by hills slope. This shows
poor Potentiality for groundwater potential and recharge possibility. The way of Geologic
formation and genetic type is essential condition for ground water flow, transport and mineral
composition. Types of rocks will be determine peculiarities of hydrological crosssection
structure, type of porosity values, the nature of permeability, geological structure
geomorphology and character of spatial heterogeneity of flow and transport parameters.

3.7. Identification Criteria for Groundwater Potential

3.7.1. Geology
Geology and the rate at which it is appropriate for groundwater potential Each lithological unit
(colluvial and alluvial deposit, Basalt, Alluvial deposit, Fractured massive deposit, Welded and
unwelded tuff, Rhyolite.) will be classified as Sedimentary rocks-Very high, Igneous rocks-
Moderate, and Metamorphic rocks-Low, and their aquifer characteristics will be described as
Sedimentary rocks-Very high, Igneous rocks-Moderate (Rajaveni et al., 2017). The
reclassification map will be created using the rate calculated for the research area's geology map.
3.7.2. Lineament
Lineament density Criteria Value in km/km2 and Rate of Lineament map of the study area Low
density (0–0.37 km-1), Moderate density (0.37–1.08 km -1), High density (1.08–2.96 km-1).
(Prasad et al., 2008) will be produced. The higher the length of lineament features the higher
rate and finally reclassified lineament map will be developed.
3.7.3. Geomorphology
Geomorphology and the rate at which it occurs in relation to groundwater potential Based on
the geomorphology of the study area, the effect of geomorphology on groundwater potentials
will be reviewed. Valley fill, pediplain, pediments, denudational hill, residual hill, linear ridge,
and structural hill are all examples of waterbodies (reservoirs) (Prasad et al., 2008; Yıldırım,
2021). Finally, the reclassification map will be created using the computed rate.
3.7.4. Slope
Flat –Very high, Gentle slope –High, Moderate slope –Moderate, High slope-Low, Steep-Very
Low are the slope (degree) values and rates that are adequate for groundwater infiltration
potentiality (B. Berhanu et al., 2013). The reclassification map will be created using the
 22

computed rate.
3.7.5. Drainage density
The pair-wise comparison will be done based on the fact that areas with low drainage
density(km/km2) with higher groundwater recharge rate will be calculated as Low density (0–
0.75 km-1, Moderate density (0.75–2.39 km -1), High density (2.39–5.08 km-1) and vice versa
and the reclassified map of drainage density will be produced (Ajay Kumar et al., 2020).
3.7.6. Rainfall
A high amount of rainfall is generally associated with a high occurrence of groundwater, and a
pair-wise comparison will be made based on this fact, and the rate will be determined
accordingly Reclassified map. The amount of rain that falls in millimeters and at a rate that is
optimal for groundwater potential The research region has been reclassified, and the rainfall
map has been updated. Then, based on the predicted rate, Very Low (987 – 1028) mm, Low
(1028 – 1069) mm, Moderate (1069 – 1110) mm, High (1110 – 1151) mm, and Very High (1151
– 1192) mm will be created (B. Berhanu et al., 2013).
3.7.7. Land use/land cover
land-use/land-cover, and the rate at which it changes in relation to groundwater potential (Bare
land, rock outcrops, settlement and lava flow, Annual cropland, Poor Sparse Forest, open
grassland and woodland, open shrubland, closed shrubland, and closed grassland, open
shrubland, closed shrubland, and closed grassland) Land-use/Land-cover Map of the Study Area
will be reclassified (Moderate Dense forest and open grassland, High Wetland and water body).
In general, bare terrain will be judged to be the least favorable for infiltration, and a
reclassification map will be produced based on the rate calculated after a pair-wise comparison
of each class rate (Kassaye Hussien, 2019; K. G. Berhanu and Hatiye, 2020).
3.7.8. Soil
Soil types and rate will be assigned based on their suitability for groundwater potential and
classification. According to (B. Berhanu et al., 2013), clay (very poor), clay loam (poor), sandy
clay loam (moderate), sandy loam (high), sandy and wetland (very high), and Nitosol (highly),
Alisol (moderately), Luvisols/ Cambisols (low), Vertisols (very low), a reclassified soil map
will be produced based on the rate for soil map of the study area.
 23

3.8. Weighing
The last stage is using spatial analysis (weighted overlay) to integrate all thematic layers based
on the rates for the classes in each layer and the weight of thematic layers derived from the pair-
wise comparison. Equation 3.13 shows the formula for calculating the GWPZ map ( David et
al., 2012

𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑍 = 𝑅 ∗ 𝐺𝐸 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝐿𝐷 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝐺𝑀 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝑆𝐿 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝑆 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝐷𝐷 + 𝑅 ∗ 3𝑅𝐹 + 𝑅 ∗ 𝐿𝑈 (3.13)

where GWPZ = groundwater potential zone, GE = Geology, LD = lineament density,

GM = geomorphology, SL = slope, DD = drainage density, RF = rainfall, LU = land use/cover,
S= soil and R=rate for each thematic map. The groundwater potential zone map will be
generated by reclassifying into distinct potential zones (very good, good, moderate, poor, and
very poor) once the weighted overlay operation is completed (Tolche, 2021).

3.9. Evaluation of groundwater potential for Irrigation

To evaluate the reliability of the qualitative result, the identified groundwater potential zones
utilizing GIS and RS methodologies will be compared to existing ground data from boreholes,
springs, and hand-dug wells in the research region. This would lend more confidence to the use
of qualitative results obtained through GIS and RS analysis.

3.10. Validation of Groundwater potential zone maps

Furthermore, the geographical distribution of existing wells and their associated borehole output
will be compared to the groundwater potential zone map developed to determine the validity of
the findings. The model's validity will be verified against borehole pumping test data, in which
the wells are flooded on the GWP zone map. In the future, the model developed will serve as a
reference for developing a viable groundwater exploration plan. The groundwater potential
prospective zone will be plotted using borehole yield statistics from the research region. The
validation results are supplied in table style to validate the representation model. Water sources
inventory data from Oromia regional states, Kersa, Meta, and Kurfa Challe woredas will be used
to compare and evaluate the created groundwater potential zone maps. The certification of
groundwater potentials was carried out by the Water Resource Development Bureau and zonal
water offices.
 24

4. WORK PLAN

Time Schedule (2022/2023)

Activities Months
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Ap May Jun July
Research
proposal
preparation

Site visiting

Location
reading
Farmers
interviewing
Consultation
with
supervisors
Data
collection
Data
analysis
Model
validation
Paper
writing
Submitting
1st draft

Correcting it

Submitting
2nd draft

Correcting it

Submitting
final report

Defense
 25

5. BUDGET BREAKDOWN

Table 5. Perdium expense

Quantity
No. Description UOM Rate Total Cost
of day
3
1 Enumerators (25 persons) Days 200 15,000
1
2 Facilitators (5 person) Days 194 970
29
3 Researcher (1 person) Days 206 5974
Sub-total ETB 21,944

Table 6. Supervision Fee

Unit
No. Description Quantity Rate Total Cost

1 Supervision Fee 3000.00

Sub-total 3000.00

Table 7. Budget Summary

No. Description Unit Quantity Rate Total Cost

1 Perdium Expenses 21,944

2 Supervision Fee 3000.00
Total 25000.00
Budget Source: Haramaya University
 26

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APPROVAL SHEET

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMS DIRECTORATE

MSc Proposal

Assessment of Groundwater Potential and Recharge Zones for Irrigation in

Erer Sub-Basin, Wabeshebelle River Basin, Ethiopia

Submitted by:
Kibebew Damtew ______________ _______________
Student Name Signature Date

Approved by:

Dr. Asfaw Kebede (Phd, Associate Professor) ______________ _______________

Major Advisor Signature Date

__________________________________ ______________ _______________

Chairperson, DGC/SGC Signature Date

__________________________________ ______________ _______________

Research Thematic Area Leader Signature Date

__________________________________ ______________ _______________

Associate Director for PGRP, HiT Signature Date

__________________________________ ______________ _______________

Director, Postgraduate Programs, HU Signature Date