1.final Socioeconomic Study Report

Socioeconomic Survey for the project “ multi-town Water Treatment system from Tendaho Dam”
Socioeconomic Survey in Afar Region for the project

“Multi-towns Water Treatment System from Tendaho Dam ”
(Final Report)
SUBMITTED TO : Beles Engineering
Study Conducted By: Bright Research Consultants P.L.C.
Tel: Mobile: 0911676186,0118455683

E-mail: abiyseyoum76@gmail.com
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
January 31 , 2023
Addis Ababa , Ethiopia
i.
1
Executive Summary
This report is a socioeconomic study of multi-towns Water treatment system project in Afar
Regional State. It is prepared by Bright Research Consultants outsourced from Beles
engineering. The project proponent is Afar National Regional State Water and Energy Bureau.
The project lies along the program target towns of Samara, Logia, Dubti, Aysaita, Dichot, Det
Bahari and Galafi towns. These towns are located in one of the five zones of Afar region known
as Awsi Rasu Zone ( Zone 1). All these towns are accessible by asphalt road. Topographically,
these towns are widely surrounded by flat landscape with some hills and small mountains that
range in altitude from 350 to 480 masl.
Like in many other developing towns in Ethiopia; a rapid population growth and high rural-urban
migration also poses many social and environmental challenges for these towns. Hence, all these
towns face critical shortages of water and sanitation services to meet the demands of its
expanding population, manufacturing industries and commercial enterprises. It is proposed that
shortage household drinking water would be improved and large area of land should be
irrigated by the water that is going to be produced from the Tendaho Dam. The project
beneficiaries are communities living in the proposed area.
Populations of the project towns have been projected based on CSA 2007 census results and
rates recommended by CSA after making appropriate adjustments to suite to the pertinent
population growth pattern of towns. Thus, the population is projected over the design horizon
with medium variant growth rate and base population of CSA 2007.
Policies and development strategies designed at national level are expected to be adopted across
all regional states within the country with the existing socioeconomic contexts. The Afar
Regional State has been playing its role in terms of implementing these development policies,
strategies, and programs in the context of the pastoral and agro-pastoral societies predominant in
the region. It has been working on improving the livelihoods of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists
throughout the region covering key sectors including education, health, infrastructure, revenue,
and women and youth affairs. It has also been trying to build up institutional capacities at
different administrative levels of the region.
The major objective of this study is to assess its socio-economic conditions as well as identify
development priority areas for multi-towns Water Treatment System project. Despite its huge
natural, physical and human capital resources, the region has remained one of the least
developed, food insecure, and impoverished regions of the country. Lack of up-to-date study
result has made it necessary to begin by undertaking an assessment of the access to drinking
water, irrigational agricultural, marketing, household economy and livelihoods, income and
expenditure, gender issues, cost sharing and willingness to pay for water supply, availabilities of
credit and saving services and other public institutes as well as the environmental and social
impacts anticipations of the dwellers and their possible cope up mechanisms they suggest.
ii.
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The proposed projects have been assessed based on primary and secondary data obtained from
the proposed project towns. The water treatment project has both positive and negative
environmental and socioeconomic impacts. But, the positive impacts outweigh the negative
once. The positive impacts of the project are increasing the availability of the relatively clean
water for domestic and for cattle, reduce the diseases caused by water borne, reduce the
burden on women and girls to fetch water, improve sanitation and hygiene, increasing in local
development and employment and increased opportunities for alternative livelihoods.
These can help the region to draw lessons for the formulation of regional strategies to improve
the livelihoods of people in the towns, pastoralists and agro- pastoralists for future planning The
socioeconomic study result of the project came up with conclusions that the adverse impacts of
the projects are found by far less compared to the socio-economic benefits of the projects
beneficiaries in the area. Therefore, the Multi-Towns Water Treatment System project from
Tendaho Dam is found environmentally feasible and help in achieving water and food security
plan of the project’s beneficiaries.
iii.
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Acknowledgments
Bright Research Consultants P.L.C. would like to acknowledge the Afar Design and
Supervision Works Enterprise (AfDSWE) for its unreserved effort to provide us information
about the whereabouts of the study sites and necessary secondary data that is required for the
socioeconomic survey. Bright Research Consultants acknowledge the support form facilitators
of the study in various sectors of the Region (Mr. Endris and Mr Abdurahaman from
AfDSWE office) for their substantial contribution in supporting data collection required for the
study.
Respondents from different towns and representatives of various social groups (religious,
youth and women, civic societies, etc.) are also much appreciated by the consultants for their
contribution in giving real and relevant data.
iv.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
Executive summary ii.

Acknowledgement iv.
Table of contents v.
List of tables viii.
List of figures ix
1.Background 1
1.1. General Information 1
2. Research Methodology 2
2.1.Dataset and Methods 2
2.1.1. Primary data 2
2.1.2. Secondary data 2
3.General Profile of the Project towns 3
3.1. Description of the Region 3
3.1. 1.Basic Profile of Awsi Zone (zone 1) of Afar region 4
3.1.2. History 4
3.1.3. Demographics 4
3.1.4. Agriculture 4
3.2. Location and Accessibility of the project Sites 5
3.3. Topography 7
3.4. Climate 7
3.5. Temperature 7
3.6. Rainfall 7
3.7. Demographic Characteristics 7
3.8. Social services and Infrastructure 9
3.8.1. Education 9
3.8.2. Health Services ( Institutions and Manpower) 9
5
3.8.3. Water Supply 11
3.8.4. Sanitation and Waste Disposal 11

3.8.5. Road Network 12
3.8.6. Energy 12
3.8.6.1. Fuel Wood Utilization 12
3.8.6.2. Power Supply 13
3.8.7. Telecommunication 13
3.8.8. Post Office 13
3.8.9. Banking and Insurance Services: 13
4. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis of Socioeconomic Survey 14

4.1. Household Interviewees’ Demographic Data 14
4.2. Access to Drinking water 15
4.2.1. Source of Water 15
4.2.2. Travel Distance to fetch Water 15

4.2.3. Sanitation 15
4.2.4. Cost sharing/Service charge, willingness and ability to pay 17
4.2.5. Developmental Priorities 18
4.3. Irrigational Agriculture 18
4.4. Agricultural input supply 20
4. 5. Marketing 20
4. 5.1. Livestock trade and marketing 20
4.5.2. Fodder production and commercialization 20
4.6. Household Economy and Livelihoods 21
4.6.1.Annual Income and Expenditure 22
4.7. Gender-issues 23
4.9. Organization-Management 24
vi.
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4.10. Credit and Saving 24
4.11. Environmental and Social Impacts Anticipation, Analysis and their Cope up
Mechanisms 24
4.11.1. Potential Positive Impacts Identification and Prediction 24
4.11.2. Potential Negative Impacts Identification and Prediction 24
5. Conclusions and Recommendations 30
5.1. Conclusion 30
5.2 Recommendations 31
6. REFERENCES 30
7. ANNEXES 31
vii.
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List of Tables
Table 1. GPS coordinates of towns 5
Table 2. Population size of Samara, Logia, Asa’ita, Dubti, Dichoto, Wuha Limat, Serdo
,Galafi and Det Bahari towns based on CSA 2022 8
Table 3. Number of schools, students and teachers and administrative staffs 10
Table 4. Number of health infrastructures in the Towns and their human Resource 11
Table 5.Water Supply Services 11
Table 6. Demographic information of respondents 14
viii.
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Main Ethio- Djibouti Asphalt road crosses the town Samara 13
Figure 2. Water source 16
Figure 3. Responsible member of a family to fetch water 16
Figure 4. Cost Sharing opinion 18
Figure 5. Major livelihoods of households 21
Figure 6. Cost of water monthly 22
Figure 7. Pressing need of women 23
ix.
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1. BACKGROUND
1.1. General Information
Human health , productivity and quality of life standard basically depends on access to safe and
sufficient water. In order to have sustainable socio-economic development, obtaining safe
drinking water has such a crucial vitality in the process of poverty reduction. Hence, the
government of Ethiopia is concerned about fulfilling the service sustainable , reliable ,
affordable and users’ acceptable water provision.
Taking this as a basis and the b budget that is allocated by the federal government, Water
Resource Bureau of the Afar Regional State has planned to conduct the Feasibility Study and
Design of water supply system of four towns, namely Samara-Logia, Aysaita, Dubti and
Dichoto. In order to provide safe and sufficient water to the residents of the -towns all along the
project areas, it is planned to implement demand responsive and sustainable service through
constructing water reservoirs, water points and piped systems. The socioeconomic survey is one
of the basic components of the feasibility study that is conducted to supplement the Multi-towns
Water Treatment System from Tendaho Dam project. .
The socioeconomic survey is resulted to obtain data about the state of demography, and other
important information about the town with respect to water provisions. The relevance of such
kinds of data is so high that future implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the intended
projects will be quiet easier.
Considering the above goal, the Water and Irrigation Development Bureau of the Afar National
Regional State has signed consultancy agreement with the Design and Supervision Works
Enterprise of the Region. Hence, the Consultant has carried out the Socioeconomic Survey of
the multi-towns to supplement Feasibility Study of the intended Project.
Therefore, his report has aimed at presenting the findings of the Socioeconomic Survey from
feasibility perspective. It gives information on the social, economic and institutional aspects of
the targeted project areas. We hope that the client will make use of the findings to make
scientific decisions about the intended project for the towns that are intended to benefit from the
Multi-towns Water Treatment Systems from Tendaho Dam Project.
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2. Research Methodology
2.1. Dataset and Methods
Dataset
This socio-economic development study required investigation of both primary and secondary
data obtained from various sources in the region and beyond.
Methodology
Both primary and secondary data were obtained from various sources. Primary data was
collected using Household interviews, five Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 30 Key
Informant Interviews (KIIs), selected across the five towns in the regional state. The secondary
data required for the study were gathered from published and unpublished official sources.
2.1.1. Primary data
Primary data were collected by using household interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and
key informant interviews (KII) with adequate and representative coverage of towns along the
Multi-towns water treatment system project . Overall, 96 households were interviewed , and 30
key informants from the different sectors of governmental offices and major social groups
(community leaders and civic societies) were selected. Five FGDs were conducted at town level
to identify and rank livelihoods and discuss overall livelihood issues of the towns. Primary data
were collected from Samara, Logia, Aysaita, Dubti, Dichoto.
2.1.2. Secondary data
The secondary data regarding the socio-economic indicators over time required for
alignment of the multi-town water treatment system project goals and objectives with national
goals and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) are of primary
importance. The data was collected from published and unpublished official sources.
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3. General Profile of the Project towns
3.1. Description of the Region
The Afar National Regional State is located in the northeast of the country and is one of
the nine regional states of Ethiopia. It is the homeland of the Afar people. Samara-Logia city
administration is the capital city of the region, located at 605 kms northeast of Addis Ababa
with geographic coordinates between 8.830 to 14.460 East and 39.730 to 42.410 North.
The region has about 99,646.54 km2 area which accounts for 8.4% of the national land area
(ADSWE, 2018). The Afar Region, the original home of human beings, is divided into five
administrative zones and 39 woredas (districts) with 358 rural and 32 urban kebeles. About 23
of the woredas are categorized as severely affected districts. Afdera and Elidare are the biggest
woredas covering a quarter of the Region, while Koneba and Dewe are the smallest.
Samara-logia city administration serves as the capital of the Region and of Awsi Rasu. Kilbet
Rasu encompasses various tourist attractions especially for those interested in geo-tourism and
shares a 328 km-long international boundary with Eritrea and Djibouti Republic. Gabi Rasu is
well known for large-scale modern irrigation schemes owned by different companies. Fantena
Rasu shares a 109 km-long regional boundary with both Amhara and Tigray regions; and Hari
Rasu shares a 225 km-long regional boundary with Amhara ( USAID, 2010)
The Afar Depression, Erta Ale active volcano, Awash National Park, Yangudi-Rassa National
Park and the Aramis archeological site, as well as cultural games and traditions of the
community are the major tourist attractions of the Region. In addition, it boasts abundant
reserves of various major and significant minerals (Franzson et al., 2015; Mindat, 2017). The
region has good geothermal sources and potential solar energy.
3.1. 1.Basic Profile of Awsi Zone (zone 1) of Afar region
Afar region has five administrative zones; namely Awsi Rasu, Kilbet rasu, gabi Rasu, Fantena
Rasu and Hari Rasu. Among these zones, Awsi Rasu contains all the project sites of the Multi-
town Water Treatment System from Tendaho Dam. Hence, a brief description of Awsi Rasu
zone is required.
Awsi Rasu (Zone 1) of Afar includes the multi-towns project areas whose secondary data is
presented in this section of the socioeconomic survey. These are: Samara, Logia, Assyaita,
Dubti, Dichoto, Wuhalimat, Serdo, Galafi, Samara University and Samara Refugee camp.
Country : Ethiopia
Region : Afar
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Capital : Samara
Total Area: 30,242.10 km2 (11,676.54 sq. m)
Awsi Rasu, also known as Administrative Zone 1, is a zone in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. This
zone is bordered on the south by Gabi Rasu, on the southwest by Hari Rasu, on the west by the
Amhara Region, on the northwest by Fantí Rasu, on the north by Kilbet Rasu, on the northeast
by Eritrea, and on the east by Djibouti.
Rivers in this Zone include the Awash and its tributaries the Mille and Logiya Rivers. There are
a chain of six interconnected lakes in this Zone, fed by the Awash: from north to south they are
Gargori, Laitali, Gummare, Bario and Lake Abbe .
3.1.2. History
In August 1999, a planned release of waters from the Koka Reservoir resulted in flooding by the
Awash—although an investigation afterwards showed the flooding was caused by dike failures
and silting of the Awash. Approximately 4,000 hectares of cropland in the Zone and 3 rural
kebeles in Asayita, 5 in Afambo and 8 in Dubti woredas were affected.
3.1.3. Demographics
This Zone has a an area of 30,242.10 square kilometers. Two largest ethnic groups reported in
Awsi Rasu were the Afar (88.52%) and Amhara (9.97%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.51%
of the population. Afar is spoken as a first language by 88.43%, and Amharic by 10.4%; the
remaining 1.17% spoke all other primary languages reported. 96.55% of the population said they
were Muslim, and 3.29% were Orthodox Christians.
The major ethnic groupings in 1996 were 88.09% Afar, 9.98% Amhara, 0.75% Tigrean, and
0.71% Oromo. Of the school-age children, 4.86% (5.05% male and 4.60% female) were
currently attending school, which is higher than the Regional average; 11.28% of the total
population over the age of 10 (12.93% male and 9.14% female) are reported to be literate.
3.1.4. Agriculture
53.1% is under cultivation, 2.82% pasture, 25.9% is fallow, and the remaining 5.15% is
devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 63.32% is planted in cereals
like maize and sorghum; data is missing for the land planted in pulses and vegetables, but 3.54
hectares was planted in fruit trees, 0.9 hectares in bananas and 0.91 in guavas. 5.53% of the
farmers both raise crops and livestock, while 17.35% only grow crops and 77.12% only raise
livestock. Land tenure in this Zone is distributed between 76.63% own their land, 7.65% rent,
and the remaining 15.72% are held under other forms of tenure.
3.2. Location and Accessibility of the project Sites
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Samara, Logiya, Dichoto, Galafi are located in Afar Natonal State , Awsi Rasu Zone ( Zone 1)
at distances of 588km, 580km, 658km and 710 km from Addis Ababa along the main road of
Addis Ababa- Djibouti, respectively. Earlier 1997 E.C Ayssaita was the regional capital of Afar
National Regional State. However, the Regional State decided in 1997 to establish a new
regional capital in a location with better accessibility from all parts of the region which would
facilitate the administration of the region. When it is decided to move the regional capital from
Ayssaita to Samara, there were no any urban settlement activities in the area. Dubti and Asa’ita
towns are located at distances of 575 Km f and 640km from Addis Ababa, respectively. The GPS
coordinates of these towns are also presented in the table below. All these towns are highly
accessible with first-grade asphalt road.
Table 1. GPS coordinates of towns
Name of city/Town GPS coordinates
Samara 11047’ North Latitude, and 400300 East Longitude
Logia Latitude of 110 47’ North, and Longitude of 400 30’east,

altitude of 440m above sea level
Assyaita coordinates are at 41 0 26’ E and 110 34’ N
Dubti its coordinates are 40˚ 55' E and 11˚ 40' N.
Its average altitude is 495m.a.s.l.
Dichoto in between UTM co-ordinates 726952 to 783436 North

and 1318238 to 131800 East
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3.3. Topography
The topography of these town are characterized by flat terrain with few undulating lands, pocket
depressions, small mountains, dissected streams valleys and locally elevated hills. Some hills range
from 350 to 480 meters above sea levels. There are alluvial plains formed due to accumulation of
huge river driven sediments. The topography of these areas can generally be divided in to:
Flat/Almost flat
Gently undulating
Undulating
3.4. Climate
The landscape and climatic conditions of the areas have desert nature. The climate is classified
under arid physical environment which experiences a hot arid climate, and characterized by strong
winds, high temperature, low relative humidity and sparse cloud cover.
3.5. Temperature
Since these are found in the hot lower rift valley region, they are characterized by high temperature
condition throughout the year. Their mean annual temperature is about 300C. The towns have
minimum and maximum temperature about160C and 450C respectively. The maximum temperature
is observed during the summer season (June-August). On the other hand, the lowest minimum mean
temperatures mostly occur from January to March in each year.
3.6. Rainfall
These desert towns get little rain fall during spring and summer (main) seasons. Of the total
amount of rainfall recorded each year, these areas get little annual rainfall of less than 330 mm. The
mean annual rainfall recorded over the five years (2008-2012) from Samara station has shown that
the month of mid-June to mid-September are the highest rainy months. These areas receive three
rainy seasons. The seasonality of Afar region is by large determined by the timing, availability, and
performance of the rainfall. This is followed by rainy showers in mid-December called ‘dada’ and a
short rainy season during March-April called ‘sugum’.
3.7. Demographic Characteristics
The total population of these towns are collected from CSA projection except Samara city.
Samara’s population is taken from city administration office. This is because CSA projections are
far deviant from the existing Samara condition since the town was at organizing stage when the
CSA population census was held in 2007 which was the projection’s base year. Hence, with the
consultation made between the municipality and the consultant, it was proposed that the population
size of Samara city obtained from the city administration would rather have more acceptance.
15
Table 2: Population size of Samara, Logia, Asa’ita, Dubti, Dichoto, Wuha Limat, Serdo
,Galafi and Det Bahari towns based on CSA 2022
Gender Number/
Samara Town Male 17,320
Female 17,472
Total Population 34,792
Logia Male 34,494 18,549
Female 15,945
Total 34,494
Ayssaita Male 20,484
Female 18,931
Total 39,415
Dubti Male
18,987
Female 17,152
Total 36,139
Serdo Male 2234
Female 1832
Total 4066
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Dichoto Male 3,039
Female 2,678
Total 5,717
Wuha Limat Male 213
Female 159
Total 372
Male 816
Galafi Female 611
Total 1,427
Male 2,072
Det Bahari Female 1,766
Total 3,838
Source: Central Statistics Agency, National urban population projection for 2021
3.8. Social services and Infrastructure
Good infrastructural facilities are cornerstones for any development efforts anywhere in the world.
Education as backbone for human resource development, health facilities as improvement of life
span of human beings and creating a healthy development actor, communication facilities (road
networks) as main way for input supply to the area and output distribution to different markets.
Water supply is vital to sustain life and creating clean areas in the program target towns. Hence
accessing their availability and accessibility is required by doing different promotional activities.
3.8.1. Education
Education is a back bone for human resource development. Therefore, the construction and
expansion of schools plays a significant role in the development of the region as well as the country.
There are 58 educational centers ( primary ,secondary and colleges ) in the project areas. The total
number of population in the these educational centers is 27,582 which is expected to be using water
while staying in the schools and colleges.
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Table 3. Number of schools, students and teachers and administrative staffs
Town Number of Number of students Number of Total

educational centers Teachers & number of
& Admin people
(primary & staffs
secondary school,
college)
Samara 13 6578 239 6,817
Logia 14 5,555 189 5,744
Assyaita 20 8 971 680 9,651
Dubti 5 4,332 178 4510
Serdo 1 48 2 50
Dichoto 1 435 20 455
Wuhalimat 1 106 11 117
Galafi 1 98 6 104
Det Bahari 2 110 24 134
Total 58 17262 1349 27,582
3.8.2. Health Services ( Institutions and Manpower)

According to the secondary data from program target towns Health Offices (2018) indicated
that there are 15 73 health instituites in the project’s beneficiary towns of the four populous
towns. The distribution of health facilities varies by towns. The towns trained health personnel
comprise of doctors, nurses and health extension workers. Thus, majority of the program
beneficiary towns are represented by health assistance and/or by health extension workers.
Health infrastructures in the proposed program target towns are inadequate in terms of their
population size. The data implied that majority of the project areas population has forced to travel
to other areas to get health care services.
Table 4: Number of health infrastructures in the Towns and their human Resource
Town Number of Avg. daily Human Resource Total number

visitors of people
Health Institutes
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Samara
Logia 24 5,740 658 6,422
Assyaita 20 355 320 695
Dubti 29 422 56 507
Total 73 6,517 376 7,624
3.8.3. Water Supply
A piped water supply is available in the main urban centers of the towns but for the largest part of
the program target population (excluding urban centers) water is obtained from water vendors
who ride donkey carts. Cattle are watered traveling long distance between grazing area and water
point in the program target towns.
Providing access to safe and adequate water is one of the key factors for socio-economic
transformation since, among other things, water has an interactive linkage with health and
education. Good health is crucial to enhance the productive capacity of the community and
improve attendance and performance of students, especially for adults women and girls by
reducing water fetching burden. Thus, availability of clean and sufficient water plays a vital
role for sustainability of any development project.
Table 5.Water Supply Services
Name of Town Source of water Status
Samara 3 boreholes 2 functional; 1 sealed
Logia 6 boreholes Functional
Assyaita 3 boreholes 2 functional, 1 non-

functional
Dubti 3 boreholes 2 functional , 1 not functional
serdo unprotected hand dug well or spring functional
Dichoto unprotected hand dug well or spring functional
Wuhalimat unprotected hand dug well or spring functional
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3.8.4. Sanitation and Waste Disposal
Proper sanitation and personal hygiene is crucial to promote health, improves the quality of the
environment and thus, the quality of life in a community. Lack of proper collection and disposal
of liquid and solid waste management system in the project areas will significantly degrade the
environment and adversely affect human health. People living in urban areas are served by poor
sanitary facilitates, because in most of the places there is a shortage of emptying machinery and
as a result people prefer to defecate on open areas.
3.8.5. Road Network
A first level Asphalt road crosses the town, extending to Djibouti, and connecting Samara Town
with other surrounding towns . “Bajaj” and mini-buses are the means of transportation of people in
the towns.
A first level Asphalt road crosses the towns, extending to Djibouti, and connecting Logia Town with
other surrounding towns and the regional capital, Samara. Access road, which connects villages to
village are also established with in the town. “Bajaj” and mini-buses are the means of transportation
of people in the town and also with Samara Town, which is located at about 8Km distance.
The planned construction of the road networks under the master plan are expected to result in
significant improvements in the road system. There is also a need to construct drainage channels, as
most of the roads do not have storm drainage channels. These surely help improve mobility to
residents of the town and increase access to basic facilities
Figure 1: Main Ethio- Djibouti Asphalt road crosses the town Samara
3.8.6. Energy
3.8.6.1. Fuel Wood Utilization

Energy is vital for preparation of food and as a source of heat and light for domestic uses. In the
program target towns, like other parts of the country, households consume a large amount of
energy derived from biomass fuels. Fire wood obtained from forest and bushes is the energy source
20
of most households in the project areas.
3.8.6.2. Power Supply

The program target towns have the national hydro-electric power grid system; however, the
hydropower interrupts from time to time.
3.8.7. Telecommunications
The Telecommunications Office provides two types of telecommunication services (automatic and
semi-automatic). The Telecommunications Office provides the services from one central office.
Other services like digital telephone, mobile telephone, fax, telegram, and internet service are also
available in the town. Mobile and fixed lines services are accessible in Samara-Logia, Aysaita,
Dubti, Dichoto, Serdo, wuhalimat, Det Bahari and Galafi towns.
3.8.8. Post Office
Modern post office services are available in Samara-Logia, Asayta , Dubti towns. The postal
offices serve speedy money transfer and postal exchanges that benefit teachers and students in
particular and the public at large in general.
3.8.9. Banking and Insurance Services:
Logiya town is mainly preferred for residence by most employees of the Regional Offices in
Samara. This has created an opportunity for Logiya town to have many banking institutions and
insurance companies. Aysaita town serves as both the zonal and woreda center; hence it has
become able to access more than 5 banking branches. The presence of large scale agricultural
investment alongside Dubti woreda has made Dubti town access financial institutions like banks.
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4. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis of Socioeconomic Survey
4.1. Household Interviewees’ Demographic Data
Under this particular section of the study, background information of sampled respondents in terms
of their sex, age, educational qualification has been analyzed and interpreted. The demographic
profile of respondents showed that 41.6% of the respondents are between the ages of 25 and 30;
47.9% between 31 and 45 years of age and 10.5% of them are above the age of 45. The male
proportion of the respondents is 67.7% , which is greater than female respondents (32.3%).
Concerning the educational status, more than three-fourth (91.67%) of the respondents are from
grade one to twelve complete ; 6 of them (6.25%)are bachelor degree holders, and 2 of them
(2.15% ) are second degree or MA holders . The average number of respondents’ family members
is 4; 56.25% of the respondents (majorities ) were not born where they are living now while
43.75% of them have lived in the same place where they were born.
When they were asked if they had heard or taken any family planning training before, 84.3% of the
respondents reported that they had heard or taken family planning training at least once where as
15.7% of them had never taken any training on family planning.
Table 6. Demographic information of respondents
Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Respondent's age 25-30 40 41.6% 41.6%
31-45 46 47.9% 89.5%
46 and
above
10 10.5% 100%
Male 65 67.7% 67.7%
Respondent‘s Sex Female 31 32.3% 100%
Educational level 0-12

complete
88 91.6% 91.6%
1st degree 6 6.25% 97.85%
Masters 2
Degree 2.15% 100%
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PhD and 0
above 0 100%
Source: Survey data (December, 2023, Bright Research Consultants P.L.C)
4.2. Access to Drinking water
4.2.1. Source of Water
The result of the household survey shows that 49 % of the respondents get water from shared yard
pipe system; 40% of them buy from water vendors ; 7% from public tap system; and the remaining
4% of them get from their own house pipe system. Though they have pipe system, they usually buy
water as there is no regular water supply . Their demand is much greater than the water that is
available. Hence, 72 % of the respondents said that currently there is no adequate water in spite of
the fact that they have the pipe system. Because of this fact, they buy from water vendors who ride
donkey carts to sell 20 liters of water for 10 birr to 15 birr .
Fig. 2. Water source
With regard to the question about who the responsible member of the family member to fetch water
is , 79% of them said that female adults are responsible for the task; whereas 21% of them said girls
are responsible for it. This opinion is presented in a graph as follows.
23
Figure 3. Responsible member of a family to fetch water
4.2.2. Travel Distance to fetch Water

The average distance one travels to fetch water is 2 km which takes an average of 35 minutes to
walk. Since most people buy water from water vendors at the gate of their own house , they don’t
travel much. However, those who have livestock travel an average of 2 km to get access to water for
their livestock.
4.2.3. Sanitation
The trend of sanitation in the area is also assessed by asking them if they have their own toilet. The
result shows that 83% of the respondents don’t have their own toilet; instead they share with other
neighbors. Only 17% of the respondents said that they have their own pit latrine in their own
compound.
4.2.4. Cost sharing/Service charge, willingness and ability to pay
Regarding the ability to pay for operation and maintenance cost of water, almost all the respondents
asserted that households that are led by women are capable of paying as long as water is available.
When asked if the community should cover the cost of operation and maintenance of SSI project,
89% of them believe that the community members are supposed to cover the cost if and only if
water supply service is available regularly; however, 11% of them believe that the cost should be on
the local government.
The average amount of money they are able to pay for the O & M cost is 550 Birr per year. When
asked if those who do farming expect and believe the development of the proposed SSI could
increase production and productivity, 96% of them agreed that it is their belief and expectation that
it could increase their agricultural production and productivity. Only 4% of the respondents were not
sure about its future effect. If their expectation is met, they are all willing to pay for the O & M
24
cost, too. Regarding the prevalence of livestock rearing, 14% of the respondents practice animal
husbandry where as 86% of them don’t have. Almost all the respondents ( 99.6%) said that they
don’t get sufficient water for their livestock and themselves. Hence, all the respondents agreed that
they are ready to pay for water if they are supplied. All these respondents who are optimistic about
the project believe that the development of the SSI project could bring significant change to their
livelihoods and even add value to the overall national economy. No risk is also anticipated by any
respondent with the implementation of the project in the future. This is presented in a Figure below.
Figure 4. Cost Sharing opinion
4.2.5. Developmental Priorities
According to the result of “Multi-town survey”, needs for development in the surveyed towns is the
highest in the field of water supply. 87.5% of the respondents identified the need for water supply),
followed by establishment of hospital ( 5.2%), electricity (4.17%) and then road (3.13%). The
average water demand of a family is 110 liters per day. The actual water consumption per
household is 64.5 liters on average. Most respondents ( 83%) said that they don’t have trend of
treating water; while 17% of them said that they boil as well as filter water with clean piece of cloth
. Most of these respondents ( 93%) also said that at least one of their family members has been
sick in the last six months due to water borne-diseases.
4.3. Irrigational Agriculture
When interviewed about irrigational farming, only 14.5% of the respondents said that they have
farm land; the remaining 85.5% of them don’t have farm land. The respondents who produce
agricultural products are those who live in Dubti and Asayta area who are closer to Awash river and
Tendaho dam area. The average farm size which they have and irrigate is 0.50 hectare. Most of
these farmers (84%) possess only one ox where as 16% of them have a pair of oxen with complete
agricultural tools. .
25
Though the major agricultural season is during winter ( fall season) , they also farm using
irrigation in the dry season. The major crops they cultivate during meher are maize and sorghum
where as using irrigation in the dry season they produce onion, tomato and fruits such as water
melon, mango, cabbage, and others. Most of the farmers (92%) said that the agricultural output is
not sufficient to cover the annual food requirement for their family; hence they complement with
casual income they earn based on daily labor work and remittance they obtain from their relatives
who live in some other places.. The main reason the respondents ( 95% of the respondents who are
farmers ) mentioned for the insufficiency of the agricultural output is due to shortage of farm land.
Only 5% of the respondents said that bad weather or drought is the main reason for the
insufficiency of farm output. It is only for 3 to 6 months that they can rely on the agricultural
outputs which they produce for home consumption.
There was agreement among all the FGDs in Dubti and Asaita towns that crop-based livelihoods are
gradually growing, often determined by the availability of irrigation. Most of the areas in Afar
region are characterized by low rainfall, low soil fertility, and rocky and sandy land, except for the
areas on the banks of river and streams. Crop-based livelihoods are a relatively recent occurrence in
Afar region, except for Afambo where older traditional irrigated crop farming was practiced. The
large-scale commercial farming on the banks of the Awash River has also been practiced for many
years, but smallholding crop farming by pastoralists is a recent phenomenon. As crop production
has expanded in the study area, enormous socio-economic and land use changes have been
witnessed by the respondents who are aware of their surroundings. The area of land under private
holdings has increased due to poverty levels of pastoralists and also the promotion of crop
production and settlement practices by the government. Currently, much of the rangeland that had
been used for dry season grazing along major riverbanks has been transformed into crop production.
The proportion of the contribution of crops to livelihoods varies and depends on the total livestock
holdings at the time.
Vegetation and fruit cultivation with irrigation is a new potential source of income especially in
Dubti and Asaita. It is a capital-intensive but lucrative business that can be undertaken at
commercial as well as smallholder levels. Vegetation and fruit create higher net incomes than
cereal production and contribute to the overall growth of markets and agri-businesses in the local
economy. The agro-industrialization processes have been faster for non-traditional products such as
fruits and vegetation, with export horticulture products providing opportunities for agricultural
growth and creating agriculture-sector jobs. On average, they can provide twice the amount of
employment per hectare of production compared to cereal crop production. Abundant job creation is
also being created for people who are coming to Dubti area for agricultural activity, mainly for
vegetation and fruit production. Irrigated wheat farm is also being carried our currently by the
government in place of the sugarcane farm that has gone bankrupt by the previous EPRDF regime.
4.4. Agricultural input supply
Regarding the access to agricultural inputs and use trend , 85 % of farmer respondents said that they
have the access to fertilizer and pesticides from farmer cooperatives. The average amount of
fertilizer a household used in the last agricultural season was 25 kg. 80% t of the respondents said
that the cost of fertilizer is unaffordable.
26
4. 5. Marketing
Though most of the respondents replied that they consume grains such as maize and sorghum which
they produce, they also sell fruits and vegetation such as mango, water melon, papaya, onion,
tomato, cabbage etc. to earn income. It was found that 62% of those that depend on farming raise
animals such as cows, sheep, goats and poultry. Most of the respondents ( 88%) said that they sell
livestock products in the local market as one of the major source to complement their income. The
average length of time to walk their animals and reach the nearest local market place for sale is 45
minutes The major market constraints raised by most of the farmer respondents are high fertilizer
price and reduced farm output.
4. 5.1. Livestock trade and marketing
According to the FGD discussants, it was found that livestock trading is the main economic activity
that supports the livelihoods of pastoral communities in the study area. Livestock are traded through
an integrated pathway from pastoral producers to final consumers. They said that the livestock trade
creates a huge alternative livelihood opportunity. The live animals supplied to market include cattle,
sheep, goats and camels, passing through local and intermediate traders to export abattoirs and other
traders. Pastoralists also supply live animals directly to neighboring farmers, mainly for draft power
(oxen), transportation/packing, slaughtering, breeding and stock replacement. Other buyers are local
butchers, hotels and other pastoralists looking for stock rebuilding and replacements.
When asked about the means of transportation to the market areas, the discussants said that large
and small livestock are transported to the primary or smaller markets from all directions by
trekking. The large traders will then use trucks to transport small stock to bigger markets. Cattle and
camels may be trekked to the secondary and terminal markets. In the wet season, animals gain more
weight during trekking, but in the dry season the trekking routes may be without pasture.
4.5.2. Fodder production and commercialization
With regard to fodder production and commercialization, the results of Key informant interviews
showed that fodder commercialization can create significant employment opportunities through
production, bulking, transportation and trading; and in the additional indirect jobs created following
value addition to livestock production as a result of fattening and increased dairy production. The
fodder products marketed in Afar include grown grasses and thinned maize or weeds collected from
the farms. The mixed grass-weed bundles are cheaper than the fresh maize stover and other fodder
bundles. The fodder is transported from farms to the town markets by donkey cart after being
commissioned by the fodder traders, or fodder producers deliver their fodder directly to allocated
market sites. Fodder transportation is also becoming a livelihood activity, with the number of these
transporters increasing.
4.6. Household Economy and Livelihoods
Respondents were asked to tell their main livelihood activity based on their overall importance to
the household, their contribution to cash income and their utilization of household labor. The
alternative livelihoods that were identified include employment in Governmental and non-
governmental organizations, , trade, crop production and animal husbandry.
27
Employment in governmental and non-governmental organizations takes up the major source of
income in all the study areas except Dichoto where trade is the main income earning activity . 53%
of the whole respondents said that they earn their main income by being employed in different
organizations and private enterprises. Next to employment is trade ( 26%), then farming (8%) and
livestock production ( 7%) are the other livelihood activities respondents mainly carry out to earn
the major income . On average, 6% of the respondents also mentioned that they don’t have
permanent income , and hence they work as daily laborers to earn their major casual income.
Figure 5. Major livelihoods of households
Pastoralists in the study areas of Dubti and Asaita practice pastoralism, relying on livestock
production as their main additional livelihood. All major species of livestock are kept in significant
numbers, including camel, cattle, sheep and goats. Livestock sales are the principal source of cash
income. According to FGD participants of this study , it was identified that among the poor and
medium-wealth class pastoralists, small ruminants, particularly goats, are the preferred species due
to the recent enhancement of market-oriented livestock production systems, their fast economic
returns, their tolerance to drought and harsh environments, and the relatively high and increasing
market demand for goats, both for domestic and export markets.
4.6.1.Annual Income and Expenditure
Annual Income
The respondents w were asked to disclose their annual income from their primary and
supplementary careers. Henceforth, the result shows that the majorities of the respondents ( 55% )
of the households’ income fall between 20,000 – 48,000 birr per year; whereas 30% of them
reported that they earn between 50,000 to 70,000 ETB per year. On the other hand, the remaining
15% of the respondents earn between 70,000 and 110,000 ETB annually.
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Annual Expenditure
The result of the household survey shows that 52% of the householders spend an average of 32000
birr annually for various household expenditures; 28% of them spend between 35,000 birr and
65,000 birr per annum; whereas the remaining 20% of the householders spend between 70,000 and
90,000 birr per annum. Out of the expenditures, the cost of water they spend to buy from vendors
ranges from 250 birr to 1200 birr per month. The average expense for this is calculated to be 420
Birr per month. The amount of money the householders spend to buy water from water vendors is
presented graphically below in Figure 5.
Figure 6. Cost of water monthly
4.7. Gender-issues
The result of this survey shows that Afar’s culture prescribes strong gender norms for men and
women. There is a consistent response that indicates there is sex discrimination in the area. 87% of
the respondents said that men are the default head of the household, and they own most property
and make most of the family’s economic decisions with regard to household assets (land, livestock).
In most households, husbands are identified as the main contributors to the household income
(79%); however, 12% of respondents’ report being the main income earner in their household and
9% of respondents’ report men and women are equal contributors .Most respondents said that
women headed households that are led by widows equally benefit from irrigational agriculture or
meher season farming activity.
Nearly 98% of the respondents said that women are responsible for domestic chores (cooking,
fetching water, childcare), for milking, producing butter, and looking after small stock such as goats.
Hence, most respondents insisted that there is social division of labor. Most of the respondents
(78%) said that men do not participate in home chores activities. The average working hours for
men and women per day is 7 and 8 hours, respectively. With regard to the level of women
29
participation in the decision making of community affairs and development activities, 78% of the
respondents said that final decisions are made with the involvement of the entire community. They
said that there is no decision made without the participation of women. 82.3% of the respondents
said that the pressing need of women is the supply of safe water; while 17.7% of them said maternal
and child health care is their pressing need. Below is the graphical presentation.
Figure 7. Pressing need of women
Women are less involved in livelihood income earning activities or decisions over expenditures
than their husbands. When asked about their role in household decision-making , only 13% of the
respondents responded that women also make household income and expenditure decisions;
whereas 87% of the respondents responded that husbands are the decision makers.
4.9. Organization-Management
When asked about the availability of farmers’ cooperatives in their area, only 24% of them said that
it is available even if only a few of them (3%) are members of the cooperatives. The reason why
they are not members of the farmers’ cooperative is due to lack of information and fear of inability
to pay back the loan. However, if the new SSI project is going to be implemented, most of those
who have farm land and use irrigation ( 80.5 % of them) are willing to member of the cooperative
in the future.
4.10. Credit and Saving
The response of respondents shows that most of them haven’t received credit service even if they
know that there is credit and saving service in their locality. Only 3% of the respondents have
obtained loan from the saving and credit center for petty trade activity. They took an average of
11,000 birr to spend on trading petty merchandise in the town where they live.
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4.11. Environmental and Social Impacts Anticipation, Analysis and their Cope up
Mechanisms
These discussions were mainly made with water and sewerage experts, university lecturers and solid
and liquid waste management experts from the different governmental organizations. The
environmental and social impacts anticipated by the Key informants, analysis and cope up
mechanisms are presented as follows.
When asked if they are informed about the new multi-town water treatment project from Tendaho
Dam, no one is aware about it. When asked about their anticipation on the project’s impacts that
may bring, all of the household interviewees raised only positive impact. All the respondents
expressed their support on the project anticipating that it could solve their sever water shortage in
the future. They are so hopeful that their health, livelihood and even income will get improved if
availability of drinking water becomes real in their area. The ideas raised among the FGDs and KIIs
in this regard is a bit more wider and pertinent; hence, it is presented in details as follows.
The likely positive and negative impacts of the envisaged multi-town water treatment system from
Tendaho Dam project has been described by the FGD and KII participants in the following
sections together with their corresponding Cope up Mechanisms.
4.11.1 Potential Positive Impacts Identification and Prediction
1) Promotes community health and sanitation
Water supply and sanitation offer many benefits in addition to improved health, and those benefits
are considered in detail because they have important implications for the share of the cost
that is attributable to the health sector. From the point of view of their effect on burden of disease,
the main health benefit of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene is a reduction in diarrheal disease,
although the effects on other diseases are substantial. The main potential positive impacts raised by
the Key informants are:
• reduction in waterborne and water related diseases and promote community health;
• increased water supply for domestic, institutional and public uses of the areas;
• creating more reliable and safe water supplies that promote social and economic development of
the project target areas;
• promotes livestock water supplies that encourage the community livelihoods and development of
the project areas
2) Employment opportunities
One of the main positive impacts of the water supply system project raised by the key informants is
employment opportunities during project construction and operation phases. The employment
opportunities are among the social and economic benefits for the areas.
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On the other hand, construction of the project and presence of labor forces will increase demand for
food and basic consumer goods. This can increase their products and ensure selling of surplus
products on local markets. For few people, the growth in retail business that will provide
opportunities to expand businesses such as restaurants, bedrooms, shops and stalls selling basic
goods and small business enterprises.
4.1.11.2 Potential Negative Impacts Identification and Prediction
1) Land Acquisition by Construction of Camp Sites and Reservoirs
The key informants recommended that the construction contractor will need to establish camps
including site offices, stores, vehicle parking and staff accommodation. Land will also be needed
temporarily for aggregate processing, concrete manufacture, backup power generation and access
roads.
Analysis: The total land requirement for contractor’s camp and other facilities will be needed at a
near distance of the proposed project sites. The land will be required for some months for
construction. The camp sites will also be subject to dust nuisance, waste generation and pollution.
Cope up Mechanisms
➼ Land of lowest value (non-cultivable and not used for grazing) should be allocated for the
contractor’s camp and quarry sites as much as possible;
➼ All the contractors’ facilities should require best practice management in terms of site
cleanliness, waste disposal and social management;
➼ Provide adequate compensation for the property loses and damages if it exists;
2) Impact of Excavated Soil (Spoil) Disposal
The projects will involve the excavation of soil and rock surplus to the requirement for fill or for re-
use in the works. This requires disposal.
Analysis: The project will generate hundreds to thousands cubic meter of spoil from
common excavation for infrastructures depending on the type of structure. Unmanaged disposal of
spoil can result in sterilization of productive land and the creation of ongoing erosion, sedimentation
or drainage problems. In the project area all grazing land is in use for livestock browsing and
virtually all other land is used for cropping.
Cope up Mechanisms
➼ Maximize the re-use of all excavated materials in the works
➼ Dispose of surplus materials (‘’spoil’’) only at designated sites approved by the responsible
local authority and only by approved methods, if agriculture, the methods must consider topsoil
conservation and quality, if infrastructural the method must consider long term soil stability against
32
shrinking and swelling; in all cases steps must be taken to prevent erosion and maintain the stability
of the material after placement.
3) Poor Waste Management and Pollution at Camp Sites & Work Areas
The construction process will involve the creation of various solid and liquid wastes and the use of
hazardous materials (fuels, oils and solvents) near the sensitive environment.
Analysis: Construction will result in the creation of various solid wastes, principally surplus earth
and rock, metal scraps, plastics (wrapping and containers), cardboard, paper, wood, office wastes
including used toner, cartridge; kitchen (canteen) wastes, workshop wastes including used oil
and solvents, washing water and sewage, concrete washings, runoff from camp and workshop areas
and various liquid waste streams from construction process. The project will also involve the use of
stationary and mobile plant and equipment requiring refueling, mainly with diesel and the
construction of permanent and temporary fuel storage.
Cope up Mechanisms
➼ Identify all waste streams for effective management
➼ Manage the wastes by reducing, re-using and recycling them
➼ Give training for all the staff members
➼ Minimize the production of waste that must be treated or eliminated
➼ Control placement of all construction waste (including earth cuts) to approved disposal sites
(>300 m from rivers, streams, lakes, or wetlands). Dispose in authorized areas all of garbage,
metals, used oils, and excess material generated during construction, incorporating recycling
systems and the separation of materials.
➼ Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m from rivers, streams, lakes or
wetlands)
4) Communicable Disease Impacts
The most serious potential adverse social and health impacts of these days are COVID-19 and
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS due to semi, skilled and laborers man
powers mobility. It could be exacerbated through spread of the disease by more labor forces,
workers and prostitutes attracted to the area. This risk is expected to increase as a result of more
workforce immigration by the project.
Cope up Mechanisms
To control such communicable diseases:
• ensure STD/HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 awareness and prevention program into training program
for all construction workers and project beneficiaries.
33
• promoting safe sex awareness and protection for construction and in-flow workforces;
• promote STD/HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 awareness and prevention system to local communities;
and
• initiate & coordinate distribution of anti-retrieval treatments at nearest health center, etc.
5) Impacts on Terrestrial Vegetation and Environment
The major impacts on the natural terrestrial environment will be associated with the construction of
the main reservoir as well as construction of pipeline and other infrastructures related to water
supply.
Analysis: There is no good vegetation cover in the projects and their surrounding villages.
Therefore, major impact is not anticipated on the biodiversity of the area by reservoir construction .
The major impact around the project area might be due to increased level of human interferences.
The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for construction of houses and fuel wood.
Thus, if proper measures are not undertaken, adverse impacts on trees is anticipated. The major land
use pattern is grazing. Indigenous tree with good cover is not found everywhere in the project area.
So, loss of these trees in various project areas would not lead to significant impacts on the
availability of fuel wood to locals and other undetermined impacts.
Cope up Mechanisms
➼ Avoid all construction activities within key habitats.
➼ Construction zone limits should be identified and physically marked, to avoid (or at
least minimize) off-site trafficking and damage.
6) Employment of Outsiders
The project will require labour for construction. Work may be taken by "outsiders" rather than local
residents, creating tensions and missing opportunities for mitigation of disruption to local lifestyles
due to project implementation.
Analysis: The population is poor and resources are scarce. Therefore, although construction wages
are not high, the temporary employment opportunities offered by the project will be significant and
competition is likely to be intense. "Outsiders" are likely to be attracted to the area in search of
work.
The project involves a large volume of earthworks, but much of this has to be carried out with
considerable accuracy and therefore is likely to be machine-intensive rather than labor intensive.
However, there will still be a large unskilled labor requirement.
Cope up Mechanisms
Recruitment policies will need to consider social issues and project acceptability. Considering the
high local impact of the project in terms of land and disruption of existing lifestyles, together with
34
the distrust of "outsiders", it is probably wise to maximize local employment. Local residents are
looking forward to construction-related employment opportunities, especially women and youth.
7) Health Problems during Reservoir Construction Phase
Even if the project contributes to the economic growth of the area and improving the food security
of the households, there will be potential negative impacts on the local people due to water
borne diseases. Since water borne diseases are endemic in the area where rainfall is high and pools
of impervious soils allowing ponding of water (breeding ground for disease vectors). In addition to
this the open canals and drainage systems will create favorable conditions for vectors. As a result,
the increase of water borne diseases may increase in the area.
Analysis: The primary health risks associated with the projects is related to water and vector borne
diseases. This health related environmental impacts should be considered and a good deal of
attention should be given to the matters.
The main diseases in the context of the projects area are malaria, diarrhea and water borne diseases
(gastroenteritis, intestinal parasites, typhoid, etc.).
Cope up Mechanisms:
➼ Conduct training activities and community awareness programs;
➼ Popularize the use of mosquito net;
8) Conflicts on Resource Use
All inhabitants of the project area expect to have plots of irrigable lands which they previously do
not have within the project command area. In addition to normal water use problems, conflicts may
exist with those community members that assume themselves owners of the proposed project
command areas and those who do not have such irrigable lands.
Cope up Mechanisms
To promote community livelihood enhancements and control such resource use based conflicts:
• any communal resource uses among beneficiaries shall be guided by a committee composed of
project beneficiaries’ representatives, and
• Promote community awareness on water utilization and management, livelihood

enhancement and harmonize any negative effects of the planned development with the existing
project area ecological, social and economic environmental conditions.
• Implement the local conflict resolution mechanism at early stage by the elders and clan leaders,
• Provided the capacity building for the water user committee on the management skill
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5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion
Currently Afar Region has a significant shortage of safe drinking water supply for
household and livestock. The existing water supply systems are far from satisfactory particularly in
terms of quantity and distribution. There is therefore a pressing need to address the water shortage in
the target towns of the region in order to improve the quality of life of the people, generate
economic development, create employment and reduce poverty.
The Household survey, the KI and FGD discussions result indicate that there is very high demand
for water especially for the fast development of urbanization which shall be only fulfilled through
the implementation of the envisaged project. As it is mentioned above, the realization of this water
supply project solves sever problems and contributes to the betterment of livelihoods of the
communities in the project areas.
Implementation of the planned multi-town water treatment system project from Tendaho Dam is
expected to alleviate the scarcity of household and livestock water supply problems in the target
towns, improve public health and sanitation, and women’s welfare, enhance productivity and
economic development, create employment, reduce poverty and ultimately improve the quality of
life of the people.
On the contrary, implementation of the project will bring a number of adverse environmental and
social impacts during the construction and operation phases. The important impacts during the
construction phase include excavated soil disposal, , poor waste management and pollution, land
acquisition by construction of camp sites, communicable disease impacts, impacts on terrestrial
vegetation and environment, employment of outsiders, increased risks COVID, HIV/AIDS and
other STDs. Nevertheless, most of these and other identified potential problems are temporary
and localized impacts that can be minimized to acceptable levels through good construction methods
and adoption of appropriate cope up mechanisms that are recommended in this document.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there are no severe environmental or social impacts, or other
grounds that will prevent the planned multi-towns water treatment system project from not
proceeding to its implementation provided that the cope up mechanisms proposed in this
36
Socioeconomic report are strictly implemented and monitored.
5.2 Recommendations
In addition to the above actions, the consultant also wants to forward the following
recommendations.
• Public awareness campaigns should be carried out for the beneficiary communities to
sensitize them on general environmental and social management practices;
• As much as possible the program should encourage the use of environmentally friendly
technologies and the government should provide incentive measures to promote the use of these
technologies;
• Effective monitoring of environmental and social management plans has to be put in place;
• Deliberate efforts should be made to encourage maximum participation of the community in

all stages of project planning and design, implementation and operation and;
• The project should strive to use existing local community structures in the management and
administration in order to promote ownership and sustainability of the environmental management
plans.
• Ownership of the project must be ensured and the water user committee must handle
management and administrative issues.
• Training and capacity building must be objective, need based and practical. Empowerment
of the user communities is therefore the prime element to ensure sustainability and ownership of the
project.
• Issues such as land redistribution, relocation, cost recovery, and resettlement, if any, need at
most attention and thorough monitoring and evaluation as well frequent discussion with the user
community.
• The proposed cope up mechanism should be properly implemented at the right time, and
necessarily follow up of their effectiveness is made through well-planned monitoring program.
37
6. REFERENCES
ADSWE (Afar Design and Supervision Works Enterprise). (2018). Afar Regional Atlas.
Afar Atlas. (2014). Regional atlas of Afar. Region Bureau of Finance and Economic Development,
Ssmara, Afar
AfDSWE (DEC, 2022) Feasibility Study And Detail Design Of Ayssaita Town Water Supply And
Sanitation Project, Samara, Afar
AfDSWE (DEC, 2022) Feasibility Study And Detail Design Of Samara Town Water Supply And
AfDSWE (DEC, 2022) Feasibility Study And Detail Design Of Logia Town Water Supply And
AfDSWE (DEC, 2022) Feasibility Study And Detail Design Of Dichoto Town Water Supply And
AfDSWE (DEC, 2022) Feasibility Study And Detail Design Of Dubti Town Water Supply And
Central Statistics Authority, (2007). Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
Central Statistics Agency, National urban population projection for 2021, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
FDRE(2021). Ministry of Agriculture, Drought resilience and Sustainable Livelihood Program

(DRSLP-II) : Main Report of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment /ESIA/ Study of
Multipurpose Community Water Distribution System in Afar Region
Franzson, H., Helga M., Helgadottir, H. M., Oskusson, F. (2015). “Surface Exploration and First
Conceptual Model of the Dallol Geothermal Area, Northern Afar, Ethiopia”. Proceedings of World
Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015.
MoARD. (2009). Agricultural Investment Potential of Ethiopia. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development. Addis Ababa: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
MoFED. (2011). Growth and transformation plan (GTP): 2010/11–2014/15. Ministry of Finance and
Economic Development, Addis Ababa.
http://et.mofcom.gov.cn/accessory/201101/1296371918402.pdf. Accessed 7 November 2019
USAID. (2010). An Atlas of Ethiopian Livelihoods.
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7. ANNEXES
Annex 1: Household Survey Questioners
Name of project
Name of Interviewer Signature: ______________
Date: ____________
This questionnaire is prepared for integrated climate resilient water supply

and small scale irrigation project feasibility study for the benefit of the user farmers’
community groups. The enumerators create awareness on the purpose/use and objectives of the
project intended for small holder farmer benefit and kindly request the household to respond the
questions.
Section 1፡ Household Basic data
1.1 Name of the project kebele: woreda
1.2 Name of household Sex Age
1.3 Level of education
1.4 Number of family members: Total Male Female
1.5 Family members by age group
Age group Male Female Total

Less than 5 years
5-14 years
14-64 years
64 and above
1.6 Did you hear or attend family planning education? 1) Yes 2) No
1.7 Fertility/Do you use family planning 1) Yes 2) No
1.8 Migration/did you born here? 1) Yes 2) No
1.9 For how long did you live here?
Section 2 Drinking water supply situation
1. Do you have access for improved water source like protected/water point ? 1)Yes
39
2) No
2.. 2. If yes, what type of water connection? 1. On spot spring 2) Public fountain
3) Pipe system
3Are the water schemes functional? 1. Yes 2) No
.4. Generally, where is your current major water source for domestic use like drinking, cooking or
others (only major one response)
1) On spot protected spring 2) Public fountain 3) Pipe system 4) HDW with pump 5)
Rope Pump 6) unprotected Traditional spring 7) HDW/Traditional well/Bari 8) River 9)
Others
5. Where is your current major water source for domestic use like drinking, cooking
or others (only major one response)
1) On spot protected spring 2) Public fountain 3) Pipe system 4) HDW
with pump 5) Rope Pump 6) unprotected Traditional spring 7) HDW/Traditional

well 8) River 9) Others
6. What do you think are the town basic social service priority problems?
1) Electricity 2) Road 3) Water 4) Other
7. What is your family daily water consumption (Liter/day)? Estimate from number of
Jerycan used in a day? lt/day
8. Do you practice livestock rearing? 1) Yes 2) No
9. Do you use water for livestock/ animal drinking 1) Yes 2) No
10. Do you currently get enough/adequate water for your family daily water consumption?
1) Yes 2) No
11. If No, what is your desired family maximum daily water demand? (liter/day)
12. Do you use water treatment like boiling or other for safe drinking water? 1) Yes 2) No
13. Is there family members get sick due to water related disease in the last six months?
1)Yes 2) No
14. Who often responsible to fetch water? 1) Female Adult 2) Girls 3) Male adults
4) Male Boys
15. What is the average distance (km) travelled or How much km to access water point?
______Km
40
16. What are the average time minutes or How much minutes it takes to travel and fetch water?
_____Minutes
17. Did you or your family get awareness on water quality, sanitation and hygiene 1) Yes 2 )No
18. Do you have Toilet? 1. Yes 2. No
19. Section 3: Irrigation and Agriculture
1.1 Land holding and farming systems
3.1 Do you have farm land? 1) Yes 2) No
3.2 How large is your farm land including irrigated and rain fed in hectare? ha (estimate in
“timad” or local unit and change to ha)
3.3 Do you have irrigated farm land? 1) Yes 2) No
3.4 If yes, how many irrigated farm land in hectare? ha
3.5 Do you have ox for plough or other use? 1) Yes 2) No
3.6 How many oxen do you have to plough your farm?
3.7 Do you have the necessary farm tools? 1) Yes 2) No
1.2 Crop production, productivity, and Irrigation practice and food security ፡ -
3.1 Do you have practice/experience in irrigation? 1. Yes 2. No
3.2 If yes, how long since you started practicing irrigation?
3.3 How many hectares currently you use for irrigation? ha
3.4 How many times you produce in a year? times
41
3.5 What major crops do you produce in Meher Belg crops
3.6 Is your annual food production able to meet annual food demand of your family?
1) Yes 2) No
3.7 Is your family food self-sufficient? 1) Yes 2) No
3.8 How is the trend of your crop production for the last 5 years? 1. Increasing
2.Decreasing 3. No change
3.9 Do your last year's production is sufficient for your family? 1. Yes 2. No
3.10 If no, what is the reason? 1. Shortage of farmland 2. Shortage of inputs (seed,
fertilizers, farm power etc. 3. Bad weather 4. Other reasons
3.11 If no, how do you manage to fill the gap?
1) Family member’s sale labor 2) sale livestock 3) get remittance
4) Aid from Govt. and or NGO 5) Borrow 6) Sale of forest products
3.12 If no for how many months of the year your households rely only on the yearly
produced crops without external support or buying from market?
1) < 3 months 2) 3-6 Months
3) 6-9 months 4) 9-12 Months
1.3 Section 4፡ Agricultural input supply
4.1 Do you use fertilizer and other agricultural input? 1. Yes 2. No
4.2 Do you have access to get agricultural input in local market? 1. Yes 2. No
4.3 What is your agricultural input accessibility channel? 1. Agricultural office 2. Farmers
cooperatives 3. Private market suppliers 4. Others
4.4 How much kg fertilizer used in the last crop production season? Kg
4.5 Do you think fertilized cost affordable to pay? 1. Yes 2. No
1.4 Section 5፡ Marketing
5.1 What are your major cash income earning or what product you sales to earn
income? 1. Crops 2. Live stock and by product 3.Others_______
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5.2 Which crops are your major cash earnings? List three crops 1. 2._________
5.3 Where do you sale your farm product?
1) Farmers cooperatives 2) Grain traders 3) Local market place 4) Factory 5) others

if any_______
5.4 How long minutes it takes to access the major and mini/local market place?
Minutes to major market and minutes to local mini market place
5.5.What transportation means you use to transport market product to the market place? 1)
Donkey/Horse/Mule 2) Vehicle 3) Cart 4) Bajaj 5) Human labor 6) Others
5.6 What major constraint in agricultural input and output marketing?
1) High Fertilizer price 2) Reduced farm output 3) Road and

transportation
4) Lack of market place and low demand 5) others
1.5 Household economy
6.1 What is your major and primary livelihood and income source? 1. Farming
2. Livestock 3. Monthly salary and off farm activities 4. Trade 5. Daily labor 6. Others
6.2 Do you have other off farm activities? 1) yes 2) No
6.3 What asset and capital do you have?
Asset type Unit Qty

Farm land ha
Animal
Cow number
Ox number
Goat number
Sheep number
6.4 How much is your annual expense including health and all others?
43 | P a g e
6.5 How much is your annual income including all others?
1.6 Gender issues
7.1 Do women head households have equal right to land mainly irrigation access in the
project area ?
1. Yes 2. No
7.2 Do you think women headed households equally benefit from irrigation project ? 1. Yes
2. No
7.3 Do you think there is social division of labor in your area ? 1. Yes 2. No
7.4 Do you think women are affordable to pay for O & M? 1. Yes 2. No
7.5 Is there sex discrimination in this area? 1. Yes 2. No
7.6 Who is the decision maker on the household assets (land, livestock) in your household?
1. Husband only 2.Wife 3.Both husbanded and wife 4. All house hold members
Estimate the average working hours for men and women per day:________
7.7 Do men/husbands participate in the house tasks? 1. Yes 2. No
7.8 Do women participate in the decision making of community affairs and

development activities? 1. Yes 2. No
7.9 Is there Women association in your area? 1. Yes 2. No
7.10 What are the most pressing needs of women in this area? 1.Grinding mills
2. Safe water supply 3.Mathernal and child health care services 4. Credit and saving schemes
1.7 Cost sharing/Service charge, willingness and affordability to pay
8.1 Do you think ands believe the community should cover operation and
maintenance cost of the SSI to ensure sustainability of the project?1. Yes 2. No
8.2 If yes. How many birr could you afford to pay for O & M in a year ? ?
8.3 If not who do you believe to cover O & M cost of the project?
1. Government 2. Community 3. NGO and other donors 4.Others
44 | P a g e
8.4 Do you expect and believe the development of the proposed SSI could increase
production and productivity? 1. Yes 2. No
8.5 If your production increases are you willing and afford to pay for O & M? 1.Yes 2. No
8.6 Do you think and believe the development of the project could bring livelihood and
add value to the household economy? 1. Yes 2. No
1. Is there any risk you expect due to the project? 1. No 2. Yes
1.8 Organization and Management
9.1 Are there farmers’ cooperative in the project area or kebele? 1) No 2) Yes
9.2 Are you member of the famer’s cooperatives in your area? 1) Yes 2) No
9.3 If you are not member what are the reasons/ problem to get membership?
9.4 If the proposed project, implemented are you willing to be cooperative member
in the future 1) Yes 2) No
1.9 Credit and Saving
10.1 Is there any saving and credit association in your area? 1) Yes 2) No
10.2 If yes, did you get credit and saving service 1) Yes 2) No
10.3 How much Birr did get as credit? Birr
10.4 For what purpose did you used the credit? 1. Purchased farm tools (ox and others)
2. Livestock 3. Agricultural input (fertilizer, seeds and others) 4. Other us, specify
Section 11. Opinion about the project “ Multi-towns Water Treatment system from
Tendaho Dam”
11.1. Have you heard that a new water treatment system is going to be constructed from
Tendaho Dam? 1. Yes, 2. No
11.2. Do you think wastewaters can be considered as unexploited resource and should be
utilized? 1. Yes, 2. No
11.3. Now the project is going to be launched to produce freshwater from the wasted brines of
the dam to serve multi-towns of Afar region. Do you think it will benefit the people ? 1. Yes
45 | P a g e
2. No.
11.4. Do you believe that wasted brines of the dam have been polluting the area ever since the
dam was constructed? 1. Yes, 2. No
11.5. If yes, what other alternatives the responsible body should have done before? _____
11.6. Is there any doubt you have about the environmental impact the present project could bring
to the area? If so, what is that? ( specify)_________________
General Comments/suggestions and conclusions
Any view and comment about the project (site location, water use, land holding and
irrigation management and any issues and your reflection about the project if any.
Thanks for your attention and cooperation
46 | P a g e
Annex 2. FGD and KII Guidelines
This thematic issues are prepared for the study “Feasibility Study and Detail Design for Multi-
towns Water Treatment System from Tendaho Dam.
Section 1: Introduction and Briefing about the project
Section 2: Access to Drinking water
Generally, wheat does your current major water source for domestic use like
drinking, cooking or others look like? What is the major source?
What do you think is the town’s basic social service priority problem?
What do you think is the average amount of water in liters a household obtains? How about its
demand? Is livestock rearing common here
Do people commonly use water for livestock/ animal drinking ?
Do people commonly use water treatment like boiling or other trend for safe drinking water?
How common is it?
Has there been frequent family members sickness due to waterborne disease in the last six
months? How prevalent is it?
Who is often responsible to fetch water in a household ?
Do you know any awareness training on water quality, sanitation and hygiene given?
Section 3: Irrigation and Agriculture
How widely is irrigational farming practiced in this area?
How has the trend of your crop production been for the last 5 years? Any progress?
How do people manage to fill the gap in food insecurity?
Section 4፡ Agricultural input supply
Do you think farmers use fertilizer to the extent that is recommended by DAs?
What does its availability look like? Is it affordable?
Section 5፡ Marketing
47 | P a g e
What is the major cash/income earning for most people in this area?
What are the major constraints in agricultural input and output marketing?
Section 6. Household economy
What is the major and primary livelihood and income source in this area for most
householders?
Section 7. Gender issues
Do women head households have equal right to land , mainly irrigation access in the project
area?
Do you think women headed households equally benefit from irrigation project ?
Is there sex discrimination I gender discrimination) in this area?
Section 8. Cost sharing/Service charge, willingness and ability to pay
Do you think or believe the community should cover operation and maintenance cost of the SSI
to ensure sustainability of the project?
If not ,who do you believe is supposed to cover O & M cost of the project?
Do you expect and believe the development of the proposed SSI could increase production and
productivity?
Do you think and believe the development of the project could bring livelihood and add value to
the household economy
Is there any risk you expect due to the project?
Section 9.Organization and Management
Are there farmers’ cooperative in the project area or kebele? Yes
If the proposed project is going to be implemented, are you willing to be a member of the
cooperatives in the future?
Section 10. Credit and Saving
Is there any saving and credit association in your area? If yes, do you get credit and saving
service?
What purpose do people mainly use the credit for?

48 | P a g e
Section 11.
Opinion about the project “ Multi-towns Water Treatment system from Tendaho Dam”
Have you been informed about the new water treatment project that is going to be constructed
from Tendaho Dam?
What do you anticipate about it? Would it have positive or negative impact?
Do you think this project will have supports from the community? How does this project
enhance you’re your livelihood?
Would you mention any environmental concern that you may anticipate the project could bring?
Do you have any concern that it would affect your landholding situation?
If yes, would it reduce some or loose householders’ landholding all in all?
49 | P a g e

1.final Socioeconomic Study Report

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1.final Socioeconomic Study Report

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Socioeconomic Survey for the project “ multi-town Water Treatment system from Tendaho Dam”

Socioeconomic Survey in Afar Region for the project

SUBMITTED TO : Beles Engineering

Study Conducted By: Bright Research Consultants P.L.C.

Tel: Mobile: 0911676186,0118455683

Executive summary ii.

2.1.Dataset and Methods 2

2.1.1. Primary data 2

2.1.2. Secondary data 2

3.General Profile of the Project towns 3

3.1. Description of the Region 3

3.1. 1.Basic Profile of Awsi Zone (zone 1) of Afar region 4

3.2. Location and Accessibility of the project Sites 5

3.7. Demographic Characteristics 7

3.8. Social services and Infrastructure 9

3.8.3. Water Supply 11

3.8.4. Sanitation and Waste Disposal 11

3.8.8. Post Office 13

3.8.9. Banking and Insurance Services: 13

4. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis of Socioeconomic Survey 14

4.2. Access to Drinking water 15

4.2.1. Source of Water 15

4.2.2. Travel Distance to fetch Water 15

4.2.4. Cost sharing/Service charge, willingness and ability to pay 17

4.2.5. Developmental Priorities 18

4.3. Irrigational Agriculture 18

4.4. Agricultural input supply 20

4. 5.1. Livestock trade and marketing 20

4.5.2. Fodder production and commercialization 20

4.6. Household Economy and Livelihoods 21

4.6.1.Annual Income and Expenditure 22

4.10. Credit and Saving 24

4.11.1. Potential Positive Impacts Identification and Prediction 24

4.11.2. Potential Negative Impacts Identification and Prediction 24

5. Conclusions and Recommendations 30

Table 1. GPS coordinates of towns 5

Table 3. Number of schools, students and teachers and administrative staffs 10

Table 5.Water Supply Services 11

Table 6. Demographic information of respondents 14

Figure 2. Water source 16

Figure 3. Responsible member of a family to fetch water 16

Figure 4. Cost Sharing opinion 18

Figure 5. Major livelihoods of households 21

Figure 6. Cost of water monthly 22

Figure 7. Pressing need of women 23

1.1. General Information

2.1. Dataset and Methods

2.1.1. Primary data

2.1.2. Secondary data

3. General Profile of the Project towns

3.1. Description of the Region

3.1. 1.Basic Profile of Awsi Zone (zone 1) of Afar region

Total Area: 30,242.10 km2 (11,676.54 sq. m)

3.2. Location and Accessibility of the project Sites

Table 1. GPS coordinates of towns

Name of city/Town GPS coordinates

Samara 11047’ North Latitude, and 400300 East Longitude

Logia Latitude of 110 47’ North, and Longitude of 400 30’east,

Assyaita coordinates are at 41 0 26’ E and 110 34’ N

Dubti its coordinates are 40˚ 55' E and 11˚ 40' N.

Its average altitude is 495m.a.s.l.

Dichoto in between UTM co-ordinates 726952 to 783436 North

3.7. Demographic Characteristics